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1.
Recent studies in Japan of the effect of automatic milking systems (AMS) on the behavior of dairy cows have confirmed the labor-saving aspect of AMS, but have not solved some of the problems affecting milking traits. The influence of AMS on milking was examined in 39 Holstein cows at Iwate Agricultural Research Center from June 1998 to December 1999, by measuring and recording the yield per milking, milking finish time, milking frequency, and daily yield of milking. Four milking traits were analyzed separately as the objective variable in a linear model, with parity, days in milking, month after installation of the AMS as independent variables. Primiparous cows milked more frequently in the middle and late stage of lactation, yielded less per milking and less per day in the early stage of lactation than multiparous cows with the AMS. Lower frequencies were observed at noon and midnight for cleaning of the bulk tank. By contrast, higher milking frequency in the forenoon was shown. The yield per milking rose and declined, following a normal lactation curve. However, milking frequency rose slowly, and declined gradually in the late stage of lactation. After installing a one-way gate, the cows milked more frequently, with a lower yield per milking and a greater daily milk yield, than before installation. 相似文献
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Three different milk sampling techniques were evaluated during milk sampling: a direct aseptic collection from the udder through a sterile cannula was used as the reference technique, compared with either a manual or a mechanical sampling method. In this study 30 high-yielding Holstein-Friesian dairy cows at different stages of lactation and free of udder infection were used. For each milk sample, the influence of milk sampling techniques was determined for the following parameters: somatic cell count, milk composition, bacterial contamination, viability, in vitro phagocytosis and overall killing of Staphylococcus aureus Newbould 305, and cellular chemiluminescence. Because milk sampling occurred throughout lactation, the differences between early, mid- and late lactation were estimated. It was concluded that bacterial contamination was not significantly different in manual milking samples and the reference technique; bacterial contamination was, however, significantly (P < 0.001) higher in machine milking samples than in the reference technique. Among the different sampling techniques, no significant effects on SCC, milk composition, viability and functions of the cells isolated from milk were observed. It was found that viability, intracellular killing and cellular chemiluminescence of milk PMN were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in early lactation compared to mid-lactation. Phagocytosis was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in early lactation compared to mid- and late lactation, and no significant differences were observed between mid- and late lactation. From this study, it can be concluded that despite a higher bacterial contamination obtained with the mechanical sampling method, the 3 milk sampling techniques described in this study can be used for the evaluation of milk cell functions. 相似文献
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通过奶牛生产性能（dairy herd improvement,DHI）测定体细胞数,探究奶牛的胎次及其不同泌乳阶段对其乳体细胞数（somatic cell count,SCC）和乳损失量的影响。通过对某养殖场泌乳期奶牛DHI的测定进行分析,结果表明：体细胞评分（somatic cell score,SCS）随奶牛胎次的增加而增加,但SCS在不同胎次的不同泌乳阶段表现有所不同。一胎牛SCS随着泌乳期的延长而增加,前期、中期与后期的SCS呈显著性差异（P＜0.05）;二胎牛与三胎牛SCS呈现相同变化规律,泌乳前期的SCS较泌乳中期高,而泌乳后期SCS显著高于前2个泌乳阶段（P＜0.05）。乳损失量随胎次的增加整体呈现增加趋势,且泌乳早期和泌乳后期乳损失量高于泌乳中期。 相似文献
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C.P. Ferris J.P. Frost C.S. Mayne M.A. McCoy D.J. Kilpatrick 《Livestock Science》2008,114(2-3):305-314
Two experiments were undertaken to examine the direct and residual responses of late lactation (mean of 232 days calved) autumn calving dairy cows (Experiment 1), and late lactation (mean of 240 days calved) spring calving dairy cows (Experiment 2), to once-daily milking. Experiments 1 and 2 involved 50 and 44 Holstein–Friesian dairy cows respectively. In each of the two experiments, cows were milked either once daily (ODM) or twice daily (TDM), during the late lactation period (mean of 79 and 66 days in Experiments 1 and 2 respectively). Cows in Experiment 1 were managed within a grazing system, and were offered 3.0 kg of concentrate/day, while cows in Experiment 2 were housed, and offered grass silage supplemented with 6.0 kg concentrate/day. Forty-one cows from Experiment 1, and 32 cows from Experiment 2, completed the first eight weeks of the subsequent lactation on a twice-daily milking regime. Food intakes were not measured in Experiment 1, while treatment had no significant