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1.
We report the growth of binary colloidal crystals with control over the crystal orientation through a simple layer-by-layer process. Well-ordered single binary colloidal crystals with a stoichiometry of large (L) and small (S) particles of LS2 and LS were generated. In addition, we observed the formation of an LS3 superstructure. The structures formed as a result of the templating effect of the first layer and the forces exerted by the surface tension of the drying liquid. By using spheres of different composition, one component can be selectively removed, as is demonstrated in the growth of a hexagonal non-close-packed colloidal crystal. 相似文献
2.
Microstructured particles were synthesized by growing colloidal crystals in aqueous droplets suspended on fluorinated oil. The droplets template highly ordered and smooth particle assemblies, which diffract light and have remarkable structural stability. The method allows control of particle size and shape from spheres through ellipsoids to toroids by varying the droplet composition. Cocrystallization in colloidal mixtures yields anisotropic particles of organic and inorganic materials that can, for example, be oriented and turned over by magnetic fields. The results open the way to controllable formation of a wide variety of microstructures. 相似文献
3.
We studied the kinetics of sublimating crystals with single-particle resolution by experiments with colloidal spheres and by computer simulations. A short-range attraction between spheres led to crystallites one to three layers thick. The spheres were tracked with optical microscopy while the attraction was reduced and the crystals sublimated. Large crystallites sublimated by escape of particles from the perimeter. The rate of shrinkage was greatly enhanced, however, when the size decreased to less than 20 to 50 particles, depending on the location in the phase diagram. At this size, the crystallites transformed into a dense amorphous structure, which rapidly vaporized. The enhancement of kinetics by metastable or unstable phases may play a major role in the melting, freezing, and annealing of crystals. 相似文献
4.
应用穆斯堡尔谱技术鉴别福建中亚热带黄壤,黄红壤及红壤的诊断层粘粒中氧化铁矿物。结果表明,黄壤与红壤粘粒中氧化铁矿物组成主要差别在于红壤既含针铁矿又含赤铁矿,而黄壤只含针铁矿。此外,黄壤粘粒中铝硅酸盐矿物结构中含有较多的Fe~(2+)。黄红壤粘粒中氧化铁以针铁矿占优势,含有少量赤铁矿和Fe~(2+)。土壤剖面颜色呈黑-黄-红变化的次生黄红壤的黄色土层(B_1)粘粒只含针铁矿,红土层(B_2)含有针铁矿和赤铁矿。根据研究结果认为,这种土壤的土体上部黄化是由于古红土中赤铁矿转化为针铁矿引起的。 相似文献
5.
Two switchable, mesoscopically periodic materials were created by combining crystalline colloidal array (CCA) self-assembly with the temperature-induced volume phase transition of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM). Body-centered-cubic CCAs of hydrated, swollen PNIPAM particles Bragg-diffract infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light weakly, whereas arrays of compact shrunken particles diffract efficiently. A tunable diffracting array was also created by embedding a CCA of polystyrene spheres within a PNIPAM hydrogel that swells and contracts with temperature; thus the array lattice constant varies with temperature, and the diffracted wavelength was thermally tunable across the entire visible spectrum. These materials may find applications in many areas of optics and materials science. 相似文献
6.
Colloidal particles can form unexpected two-dimensional ordered colloidal crystals when they interact with surfactants of the opposite charge. Coulomb interactions lead to self-limited adsorption of the particles on the surface of vesicles formed by the surfactants. The adsorbed particles form ordered but fluid rafts on the vesicle surfaces, and these ultimately form robust two-dimensional crystals. This use of attractive Coulomb interaction between colloidal particles and surfactant structures offers a potential new route to self-assembly of ordered colloidal structures. 相似文献
7.
We used poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA) as a carrier polymer for pyraclostrobin-loaded nanospheres. Using the ultrasound emulsification-solvent evaporation method, the physicochemical characteristics and release properties of the pyraclostrobin-loaded nanospheres were studied by dialysis. The optimal nanospheres prepared had a diameter of 0.6 μm, an active ingredient loading of 17.2%, and a loading rate of 89.7%. Infrared spectroscopy data and differential scanning calorimetry revealed that pyraclostrobin was successfully embedded in the carrier PLGA, and photostability tests indicated enhanced ultraviolet resistance of pyraclostrobin-loaded PLGA nanospheres nanospheres. Release property testing indicated that smaller particles had a faster release rate. Nanospheres also had a faster release rate in slightly acidic and slightly basic environments than in a neutral condition. Agitated nanospheres had a faster release rate than immobile nanospheres. The cumulative release kinetics of pyraclostrobin-loaded nanospheres was consistent with the first order kinetic equation and the Weibull equation. 相似文献
8.
