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1.
文化遗址区古土壤特性及古环境研究进展 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
分析古土壤性质是获取古环境信息的重要手段,通过研究文化遗址区古土壤性质来反映古环境和古人类活动日益成为国内外研究的热点。系统地总结了近年来国内外文化遗址区古土壤的土壤粒度、土壤微形态、土壤元素、土壤磁化率、多环芳烃、动植物遗存等在考古应用方面的研究进展,结果表明上述研究方法有效地反映古环境信息和古人类活动。提出了应借鉴相关研究指标,进一步加强土壤学与考古学的结合,在此基础上丰富文化遗址区古土壤研究方法,加强对文化遗址区土壤的分类研究,逐步建立考古土壤学这一新的学科分支。 相似文献
2.
分析古土壤特征是获取古环境信息的重要手段,通过研究文化遗址区古土壤特征来推导不同时间尺度下原始农业信息日益成为国内外研究的热点。本文选取河南仰韶文化遗址区内的文化剖面和自然剖面为研究对象,通过对两者的孢粉、炭屑、有机碳同位素、植硅体等古土壤特征定量分析,推测当时的粮食作物等原始农业信息。结果表明:通过分析两者的孢粉、炭屑,发现当古人类活动开始增强后,对于生存、生活所需的植物,古人类有选择性地种植和采摘,导致禾本科含量增加明显,藜科含量也较高,而利用价值不大的植物则因居住、耕作需要而被砍伐、焚烧,导致木本、蕨类含量减少。通过有机碳同位素和植硅体分析,发现在古人类活动的影响下,以C_3植物为主的自然植被类型转变为以C_4植物为主的人工植被类型,其遗址区内农作物以粟、黍为主,并发现有水稻,推测该遗址在仰韶晚期处于"北粟南稻"交错地带。 相似文献
3.
河南仰韶村遗址不同功能区土壤特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为全面了解仰韶文化时期古人类不同活动内容和程度,在仰韶村遗址内分别采集古人类遗址不同功能区(地基、饮食、瓮棺、陶窑)和未受到古人类活动干扰的土壤剖面(简称自然剖面)土样,进行色度、磁化率、颗粒组成、游离铁、矿质全量、土壤微形态分析,通过与自然剖面数据比较,获知古人类不同活动对土壤的影响程度。结果显示,在地基区,黏粒含量最高,CaO含量较高,P含量最高,土壤微形态显示了古人类在石灰面中加入多种不同的集料。在饮食区,土壤微形态显示炭屑含量丰富,且排列呈现一定方向。在瓮棺区,χfd为最大值,游离铁和游离度均为最大值。在陶窑区,χlf为最大值,P含量较高,土壤微形态显示经过高温煅烧。结论表明,古人类选择黏土和石灰混合铺设地面,长期居住产生大量含磷物质;古人类长期在饮食区烹煮食物,并对灰烬进行清理;瓮棺中的尸体在腐烂过程中,由于土壤动物和微生物的参与,不仅增加土壤细颗粒,还促进了土壤发育;古人类烧制陶器时,可能将生活垃圾进行燃烧,因此P富集。 相似文献
4.
土壤微形态方法已广泛运用在遗址土壤研究中，可解读其蕴含的古人类活动信息。本研究在仰韶村遗址土壤前期研究基础上，采集多处文化层以及古土壤层、表土层，通过比较土壤微形态和理化性质差异，判别古人类用火和培土行为。结果表明：(1)用火影响的土壤基质主要呈红棕色，其中炭屑散乱分布，铁质垒结形成物主要呈团块状、碎屑状。细粒质受到火烧作用影响，经化学反应形成的铁质氧化物覆盖其上，显示出弱干涉色特征，多为无分离b-垒结。(2)培土影响的土壤中可以识别出人工痕迹，如平整的孔道和刮擦痕迹，紧密的不同土壤垒结之间存在清晰平整的界线，表明土壤被压实。部分细粒质受到人为刮擦作用影响，呈现条纹状b-垒结。细粒质与粗粒质除包膜状和桥接状外，还出现填集状，这也表明土壤被压实。(3)发现贝壳和碳化植物等侵入体，土壤微结构呈现海绵状。总体而言，土壤的宏观特征和基本理化性状印证了微形态观察结果，表明该区域土壤与古人类用火和耕作活动相关。 相似文献
5.