effect on dry matter intake in Experiment 2 (P > 0.05). In each of Experiments 1 and 2, total milk output was increased with twice-daily milking (P ≤ 0.05), while milk fat (P ≤ 0.01) and protein (P < 0.001) concentrations increased with once-daily milking. Somatic cell counts were higher with animals milked once daily in Experiment 1 (P < 0.001), while not being significantly affected by milking frequency in Experiment 2 (P > 0.05). Milking frequency had no significant effect on cow live weight or on cow condition score at the point of drying off in either Experiment (P > 0.05). Milking time per cow during morning milking was unaffected by treatment in either experiment, while total daily milking time per cow (morning and evening combined) was significantly longer with the TDM treatment (P < 0.001). In Experiment 1, milk flow rates during the morning milking were higher with animals on the ODM treatment, compared to those on TDM treatment (P < 0.001), while being unaffected by treatment in Experiment 2 (P > 0.05). Neither daily milk yield, milk fat content, milk protein content, or somatic cell count during the subsequent lactation, were affected by previous lactation milking frequency in either of Experiments 1 or 2 (P > 0.05). 相似文献
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试验选择了24头泌乳前中期的同一胎次、健康无病、具有相近体重、产奶量与泌乳期的荷斯坦奶牛,将其分为4组,每组6头牛,在奶牛日粮中添加苹果味果味剂、香蕉味果味剂、混合香型果味剂,并设置对照组(不添加果味剂)进行奶牛饲养试验。对奶牛的生产性能以及奶样中风味物质进行评定。试验结果表明:①在奶牛生产性能方面,与对照组相比,3种果味剂都有减缓产奶量下降的趋势,其中香蕉味的作用效果最好(产奶量下降:香蕉味0.5%,苹果味11.9%,混合味8.86%,对照13.5%)。②对奶样进行感官评价,在单独的色泽、组织状态、奶香味、果香味、甜味、酸味、苦味、涩味、饲草味和牛体味中,4种样品基本没有差异,4个样品的综合风味存在显著差异(P<0.05),在风味的总得分上,混合风味>苹果风味>香蕉风味=对照组。 相似文献
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Milk yield of 59 beef cows that calved in late September through November was measured monthly in early and late lactation and biweekly during midlactation. Milk yield was estimated by milking with a machine after over-night separation of cows from calves. Concentration of plasma cholesterol of cows and calves was measured when calves averaged 44, 93, 136, and 178 d of age (SD = 17 d). Cholesterol of calves also was measured 2 wk after weaning, when they averaged 220 +/- 2.3 d of age. Cholesterol of calves was highest at second and third samplings and dropped after weaning. The estimated intake of milkfat by calves, and to a lesser extent their intake of milk, was related positively to their plasma cholesterol as they approached weaning age. The relationship was not strong enough, however, for differences among calves in concentration of plasma cholesterol to identify accurately differences in milk yield of their dams. Within breed group, age of cow, and stage of lactation, the regression coefficients of milk yield on plasma cholesterol of cows were close to zero. The concentrations of plasma cholesterol in both cows and calves were highly repeatable, with the exception of samples that were collected when calves averaged 44 d of age. Although plasma cholesterol of calves was related positively to milk yield and milkfat yield in late lactation, the former trait was not an accurate indicator of the two latter traits. 相似文献
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[目的]分析增加挤奶次数对不同阶段泌乳奶牛产奶量的提升,找出最佳挤奶管理方案,为有效提升牧场效益提供理论依据。[方法]将泌乳牛只随机分为两组,保证不同胎次、不同产犊阶段平均泌乳量相当,分组后两组分别保持3次挤奶和4次挤奶1个月。对牧场不同挤奶次数奶牛泌乳量进行统计汇总整理分析。[结果]增加挤奶次数能有效提高奶牛泌乳量（P<0.05）;泌乳量高于45 kg奶牛增加挤奶次数对产奶量的提升,显著高于泌乳量低于45 kg的奶量（P<0.05）;增加挤奶次数显著提升头胎牛产量2.33 kg,二胎牛产量2.31 kg,三胎及以上牛奶产量2.78 kg(P<0.05);不同泌乳阶段,增加挤奶次数能有效提高泌乳初期及产奶高峰期的产奶量（P<0.05）。[结论]增加挤奶次数能有效提升奶牛泌乳量,对高产及处于产奶初期及高峰期的奶牛提升效果最佳。 相似文献
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Objectives To identify risk factors and indicators at quarter‐milking and other levels for clinical mastitis during lactation in pasture‐fed cows managed in an automatic milking system. Design A retrospective nested case–control study using data collected over a 31‐month period. A total of 803,948 quarter‐milkings from 249 cows were available for analysis, of which 245 were selected as clinical mastitis quarter‐milking cases and 2450 unaffected quarter‐milkings were selected as controls. Most of the diagnoses of clinical mastitis had been made after clinical assessments of quarters following automated alerts by the milking system. Potential risk factors and indicators were assessed using univariable and multivariable multilevel logistic models. Results Quarters that are milked infrequently and have low yield, fast peak milk flow rates, blood in the milk and/or elevated milk conductivity are at increased risk of clinical mastitis. Quarters were also at increased risk between days 10 and 29 of lactation, and during higher parity lactations. Milk fat and protein concentrations and the fat : protein ratio were not significantly associated with the development of clinical mastitis. Neither quarter position (fore or rear) nor side (left or right) was associated with clinical mastitis occurrence. Quarters that had been clinically affected more than 30 days previous in the current lactation were not at increased risk of redeveloping clinical mastitis. Conclusions Under the study conditions, the risk of clinical mastitis increased for quarter‐milkings in quarters that were milked less frequently in the previous 7 days, were low‐yielding, had fast peak milk flow rates and had more milkings in which blood was detected in milk and/or the milk conductivity was elevated. Risk was also increased in days 10–29 of lactation and in higher parity lactations. 相似文献