Single-file diffusion, prevalent in many processes, refers to the restricted motion of interacting particles in narrow micropores with the mutual passage excluded. A single-filing system was developed by confining colloidal spheres in one-dimensional circular channels of micrometer scale. Optical video microscopy study shows evidence that the particle self-diffusion is non-Fickian for long periods of time. In particular, the distribution of particle displacement is a Gaussian function. 相似文献
9.
When small numbers of colloidal microspheres are attached to the surfaces of liquid emulsion droplets, removing fluid from the droplets leads to packings of spheres that minimize the second moment of the mass distribution. The structures of the packings range from sphere doublets, triangles, and tetrahedra to exotic polyhedra not found in infinite lattice packings, molecules, or minimum-potential energy clusters. The emulsion system presents a route to produce new colloidal structures and a means to study how different physical constraints affect symmetry in small parcels of matter. 相似文献
10.
章明奎 《浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)》1997,(5)
红壤性水稻土晶态氧化铁主要为针铁矿，并伴随少量的赤铁矿．红壤性水稻土中针铁矿的铝同晶替代量明显低于其母土（红壤），而针铁矿的晶胞参数ｂ和ｃ则是红壤性水稻土高于其母土．红壤性水稻土中赤铁矿的铝同晶替代量和晶胞参数ａ则与其母土相似．．据此认为红壤性水稻土中赤铁矿来源于母土；而针铁矿部分来源于母土，部分是由原有的赤铁矿和针铁矿的还原产物重新结晶形成的．随着水稻土的发育，赤铁矿逐渐下降，最后消失；针铁矿则相对增加，同时针铁矿中铝替代量也逐渐下降 相似文献
11.
Solutions of potassium chloride (pH-buffered and 1-molal) equilibrated at 350 degrees C with pyrrhotite, pyrite, and magnetite contained approximately 1 millimole of reduced sulfur and less than 0.1 millimole of oxidized sulfur per kilogram. Similar solutions equilibrated with pyrite, magnetite, and hematite contained approximately 1 millimole of reduced sulfur, but 3 to 6 millimoles of oxidized sulfur per kilogram. Both types of solutions contained less than 0.1 millimole of iron per kilogram at pH >/= 6 and approximately 100 millimoles per kilogram at pH 2. 相似文献
12.
Stratford K Adhikari R Pagonabarraga I Desplat JC Cates ME 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,309(5744):2198-2201
Colloidal particles or nanoparticles, with equal affinity for two fluids, are known to adsorb irreversibly to the fluid-fluid interface. We present large-scale computer simulations of the demixing of a binary solvent containing such particles. The newly formed interface sequesters the colloidal particles; as the interface coarsens, the particles are forced into close contact by interfacial tension. Coarsening is markedly curtailed, and the jammed colloidal layer seemingly enters a glassy state, creating a multiply connected, solidlike film in three dimensions. The resulting gel contains percolating domains of both fluids, with possible uses as, for example, a microreaction medium. 相似文献
13.
为明确铝(Al)等异质离子对水铁矿转化过程的影响,以现代光谱学技术(粉末X射线衍射和X射线吸收光谱)为主要手段,研究铝同晶替代对水铁矿向赤铁矿转化过程的影响。研究结果表明,铝替代水铁矿向赤铁矿转化的过程中存在着颗粒组装以及Ostwald熟化过程。一方面,Al~(3+)同晶替代会降低水铁矿向赤铁矿的转化速率;另一方面,Al~(3+)会促进水铁矿结构中的共边[FeO_6]八面体向共面[FeO_6]八面体转化,导致水铁矿向赤铁矿转化。 相似文献
14.
Optical and scanning electron microscopy of a chondrule-free clast in the unequilibrated L3 chondrite Khohar revealed a spherical object consisting of an aggregate of small ( approximately 2- micrometer diameter), Ni-poor (0.5 to 2.89 weight percent) metal particles and fine-grained graphite (<1-micrometer diameter). The graphite has large D and 15N excesses (deltaD approximately 1500 per mil and delta15N approximately 1300 per mil) with two isotopically distinct signatures: N rich with a high D/H ratio and N poor with a high 15N/14N ratio. These excesses are the largest D and 15N excesses observed in situ in a well-characterized phase in a meteorite. The isotopic characteristics are suggestive of an interstellar origin, probably by ion-molecule reactions at low temperature in the interstellar molecular cloud from which the solar system formed. The structure and nonchondritic composition of the metal particles suggest they did not form under equilibrium conditions in the solar nebula. 相似文献
15.
