共查询到17条相似文献，搜索用时 582 毫秒
1.
南疆平原干旱土的微形态特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过野外调查 ,应用扫描电镜和偏光显微镜等手段 ,结合理化分析 ,研究了南疆平原干旱土的微形态特征和母质成因。结果表明 :南疆平原干旱土含有大量的由砂质原生矿物组成的骨骼颗粒 ,在这些颗粒之间填充着细粉砂质原生矿物及由隐晶质、微晶质碳酸盐和粘粒所组成的细粒物质。大部分原生矿物外形完好。同一剖面从表层向下骨骼颗粒增多 ,细粒物质减少。南疆平原干旱土的基本垒结类型为斑晶骨骼嵌埋状、聚积状和漂白砂型微垒结。土壤形成物主要是铁质、碳酸盐和石膏浓聚物 ,石灰、石膏的形态和其含量有关。碳酸盐一般以内晶霜形式存在 ,含量高时出现自生方解石颗粒、胶膜、凝团、凝块和凝粒 ;石膏以隐晶质、微晶质及针状、纤维状晶体的方式散布于细粒物质当中 ,石膏含量高时呈纺锤形晶体 ;在铁质粘化层中粘粒和粉砂明显增多 ,铁质浓聚物以铁染基质存在。石英砂表面超微结构特征表明 :南疆平原干旱土的母质搬运距离较短 ,同一剖面有不同的成因或多种成因组合 ,各种成因的母质都受到风成作用的影响 ,具有风蚀、风积的特征。 相似文献
2.
古土壤微形态分析是获取古人类活动信息的重要手段,通过研究文化遗址区古土壤微形态特征反映古人类活动和古环境日益成为国内外研究的热点。总结近年来国内外文化遗址区古土壤微形态分析在考古应用方面的研究进展,结果表明土壤微形态分析能够有效地反映古人类活动和古环境信息。提出了应系统建立文化遗址区古土壤微形态特征的诊断指标体系,进一步加强土壤学与考古学的结合,在此基础上建立文化遗址区不同古人类活动区对应的土壤微形态特征数字图像库,丰富文化遗址区古土壤研究方法,提高土壤微形态分析在考古学领域的研究精度和准确度。 相似文献
3.
土壤结构是土壤肥力的物质基础,水土流失等导致土壤结构退化成为威胁我国粮食安全的重要因素。本文利用8年田间定位试验,通过土壤切片技术,研究不同农田恢复措施(耕作和有机物料投入)对黑土母质发育的新成土壤团聚体微形态的影响,对理解成土过程和肥力快速恢复具有重要意义。结果表明:免耕土壤(自然、人工植被恢复)、不施肥耕作土壤和仅施化肥耕作土壤均为复合孔洞状微结构,主要孔隙形状均为面状或孔洞状,连通性及数量相当,土壤垒结和微结构类似;但土壤颗粒分布频度和均匀度及粗细粒质接触紧密度与耕作负相关,免耕土壤显著地高于耕作土壤(P0.05)。施肥耕作土壤中,施有机物料的土壤为海绵状微结构,施高量有机物料的土壤微结构发育最好,施低量有机物料的土壤微结构次之,不施有机物料土壤微结构最差;其土壤垒结和微结构发育特征与有机物料的投入正相关。 相似文献
4.
河南仰韶村遗址不同功能区土壤特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为全面了解仰韶文化时期古人类不同活动内容和程度,在仰韶村遗址内分别采集古人类遗址不同功能区(地基、饮食、瓮棺、陶窑)和未受到古人类活动干扰的土壤剖面(简称自然剖面)土样,进行色度、磁化率、颗粒组成、游离铁、矿质全量、土壤微形态分析,通过与自然剖面数据比较,获知古人类不同活动对土壤的影响程度。结果显示,在地基区,黏粒含量最高,CaO含量较高,P含量最高,土壤微形态显示了古人类在石灰面中加入多种不同的集料。在饮食区,土壤微形态显示炭屑含量丰富,且排列呈现一定方向。在瓮棺区,χfd为最大值,游离铁和游离度均为最大值。在陶窑区,χlf为最大值,P含量较高,土壤微形态显示经过高温煅烧。结论表明,古人类选择黏土和石灰混合铺设地面,长期居住产生大量含磷物质;古人类长期在饮食区烹煮食物,并对灰烬进行清理;瓮棺中的尸体在腐烂过程中,由于土壤动物和微生物的参与,不仅增加土壤细颗粒,还促进了土壤发育;古人类烧制陶器时,可能将生活垃圾进行燃烧,因此P富集。 相似文献
5.
