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促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK/MPK)级联是植物响应外界环境变化的重要信号传导途径.为了验证番茄促分裂原活化蛋白激酶3(Solanum lycopersicum mitogenactivated protein kinases 3,S1MPK3)在低温胁迫中的功能,本研究将醋栗番茄(Solanum pimpinellifolium)SlMPK3基因在栽培番茄(S.lycopersicum)M82中过表达,获得了过表达SlMPK3的转基因番茄后代.结果表明,低温胁迫下转基因番茄幼苗SlMPK3基因被迅速诱导表达.低温处理8h处,SlMPK3的表达量达到最大值,转基因植株(OE4,OE6和OE7)中SlMPK3的表达量显著高于野生型(P＜0.05).苗期耐冷性鉴定结果表明,转基因植株耐冷指数(OE4(0.81),OE6 (0.78),OE7(0.77))显著高于对照((0.37),P＜0.05).低温胁迫下表型观察发现,4℃低温胁迫24 h,野生型番茄叶片边缘失水萎蔫,叶面出现明显黄色枯斑;转基因番茄植株叶片表现正常.低温胁迫120 h后,野生型植株的相对电解质渗透率为74.66％,而转基因植株的电解质渗透率平均为59.79％,比对照低14.87％;转基因植株叶片中丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量为6.76 μmol/g FW,比对照(9.77 μmol/g FW)低30.81％;野生型植株叶片中的H2O2含量显著高于转基因植株(P＜0.05),比转基因植株高22.02％.低温胁迫处理引起了转基因植株和野生型植株的抗氧化酶(antioxidant enzymes,AOEs)活性显著增加(P＜0.05),低温处理120 h后,转基因植株中超氧化物歧化酶(super-oxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性分别比对照高29.40％、24.24％和22.83％.转基因和野生型植株中可溶性蛋白(soluble protein)和可溶性糖(soluble sugar)含量均随低温处理时间的推移逐步增加,4℃处理120 h后转基因植株可溶性蛋白含量为40.02 mg/g FW (OE-4),42.21 mg/g FW (OE-6)和40.33 mg/g FW (OE-7),显著高于对照(36.86 mg/g FW)(P＜0.05);转基因植株可溶性糖含量平均为51.87 mmol/g FW,比对照高21.82％.本研究证明,SlMPK3过表达提高了番茄植株的低温耐受能力,为进一步研究番茄SlMPK3基因的功能提供依据,同时为耐低温番茄育种提供了新种质. 相似文献
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NAC(NAM-ATAF-CUC)转录因子在植物逆境胁迫应答过程中发挥着十分重要的作用。本研究克隆了烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)的NAC4基因,c DNA编码区全长1 422 bp,编码473个氨基酸;进化树分析表明,烟草NAC4基因编码的氨基酸序列与辣椒(Capsicum baccatum)和榴莲(Durio zibethinus)都有极高的相似性。构建表达载体pSH-NAC4,遗传转化烟草,获得32株转基因植株。选取6株不同的转基因株系和3株野生型(wild type,WT)在20%聚乙二醇6000胁迫的条件下,观察植株生长并进行抗旱性分析;选取T_1代3个转基因株系(TP_4,TP_6,TP_7)和野生型烟草种子,用3个不同浓度的甘露醇模拟干旱胁迫,对其种子的发芽率和苗期根进行耐旱性相关分析。结果发现,300 mmol/L甘露醇处理15 d,种子发芽率比野生型高40%以上,通过观察苗期根的生长发现,野生型植株根的生长明显受到抑制。用20%PEG6000处理转基因植株和野生型植株7 d,结果显示,在干旱胁迫下,转基因植株的超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)的活性均显著高于野生型,丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量显著低于野生型植株(P0.05)。利用qRT-PCR方法分析相关基因,结果表明,在干旱胁迫时,NAC4,吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶基因(pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase,P5CS)和鸟氨酸-δ-氨基转移酶基因(ornithine-oxo-acid transaminase,δ-OAT)的相对表达量均上调;转NAC4基因的表达可能提高了植株的抗旱能力。本研究为进一步探讨NAC4基因的功能提供依据,以期为创制转基因耐旱植物提供基础资料。 相似文献
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干旱应答元件结合蛋白(DREB)转录因子调控植物抗逆相关功能基因的表达,对提高植物抗逆境胁迫具有重要作用.本研究采用盆栽法在小麦(Tritium aestivum)拔节至抽穗期进行不同水分胁迫条件下,分析了野生型和转基因小麦回交株系转录因子基因W16的表达特点,并对其抗旱性的生理生化指标进行了测定.半定量RT-PCR结果表明:野生型在无干旱胁迫时,W16有微弱表达,随胁迫增强,表达上调,当表达量达到峰值后(12 h),随胁迫的加剧,表达量迅速下降,呈现“上升-峰值-下降”特点,而整个干旱胁迫过程中转基因植株W16在Ubiquitin启动子作用下表达恒定且表达水平较高;抗旱性生理生化机制分析表明:不同水分胁迫条件下,转基因株系的叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量、水分利用效率的变化均高于受体对照,尤其在重度干旱(SD)胁迫下的差异更显著.产量结果显示,在各水分条件下转基因株系产量都高于受体对照,其抗旱指数属于较强抗旱等级.研究结果说明了转基因小麦回交株系中W16的超表达,改良了转基因小麦抗旱性的生理生化特性,提高了转基因小麦的抗旱性能.为抗旱转基因小麦品种选育提供理论和方法参考. 相似文献