新疆石城子遗址古代人类活动对土壤化学性质的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对新疆石城子遗址内古土壤和外部农田土壤剖面外观特征以及土壤碳氮磷等养分的对比分析,结果表明:古土壤剖面上含有古人类遗留的侵入体,而农田剖面上则无明显的侵入体。而且该地区人类活动对古土壤化学成分产生了明显的影响,其中土壤盐分、有机碳(SOC)、全磷(TP)和有机磷(OP)在各个历史时期均发生了明显的变化,人类活动还使土壤中元素含量的比值发生了明显变化,由有机磷占全磷比例(W_(OP)/W_(TP))和其他元素含量变化特征说明研究地点在近现代时期为耕作区,而在其他各个历史时期均为居民区。 相似文献
6.
《土壤通报》2015,(5):1272-1280
古土壤蕴含着其形成时期的表生环境特征,是研究过去环境变化的重要地质记录。受长期埋藏与成岩作用影响,深时古土壤形态特征与现代土壤存在差别,但仍保留明显区别于相邻岩层的土壤发生学特征。土壤发生层、根系痕迹、新生体、微形态等特征有助于辨识古土壤,而古土壤元素地球化学、成壤碳酸盐C、O同位素等是判断古土壤发育强度和重建古环境与古气候的重要方法。深时古土壤记录了前寒武纪大气组成与生物演变、泥盆纪乔木出现、二叠纪末的气候突变、白垩纪大气CO2波动、早始新世的高热气候及晚新生代高原隆升等重要环境与气候变化事件,在地球表层系统的"深时研究计划"中发挥着重要作用。目前古土壤学在埋藏与成岩作用影响、环境替代指标、古环境重建模型、时间分辨率等方面有待深入研究。 相似文献
7.
8.
从古土壤看北京环境变迁 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
古土壤是在古自然环境条件下形的土壤,西胡林黄土剖面位于北京低山丘陵区,埋藏有七层古土壤,根据形态和微形态特征,可以划分出碳酸盐型古土壤、普通褐土型古土壤,淋溶褐土型古土壤和棕壤型古土壤。其地球化学特征和土壤学特性的研究表明,各古土壤类型之间和发生层之间存在着显著差异,通过古城磁测年和地层对比,确定古土壤的年龄。在研究古土壤性状的基础上,配合孢粉分析,可以勾画出北京低山丘陵区的环境变迁,北京地区自50万年前至1万前,交替经历了14次温湿、冷干的气候变化。 相似文献
9.
古文明兴衰变化多以遗物遗迹保存在土壤中,其影响的特殊土壤理化性质可为后人解密古文明起源、发展和衰亡提供宝贵的科学依据。因此,土壤分析应用于考古研究中由来已久,而且近年来取得了丰富的成果。本研究是从土壤分析主要解译古人类活动角度进行梳理,概括了土壤分析在古人类居住、耕作、用火、制陶研究中所起到的作用。提出了加强土壤特征解读,深化对古人类不同活动内涵探索,加强土壤在考古研究中的规范,制定考古研究中土壤采样规范和分析标准,建立无损探测技术与土壤指标的关联,加强土壤文化历史档案功能研究,为遗址地区的土地利用开发保护提供科学依据。 相似文献
10.
从考古遗址地层堆积看自然灾害对人类社会的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
考古遗址的地层堆积特征,为追索遗址废弃的原因提供了可能.通过大量的实例研究,证明了史前的洪涝、干旱、水土流失等自然灾害可以导致古人类居住址的废弃,考古文化的迁移,甚至消亡,但同时也促使了人类适应自然,改造自然能力的提高.从追索考古遗址废弃原因的角度进行考古学研究,这种切入角度在环境考古学研究中具有一定的意义. 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献