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Rogers CW Firth EC McIlwraith CW Barneveld A Goodship AE Kawcak CE Smith RK van Weeren PR 《Equine veterinary journal》2008,40(2):119-127
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: No data exist on the effects of conditioning exercise at foal age on workload and subsequent clinical injury rate during their 2- and 3-year-old racing careers. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of subjecting TB foals to conditioning exercise prior to the start of race training on: the workload required to reach a level of fitness sufficient to compete; and the prevalence of orthopaedic injury during the first 2 seasons of their racing careers. METHODS: Twenty 18-month-old TBs, 12 subjected to conditioning exercise at foal age (CONDEX) and 8 exercised spontaneously at pasture only (PASTEX) were trained and entered in competitive events. Workload was quantified using the cumulative workload index (the product of average velocity and distance at a specific gait) and the animals were monitored clinically and radiographically for signs of musculoskeletal disorders. RESULTS: Workload to reach the desired fitness level was similar for CONDEX and PASTEX. CONDEX performed more prerace training sessions as 2-year-olds (P<0.05). The incidence of orthopaedic injuries was low in both groups and there were no differences in the occurrence of orthopaedic ailments. PASTEX animals tended to show signs of musculoskeletal disorders earlier than CONDEX animals. This time difference was significant for metacarpophalangeal joint pain on flexion, reduced carpal flexion and hindlimb lameness (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Subjecting TB foals to conditioning exercise early in life does not have adverse effects on racing careers at ages 2 and 3 years, and does not influence the workload needed to reach a fitness level that is sufficient for racing. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The lack of negative effects and the indications of some positive effects of early conditioning exercise in the Thoroughbred encourage further large-scale comparative studies. 相似文献
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Reasons for performing study: There is increasing evidence that exercise early in life has a positive effect on musculoskeletal health. At present, there is little whole population research investigating the effect of racing as 2‐year‐olds on future racing career. Objectives: To investigate the association between attaining training milestones as 2‐year‐olds with length of career and racing success in Thoroughbred horses in New Zealand. Methods: Retrospective data were obtained of the 2001/02‐born Thoroughbred foal crop. The 3 training milestones were: registered with a trainer, trialled and raced. The association of the training milestones with career length was measured using the outcomes: number of race starts and number of years raced, in a Cox regression model. Logistic regression models analysed the association of the training milestones with the outcomes: won or placed in a race. Linear regression was performed to assess the association of training milestones with total career earnings. Results: Of 4683 horses in the population; 3152 horses were registered with a trainer, 2661 horses trialled and 2109 horses raced. Horses that raced as 2‐year‐olds had significantly (P<0.001) more race starts than those first raced as 3‐year‐olds or older, this was also true when the 2‐year‐old year data were omitted. Horses that raced as 2‐year‐olds had significantly (P<0.001) more years racing. Horses registered with a trainer, trialled or raced as 2‐year‐olds were more likely to have won or been placed in a race than those that achieved the milestones as 3‐year‐olds or older. Horses that first trialled and raced as 2‐year‐olds had greater total earnings than those that first trialled or raced at a later age. Conclusions and potential relevance: Two‐year‐old training milestones had a strong association with positive racing career outcomes. Horses in training or racing as 2‐year‐olds may have better musculoskeletal health throughout life than horses that are first in training or racing at a later age. 相似文献
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To determine associations between carpal and fetlock conformation and later performance, 292 two-year-old (2YO) Thoroughbred horses were examined at a public auction. Two observers graded carpal and fetlock conformation in the frontal view, and subject weights were estimated (weight tape), and height was measured. Subject age, gender, and workout distance and time were retrieved from sales data. Lifetime racing data was retrieved from the Jockey Club database. Mild to moderate deviations from straight forelimb conformation at the carpus or fetlock occurred in 85% of 2YO Thoroughbreds and had no substantive effect on lifetime racing performance. Carpal and fetlock conformation are associated. Greater age, female gender and faster workout were associated with better short and long-term racing outcomes. The ability to start a race at 2YO was associated with improvements in several measures of racing success. The lack of an association of forelimb conformation with most measures of racing performance will assist producers and consumers of young racing stock in the determination of the need for corrective procedures in young horses and the importance of deviations at purchase. Speed of workout and the ability to start at 2YO were associated with each other and with an improvement in several racing outcomes. 相似文献
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为探究低温层积对纳罗克非洲狗尾草(Setaria sphacelata cv.Narok)种子酶活性及其萌发的影响,将一年龄纳罗克非洲狗尾草生产的种子进行低温(4℃)层积不同时间处理,并测定在不同处理下种子的酶活性、发芽率及活力水平。结果表明:纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子在低温层积处理最佳时间为30 d,在此处理条件下,种子休眠已完全解除,此时种子的发芽率和各项活力指数分别达到75%和0.0263,是对照(低温层积处理0d)的2.08倍和2.27倍,差异达到极显著水平(P0.01);种子超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,呈先下降后升高并逐渐稳定的趋势,低温层积60 d降至最低水平650.800 U/g FW·h,较对照降低了9.07倍;过氧化物酶(POD)活性随时间的推移波动变化,但变化不明显(P0.05);过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在层积处理90 d前无显著变化(P0.05),之后逐渐下降。 相似文献
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黄土高原半湿润区不同生长年限苜蓿叶片光合性能研究 总被引：19，自引：11，他引：8
利用Li-6400型光合作用测定系统,测定了不同生长年限苜蓿叶片的光合参数.结果表明,1)生长年限对苜蓿光合特性有较大的影响,对气孔导度的影响最大,其次是蒸腾速率和叶绿素相对含量.2)苜蓿叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率日变化均呈现"双峰"曲线,有明显的光合"午休"现象.3)净光合速率与光合有效辐射、气孔导度、叶绿素相对含量呈极显著正相关,与蒸腾速率呈显著正相关,与田间CO<,2浓度呈极显著负相关.蒸腾速率与叶绿素相对含量、光合有效辐射呈极显著或显著正相关,与田间CO<,2浓度呈极显著负相关.4)从苜蓿的光合特性综合分析,苜蓿的最佳利用期为6年. 相似文献
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紫花苜蓿根系入土深度 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