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拟南芥液泡膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因(AtNHXl)在植物耐盐机制中有重要作用.为了鉴定AtNHX1基因功能和创制耐盐烟草新种质,本研究用农杆菌介导法将rd29A启动子驱动的AtNHX1基因导入烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.),获得72株卡那霉素抗性再生植株,17株在MS+85.5 mmol/L NaC1培养基上生长良好.对其进行PCR、Southern杂交和Northern杂交检测,证实AtNHX1基因已整合到烟草基因组中,并进行正常转录,且其转录受盐逆境的诱导.在含盐(85.5、171、256和342 mmol/L NaCl)培养基上进行对照植株和转基因植株生长及叶片丙二醛含量的分析,结果显示,转基因株系的生长势和根发生能力明显优于对照,且叶片丙二醛含量显著低于对照,表明rd29A启动子驱动AtNHX1基因的导入和表达可显著提高转基因烟草植株的耐盐性.结果提示rd29A启动子驱动的AtNHX1基因表达单元可在异源植物中正常转录和表达,可用于植物耐盐基因工程育种. 相似文献
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为研究马铃薯蔗糖非发酵-1-型相关蛋白激酶-1基因StSnRK1对于调控植物耐盐性的促进作用,以过表达StSnRK1的烟草株系及野生型为试验材料,研究盐胁迫下StSnRK1对植株生长的影响。耐盐性鉴定结果表明,过表达StSnRK1基因显著提高烟草植株的耐盐性。实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)分析显示,StSnRK1基因显著上调脯氨酸生物合成相关基因(吡咯琳-5-羧酸合酶NtP5CS)、胚胎发育后期丰富蛋白基因(NtLEA5)和活性氧清除系统相关基因(超氧化物歧化酶NtSOD和过氧化物酶NtPOD)。同时,转基因烟草植株的SOD活性、POD活性和脯氨酸含量显著高于野生型烟草植株,丙二醛(MDA)含量和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量显著低于野生型植株。由此可见,StSnRK1基因在改良植物耐盐性方面具有重要作用,为耐盐马铃薯生物技术育种提供了理论基础。 相似文献
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植物钾离子转运蛋白中的Na~+不敏感性KUP/HAK/KT转运蛋白对植物耐盐胁迫起着重要作用。为了阐明钾离子转运蛋白基因AsKUP1在燕麦中响应盐胁迫的表达模式和鉴定其生物学功能,从燕麦中克隆了AsKUP1,利用RACE方法获得AsKUP1全长序列,并对其进行生物信息学分析;构建了pCAMBIA1301-AsKUP1植物过表达载体,转化拟南芥,并运用实时荧光定量PCR方法分析AsKUP1在拟南芥中的表达情况。结果表明,AsKUP1全长2 951bp,包含2 334bp的ORF序列,预测编码777个氨基酸,等电点为8.55,分子量为87.0k D。序列分析表明,AsKUP1与山羊草和小麦KUP/HAK/KT家族亲缘关系较近,预测该蛋白有14个疏水跨膜结构域,位于细胞质膜的概率较大。此外,盐胁迫下,T2转基因种子萌发率为57%,野生型为43%;经潮霉素筛选分离比为3∶1的2个转基因株系后代T3转基因株系根长分别是野生型的1.46倍和1.34倍,T3转基因植株鲜重、干重分别是野生型的1.56倍和1.44倍,Na~+含量无显著差异,而K~+含量为野生型的1.25倍,说明AsKUP1的表达提高了拟南芥植株的耐盐性。本研究结果为揭示钾离子转运蛋白家族基因AsKUP1在植物中的耐盐机制和通过转基因技术提高植物耐盐能力奠定了基础。 相似文献
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为了解水稻甘油-3-磷酸脱氢酶基因在水稻抗逆性中的作用,本研究从水稻品种日本晴中克隆了1个编码甘油-3-磷酸脱氢酶的基因,命名为OsGPDH1,该基因编码的蛋白酶具有NAD(P)+结合域和脱氢酶域,且这2个结构域在植物中高度保守。构建过表达OsGPDH1基因载体转化水稻得到转基因植株,RT-qPCR分析表明,OsGPDH1基因在水稻孕穗期的叶、幼穗、茎、节、叶鞘中均有表达,说明该基因参与了水稻的生长发育过程。OsGPDH1基因也受到PEG6000、高盐、双氧水等逆境和甲基茉莉酸(mJA)、水杨酸(SA)等激素诱导表达,且诱导12h后,OsGPDH1的表达量达到最高水平,但对脱落酸(ABA)不敏感。盐胁迫下的发芽试验表明,过表达转基因水稻的发芽率高于野生型,说明OsGPDH1基因表达量的提高可增强转基因植株对盐胁迫的耐受性。对过表达OsGPDH1的转基因水稻进行苗期20%PEG6000胁迫处理后,转基因水稻的成活率显著高于野生型,说明OsGPDH1基因过表达可提高水稻苗期抗旱能力。本研究初步证明了OsGPDH1水稻抗盐胁迫和渗透胁迫的重要作用,为培育抗性转基因水稻新品种提供了新的基因资源。 相似文献
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低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
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Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
18.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
19.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献