JE Katz X Zhang K Attenkofer KW Chapman C Frandsen P Zarzycki KM Rosso RW Falcone GA Waychunas B Gilbert 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,337(6099):1200-1203
Electron mobility within iron (oxyhydr)oxides enables charge transfer between widely separated surface sites. There is increasing evidence that this internal conduction influences the rates of interfacial reactions and the outcomes of redox-driven phase transformations of environmental interest. To determine the links between crystal structure and charge-transport efficiency, we used pump-probe spectroscopy to study the dynamics of electrons introduced into iron(III) (oxyhydr)oxide nanoparticles via ultrafast interfacial electron transfer. Using time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy and ab initio calculations, we observed the formation of reduced and structurally distorted metal sites consistent with small polarons. Comparisons between different phases (hematite, maghemite, and ferrihydrite) revealed that short-range structural topology, not long-range order, dominates the electron-hopping rate. 相似文献
16.
几种土壤及其铁锰结核中粘粒矿物组合的研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
以我国几种常见土壤及相应土壤铁锰结核为试验材料,应用Ｘ－射线衍射,研究了土壤和铁锰结核中层状硅酸盐和氧化铁的类型组合。结果表明：１）从南到北,从供试红壤到砂姜黑土,其层状硅酸盐矿物组合变化表现为由１：１型高岭为主变为以２：１型水云母为主,１．４ｎｍ矿物中由１．４ｎｍ过渡矿物转变为蛭石;从不含蒙脱石到含有一定量的蒙脱石。供试铁锰结核与相应土壤中的层状硅酸盐矿物组合及含量消长趋势在总体上基本一致。２） 相似文献
17.
The primary rocks are a sequence of titanium-rich basic volcanics, composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and ilmenite with minor olivine, troilite, and native iron. The soil and microbreccias are respectively loose and compacted mixtures of fragments and aggregates of similar rocks, minerals, and glassy fragments and spheres. Impact events are reflected by the presence of shock metamorphosed rock fragments, breccias, and glasses and their resulting compaction to form complex breccias, glass-spattered surfaces, and numerous glass-lined craters. Chemistry of the glasses formed by the impact events is highly variable, and the high iron and nickel content of a few moundlike features suggests that at least some of the projectiles are iron and nickel-rich meteorites. 相似文献
18.
猪瘟胶体金快速诊断试纸条的研制 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用柠檬酸钠还原法制备胶体颗粒,用猪瘟(CSF)抗体标记纯化,并包被在玻璃纤维膜上,另外将纯化的CSF抗体和羊抗鼠抗体包被在硝酸纤维膜上,组装成CSF快速检测条,对猪瘟病毒进行检测.结果表明:使用所研制的CSF快速检测条检测收集的70份待检样品,共检出猪瘟阳性病例26例,而经病毒分离鉴定阳性病例有28例,阳性符合率达92.8%;将5份阳性猪瘟病毒稀释后用试纸条和ELISA方法进行敏感性实验,结果表明,诊断试纸条的敏感性较高,用试纸条对鸽新城疫病毒、鸡减蛋综合症病毒、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合症病毒进行检测,无交叉反应. 相似文献
19.
An electrohydrodynamic methodology has been developed that makes possible the precise assembly of two- and three-dimensional colloidal crystals on electrode surfaces. Electrophoretically deposited colloidal particles were observed to move toward one another over very large distances (greater than five particle diameters) to form two-dimensional colloidal crystals for both micrometer- and nanometer-size particles. This coalescence of particles with the same charge is opposite to what is expected from electrostatic considerations and appears to result from electrohydrodynamic fluid flow arising from an ionic current flowing through the solution. The ability to modulate this "lateral attraction" between particles, by adjusting field strength or frequency, facilitates the reversible formation of two-dimensional fluid and crystalline colloidal states on the electrode surface. Further manipulation allows controlled structures to be assembled. 相似文献
20.
In the oligotrophic North Atlantic and North Pacific, ultrafiltration studies show that concentrations of soluble iron and soluble iron-binding organic ligands are much lower than previously presumed "dissolved" concentrations, which were operationally defined as that passing through a 0.4-micrometer pore filter. Our studies indicate that substantial portions of the previously presumed "dissolved" iron (and probably also iron-binding ligands) are present in colloidal size range. The soluble iron and iron-binding organic ligands are depleted at the surface and enriched at depth, similar to distributions of major nutrients. By contrast, colloidal iron shows a maximum at the surface and a minimum in the upper nutricline. Our results suggest that "dissolved" iron may be less bioavailable to phytoplankton than previously thought and that iron removal through colloid aggregation and settling should be considered in models of the oceanic iron cycle. 相似文献