6.
主要运用土壤微形态学、粘土矿物学和土壤化学方法,对海南岛三个不同母质的砖红壤剖面的微形态特征和成壤过程进行研究,并将网纹红土和砖红壤进行比较.结果表明,砖红壤典型的微形态特征为易风化矿物颗粒和粘粒胶膜的缺失、均质状的b-垒结以及风化成因铁锰质结核的出现;典型的成壤过程为强烈的化学风化、红化、均质化、淋溶以及显著的脱硅富铝化过程.随着成土母质和土壤排水条件的变化,砖红壤的微形态特征亦有所差异.而我国南方的网纹红土的发育程度低于砖红壤,不宜被划分为砖红壤或氧化土,而更趋向归入老成土,在我国土壤发生学分类中大致相当于红壤. 相似文献
7.
古文明兴衰变化多以遗物遗迹保存在土壤中,其影响的特殊土壤理化性质可为后人解密古文明起源、发展和衰亡提供宝贵的科学依据。因此,土壤分析应用于考古研究中由来已久,而且近年来取得了丰富的成果。本研究是从土壤分析主要解译古人类活动角度进行梳理,概括了土壤分析在古人类居住、耕作、用火、制陶研究中所起到的作用。提出了加强土壤特征解读,深化对古人类不同活动内涵探索,加强土壤在考古研究中的规范,制定考古研究中土壤采样规范和分析标准,建立无损探测技术与土壤指标的关联,加强土壤文化历史档案功能研究,为遗址地区的土地利用开发保护提供科学依据。 相似文献
8.
本文选取4个典型遗址土壤剖面为研究对象，基于剖面形态和理化性质的分析，根据世界土壤资源参比基础(WRB)、美国土壤系统分类(ST)、中国土壤系统分类(CST)，对供试土壤进行分类归属研究。结果表明，目前的分类方案均不能较好地体现遗址土壤的特征，因此建议在CST人为土土纲中增加技术人为土亚纲，并先被检索出来，下设缓透技术土和遗址技术土土类，分别下设遗址缓透技术土和含磷遗址技术人为土、普通遗址技术人为土亚类。修改方案不仅可以较少地改动土壤系统分类诊断体系，也能够较好地将古人类影响的土壤特征和产生的技术物质融合到新增的“人为缓透或不透层次”或“人工制品”中，作为从古到今所有人类活动和技术物质的一部分，从而实现遗址土壤在系统分类中的归属。 相似文献
9.
文化遗址区古土壤特性及古环境研究进展 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
分析古土壤性质是获取古环境信息的重要手段,通过研究文化遗址区古土壤性质来反映古环境和古人类活动日益成为国内外研究的热点。系统地总结了近年来国内外文化遗址区古土壤的土壤粒度、土壤微形态、土壤元素、土壤磁化率、多环芳烃、动植物遗存等在考古应用方面的研究进展,结果表明上述研究方法有效地反映古环境信息和古人类活动。提出了应借鉴相关研究指标,进一步加强土壤学与考古学的结合,在此基础上丰富文化遗址区古土壤研究方法,加强对文化遗址区土壤的分类研究,逐步建立考古土壤学这一新的学科分支。 相似文献
10.
古人类活动对土壤发育的影响——以河南仰韶村文化遗址为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
选择在河南仰韶村文化遗址内,分别选取一个受到古人类活动干扰的土壤剖面(简称文化剖面)和没有受到古人类活动干扰的土壤剖面(简称自然剖面),通过分析和比较两个剖面中炭屑、各种氧化物含量和土壤发育指标数值,研究古人类活动对土壤发育的影响。研究结果显示,在古人类用火形成的灰烬层中,炭屑含量达到最大值2.38×105粒g-1,约为自然剖面最高值的12.35倍,这使得Si O2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、K2O、Mg O和Na2O含量相对减少,均达到最小值,而Ca O、Mn O含量达到最大值,表明古人类用火产生大量含Ca和Mn物质;而在古人类居住形成的文化层中,除Si O2几乎无变化外,其余物质均出现最大值或达到波峰,表明古人类居住活动有利于各种氧化物的富集。文化剖面发育指标数值总体高于自然剖面,在文化剖面内,文化层和灰烬层的上覆和下伏自然土层中各种元素物质含量基本相同,表明古人类活动阻碍了各种元素物质向下迁移和聚集,使下伏自然土层保持在一个相对封闭的环境中,由此推测古人类活动基本阻碍了土壤发育进程。 相似文献
11.