综述了紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)根系入土深度的影响因子和若干自然区域的紫花苜蓿根系入土深度,为其根系的深入研究及栽培管理提供依据.影响紫花苜蓿根系入土深度的因子包括土层厚度、地下水位、土壤特性、耕作、施肥、灌溉、刈割、生长调节剂、品种和生长年限,其中土层厚度、地下水位、土壤特性和生长年限对紫花苜蓿根系入土深度的影响较大;土层越薄、地下水位越高、土壤障碍(酸、碱、盐、粘重、紧实和贫瘠)越重、生长年限越短,根系入土深度越浅;深耕、施肥和应用生长调节剂皆可促进苜蓿根系下扎;不同灌溉模式根系入土深度略有不同;刈割频率越高,根系入土深度越浅;不同品种根系入土深度存在一定差异;不同自然区域和生长年限紫花苜蓿根系入土深度差异很大;在土层薄及地下水位高的情况下,紫花苜蓿根系入土深度取决于土层厚度和地下水位;当土壤障碍较为严重时,紫花苜蓿根系入土深度常可浅至不足1 m,一般不超过2 m;在无明显土壤障碍因子的情况下,生长1年紫花苜蓿根系入土深度约为1~2 m,生长2-5年者多在2~5 m之间. 相似文献
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不同生长年限紫花苜蓿人工草地土壤酶活性及分布 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
分层取土样,对不同生长年限紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa人工草地中脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶的分布特征进行研究,结果表明:在0～40 cm土层内,脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和淀粉酶的活性2年生紫花苜蓿地均相应高于5年生紫花苜蓿地,纤维素酶活性5年生紫花苜蓿地高于2年生紫花苜蓿地;脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性均随土层深度的增加而递减,淀粉酶活性则随土层深度的增加而增高,纤维素酶活性2年生紫花苜蓿地随土层深度的增加而降低,5年生紫花苜蓿地随土层深度的增加而增高. 相似文献
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不同生长年限紫花苜蓿根系及其土壤微生物的分布 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
采用分层取样法,对不同生长年限紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa根系及根际微生物的分布进行了研究.结果表明:在0～40 cm土层内,5年生紫花苜蓿的主根干质量、侧根干质量和侧根发生数分别是2年生紫花苜蓿的1.98、1.44和1.29倍,紫花苜蓿根系的重心随生长年限的增加而下移;根瘤数、根瘤体积和根瘤干质量5年生紫花苜蓿分别是2年生紫花苜蓿的1.85、2.81和1.43倍,二者相差倍数随着土层深度的增加而增加;细菌和放线菌的数量5年生紫花苜蓿地均相应高于2年生紫花苜蓿地,而真菌的数量相差不大;各土层的呼吸强度5年生紫花苜蓿地均相应高于2年生紫花苜蓿地. 相似文献
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为了研究母牛高效繁育技术对平凉红牛母牛繁殖效率和养殖效益的影响,从母牛产后第8天开始,试验组母子分离、定时哺乳、早期断奶,对照组随母哺乳、自然断奶。结果表明,试验组母牛主要在60 d内第一次发情,发情率76.7%,对照组母牛主要在90 d后第一次发情,发情率60%;试验组母牛90d内受胎率86.7%、第一次授精情期受胎率89.7%,分别比对照组高53.3%、6.4%。存栏能繁母牛120头的适度规模场,通过母牛一年一胎繁育技术措施每年可新增纯收益12.8万元,效益可观。 相似文献
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不同生长年限紫花苜蓿吸钾特征研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
2007年以播种当年、生长第2、3、4、6年紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)为试验对象,采用田间试验和实验室研究相结合的方法,对不同生长年限紫花苜蓿的吸钾特征进行研究,旨在为苜蓿钾素(K)养分管理提供理论依据.结果表明:紫花苜蓿地上部分K含量总体随着生长年限增加而降低,尤以第1茬最为明显;各生长年限苜蓿第4茬K含量明显低于前3茬;根系K含量随生长年限增加而升高,根系K积累量逐年增加;随着生长年限的延长,苜蓿地各土层土壤速效K和全K含量总体呈下降趋势,且降幅逐渐减小;在0~0cm土层内,不同生长年限紫花苜蓿地土壤速效K和全K含量均随土层深度增加呈先降后升的变化趋势,20~30cm土层K含量相对较低;苜蓿追施K肥应充分考虑第4茬苜蓿对K的需求和20~30cm土层K含量较低的特点. 相似文献
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施肥是苜蓿生产的重要管理措施之一,但苜蓿刈割后的追肥效应以及最佳追肥管理方案尚不明确。本研究旨在探讨追肥时间和不同氮、磷追施配比对苜蓿刈割后再生长的影响。以建植当年陇东苜蓿为试验材料,设置两个追肥时间（刈割当日和刈割后7 d,分别表示为T0和T1）、3个氮肥水平（0、25和50 kg·hm-2 N,分别表示为N0、N25和N50）和3个磷肥水平（0、30、60 kg·hm-2 P2O5,分别表示为P0、P30和P60）,并设3个重复,共54个小区。研究发现：1）建植当年苜蓿刈割后追肥促进了后茬苜蓿的生长,其中刈割后立即施用少量磷肥（T0N0P30）处理下株高最高,比对照（T0N0P0）增加了20.53%。刈割后追肥提高了苜蓿的叶茎比,在T1时进行高氮低磷配施（N50P0和N50P30）中最为明显。2）第2茬苜蓿产量在不同处理间差异显著（P<0.05）,其中刈割后立即高磷高氮追施（T0N50P60）下干物质和粗蛋白产量最高,分别为3.58和0.94 t·hm-2,与T1处理下的结果有显著差异。刈割后追肥对苜蓿酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维含量和相对饲用价值均无显著影响（P>0.05）。3）氮磷肥配比追施对单位体积土壤中后茬苜蓿的根长、根表面积、根体积和根生物量影响显著（P<0.05）。最大根长密度（2.66 mm·cm-3）和根表面积密度（7.75 mm2·cm-3）出现在无肥（N0P0）、T0N25P30处理中,根体积密度在T1N25P30条件下最大。不同处理的根系生物量差异较大,但均高于不施肥处理（N0P0）。综上所述,在陇东黄土高原雨养农区,刈割后追施氮、磷肥促进了建植当年苜蓿的再生。在当地的生产实践中,建议在苜蓿刈割后立即追施少量磷肥（30 kg·hm-2 P2O5）或每公顷配合追施50 kg N和60 kg P2O5。 相似文献
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利用铁卜加地区自1987年以来的主要植物种群密度和有关的气象因素资料，研究了植物密度变化及其与气象因素之间的关系。结果表明：五种主要牧草种群密度的排序是猪毛蒿（300株／m2）＞干生苔草（200～300株／m2）＞天山赖草（100～200株／m2）＞冷地早熟禾（50～100株／m2）＞紫花针茅（10～20株／m2）；其中天山赖草种群密度变异系数最小（50％左右），紫花针茅变异系数最大（75％～200％）。该地区降水与温度年际变化基本趋向一致。分析得出天山赖草、冷地早熟禾、干生苔草具有较强的气候适应性，紫花针茅、猪毛蒿、具有较差的气候适应性。 相似文献