Pollen analysis was combined with radiocarbon dating, physical, chemical and biological soil analyses and soil micromorphology, to investigate the prehistoric land use at Orstad, in Jæren, southwestern Norway.Orstad is an Early Bronze Age clearance cairn field in a cultural landscape with traces of land use back to the Neolithic. Samples were mainly collected from an 84 m long excavated trench with mainly podzolic soils. Although pollen preservation was poor, it was possible to differentiate five phases in the local vegetation and land use history. Human impact on the site could be traces back to about 4400–4000 BP uncal./3045–2600 cal. BC. Wheat and barley have been cultivated at Orstad during a period from ca. 3600 BP uncal./1945–1750 cal. BC until the Older Iron Age, when heather vegetation began to spread on the site.Soil micromorphology revealed different soil management practices for this time period: The soils seem to have been cleared by fire, prior to cultivation until ca. 3200 BP uncal./1610–1455 cal. BC. Then, new cultivation fields were laid out on higher levels, and seem to have been improved by adding of organic materials, mainly turves taken from podzolic top soils and peats from nearby localities. 相似文献
12.
13.
The physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties as well as the micromorphology of five indurated volcanic ash soils in Kyushu, Japan were investigated. The indurated soils were divided into two types based on the physical and chemical properties. Type 1 was not indurated in its moist state, but shrank and became very hard by air-drying. Type 1 included the buried volcanic ash soils whose physical and chemical properties were similar to those of other buried volcanic ash soils except for the property of induration by air-drying. The mechanism of the induration is still unknown, although it is considered to have occurred during the long period after the deposition of tephra under the influence of soil formation processes. Type 2 included the tephra layers that were indurated in both moist and air-dried states. The carbon and clay contents of type 2 were remarkably lower than those of type 1. Type 2 had not been affected by the soil formation process but had undergone induration soon after the deposition of the tephra. Neither type 1 nor type 2 could be classified into any indurated horizons that are defined in the present soil classification system. For the improvement of soil productivity, type 1 should be harrowed thoroughly soon after its exposure to the surface, and type 2 should be harrowed or removed using farm machinery. 相似文献
14.
Zhiqing Zhuo An Xing Meng Cao Yong Li Yunze Zhao Xiaoli Guo Yuanfang Huang 《Soil Use and Management》2020,36(3):494-506
Topsoil is disturbed by ploughing, the effects of infiltration, the movement of fine particles from the topsoil to the subsoil, and direct pressure from agriculture machinery, all creating an abrupt delineation in the form of a compacted layer with very low permeability. Spatial variability of soil properties, such as soil structure and penetration resistance (PR), can help identify the compacted layer. However, there are no quantitative methods to describe this layer. In this study, PR was used to survey different soil types. A Mann–Kendall (M-K) test of PR data was used to identify the presence and position of the compacted layer in a dryland farming region of Northeast China. Our results demonstrated that PR was mainly affected by bulk density and soil water content. Compared with the topsoil, PR was more significantly affected by water content in deeper soil layers. An M-K test of the PR curve can provide a more reliable and objective assessment of the thickness of the plough layer and location of the compacted layer than field observation. Our data indicated that there was a compacted layer in the soil profile in the study areas and the spatial variability of the compacted layer was heterogeneous. The plough layer was shallow, and the compacted layer was thicker in areas with frequent use of agricultural machinery. Moreover, frequent use of agricultural machinery resulted in a PR of the plough and compacted layers that was greater than that in other areas. Information on identifying the position and thickness of the compacted layer and the factors influencing their spatial distribution can be used to create effective soil management options and improve conditions for the development of plant roots in dryland farming regions. 相似文献
15.
Marion Kissling K. Tessa Hegetschweiler Hans-Peter Rusterholz Bruno Baur 《Applied soil ecology》2009,42(3):303-314
Understanding the effects of disturbance by human trampling on ecosystem processes is essential for the management of recreational areas. Discussions on recreational impacts are based either on data from trampling experiments or on field survey data from sites subjected to long-term recreational use, but rarely on a combination of both. We examined whether results from a short-term trampling experiment reflect the impact of long-term trampling around frequently used fire places. We compared short- and long-term effects of human trampling on above-ground forest vegetation and soil physical, chemical and microbial characteristics. We found both similarities and differences in short- and long-term trampling effects. Both short- and long-term trampling reduced plant cover, plant height and species density, though long-term effects were more pronounced than short-term effects. In both approaches, leaf litter biomass decreased, whereas soil density increased with trampling intensity. Other soil characteristics including soil moisture, total soil organic matter content and total organic nitrogen content were not or only marginally affected by short- and long-term trampling. Furthermore, soil microbial biomass and the activity of dehydrogenase did not change in both approaches. In contrast, the activity of β-glucosidase was only reduced by short-term trampling, whereas activity of phosphomonoesterase was reduced only by long-term trampling. Soil compaction was one factor reducing microbial activities at low and medium trampling intensities in our experiment and in the highly compacted area around the fire rings. We conclude that it could be problematic to use the results of short-term trampling experiments to predict general long-term trampling effects. Our results imply also that the restoration of degraded sites might be hampered by the low nutrient turnover resulting from the reduced litter layer and changes in enzyme activities, mitigating a successful re-establishment and growth of plants. 相似文献
16.
It is widely recognized that saturated hydraulic conductivity is dominated by the micromorphology of soil pores rather than by the merely total porosity or dry bulk density. Nevertheless, some researchers are reporting that the decrease in saturated hydraulic conductivity of subsoil is simply associated with the decrease in soil porosity or increase in dry bulk density. Based on these understandings in published papers and on our preliminary field investigation, we assumed that micromorphology of soil pores in topsoils is subjected to be destroyed with continuous disturbance by frequent tillage while subsoils tend to be compacted without serious changes of micromorphology of soil pores. Thus, we focused on finding the dependence of saturated hydraulic conductivity on dry bulk density by separating the soils into tilled layer and compacted layer. The objective of this study was to describe the relationship between saturated hydraulic conductivity and dry bulk density using a theoretical model, the non-similar media concept (NSMC) model, capable of predicting saturated hydraulic conductivities of soils with different values of dry bulk densities. The study area was located near the Tone River in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, where the soils were classified into Haplic Brown Lowland Soils according to the Classification of Cultivated Soils in Japan (Eutric Fluvisol according to FAO/UNESCO). Two sites, where the topsoils were seasonally tilled while the subsoils were sustained as it is, and another site where the topsoil was seasonally tilled, too, but extra deep tillage (1 m tillage depth) had been done, were chosen for the measurements. The saturated hydraulic conductivities and dry bulk densities of undisturbed soil cores from different depths were measured in the laboratory. The NSMC model was carefully applied only when the soil textures were the same among samples. The well-known conventional equations formulated by Kozeny–Carman and by Campbell, were used to compare the applicabilities with the NSMC model. The NSMC model succeeded in predicting the saturated hydraulic conductivities in the compacted subsoils. On the other hand, the NSMC model was not applicable to the tilled topsoils and to the deeply tilled subsoil. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of tilled topsoils and deeply tilled subsoil was always lower than that of compacted subsoils at the same dry bulk densities. The Kozeny–Carman and Campbell equations both failed in the prediction of saturated hydraulic conductivity in subsoil. It was concluded that the saturated hydraulic conductivity of subsoils under compaction without extreme disturbance is well related with its dry bulk density by the NSMC model. 相似文献
17.
为了深入认识崩壁不同深度土层微观结构特征和稳定性状况,选取鄂东南通城县一处发育完整的崩壁为研究对象,通过观察土壤薄片,定量和定性分析了崩壁6个不同深度土层的微形态特征,在此基础上,采用主成分分析对崩壁稳定性进行评价,并构建了崩壁稳定性评价体系的微形态指标最小数据集(MDS)。结果表明:(1)崩壁不同深度土层微形态差异显著。表土层土壤基质颜色呈现暗红色,基质比较高(0.91),团聚体和孔隙状况发育成熟,孔隙连通性较好。红土层基质颜色以红色为基调,随深度增加逐渐变浅,基质比为0.69(平均值),土壤团聚体结构弱发育,孔隙类型以囊孔和裂隙为主,连通性较差。砂土层主要以未风化完全的矿物颗粒为主,基质比极低(0.25),孔隙类型以矿物颗粒间隙为主。(2)各土层稳定性微形态评价得分从大到小排序为:表土层(TC1)>红土层(TC2>TC3>TC4)>砂土层(TC5>TC6),与多数土壤微形态指标间呈现显著正相关(p<0.05)。(3)崩壁土体稳定性微形态评价的最小数据集(MDS)由土壤基质颜色、土壤基质类型、土壤基质比、土壤团聚体、土壤微结构、总孔隙百分比和有机质含量7个指标构成。综上,不同深度土层微形态特征差异是崩壁土体稳定性具有层次分异性的重要因素之一。基于土壤微形态分析及建立的最小数据集评价体系,可以对崩壁土体的稳定性进行初步的监测。 相似文献