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文章旨在确定在不影响牛奶产量、牛奶成分、乳脂肪酸组成和牛奶感官质量的情况下,用不同水平甘油代替大麦对泌乳中后期奶牛的影响。试验选择了40头荷斯坦奶牛,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计。在部分混合日粮中,粗甘油替代大麦的含量分别为日粮干物质的0、6%、12%和18%。每天记录个体产奶量、采食量和挤奶频率,每周分析牛奶成分。对新鲜牛奶和贮藏7 d的牛奶样品进行感官分析。部分混合日粮的摄入量随甘油添加水平由0升高至12%,增加近1 kg,甘油由12%升高至18%,减少约1 kg。甘油水平由0升高至6%时,精料摄入量下降0.5 kg。随着日粮中甘油比例的增加,牛奶产量呈线性下降(P<0.05),而牛奶中的脂肪和蛋白质含量呈上升趋势(P=0.08),导致能量校正乳水平随甘油水平的升高表现为二次曲线效应,其中6%甘油组产量最高,18%甘油组产量最低。蛋白质和乳糖产量随日粮中甘油比例的增加线性下降(P<0.05)。随着日粮甘油比例的增加,牛奶中棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和共轭亚油酸的比例线性下降(P<0.05),而短链和中链脂肪酸的比例大部分呈上升趋势。综上所述,甘油作为一种能量饲料可以在不影响牛奶品质的前提下,在泌乳中后期奶牛日粮中替代大麦的水平高达18%。但日粮甘油水平超过12%时可能会降低能量校正乳的产量。 相似文献
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Kristene Gedye Shirli Notcovich Martin Correa‐Luna Pavithra Ariyarathne Axel Heiser Raquel Lopez‐Lozano Nicolas Lopez‐Villalobos 《Animal Science Journal》2020,91(1)
This study evaluated the concentration and expression of lactoferrin (LF) in cows selected for once a day (OAD) milking compared to twice a day (TAD) milking. Milk samples were collected from the Massey University TAD and OAD herds. Milk traits and expression of LF and insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) were analyzed with a general linear model that included the fixed effects of milking frequency, lactation number, interaction between milking frequency and lactation number, and as covariates proportion of F, heterosis F × J and deviation from the herd median calving date. Cows milked OAD produced milk with higher (p < .01) concentrations of protein and lactose than TAD milked cows. Compared to TAD cows, cows milked OAD had higher expression of the LF gene (1.40 vs. 1.29 folds, p = .03) and the IGF‐1 gene (1.69 vs. 1.48 folds, p = .007). The correlation between the expression of LF gene and the concentration of LF in milk was strong (r = .66 p < .001), but the correlation between the expression of the IGF‐1 gene and LF concentration was stronger (r = .94, p < .001). These results suggest that milking frequency affects the milk composition and expression of milk composition genes at early lactation. 相似文献
12.
Effect of cattle management practices on raw milk quality on farms operating in a two-stage dairy chain 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
In many developing countries, milk production varies greatly according to farm size, cattle breed, and milking practices.
However, production systems often are dominated by smallholder farms. Therefore, relatively small volumes of milk are delivered
daily from numerous farms to intermediate cooperatives which supply industrial units. This paper argues that in such two-stage
dairy chains, milk quality could be improved by focusing on farming practices rather than on the testing of individual deliveries.
Indeed, it is difficult to analyze their quality due to technical, economic, and logistic limitations. The objective of this
study is to link on-farm practices with milk chemical quality parameters (fat and protein) and hygienic quality criteria (Aerobic
Plate Count, APC and Coliforms). Cattle management practices were monitored monthly over one year on 23 farms located on an
irrigation scheme in Morocco. 276 milk samples were analyzed. The monthly variability of milk quality parameters was then
characterized. Results show that average cow milk chemical parameters vary within a normal range. They remain primarily linked
to the genetic type of cows, the lactation stage, and the conversion of feed concentrates’ net energy into milk. Overall milk
hygienic quality was poor (APC and Coliforms counts were 100 fold international norms), due essentially to a lack of hygiene
and inadequate milking conditions (hands, udder, and teat washing, type of bucket used, dirtiness of cows...). It is suggested
that a close monitoring of herd management practices may allow the indirect control of milk quality parameters, thereby avoiding
costly analyses of numerous smallholder milk deliveries. 相似文献
13.
The Influences of Dietary Selenium and Vitamin E Intakes on Milk Somatic Cell Counts and Mastitis in Cows 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Hemingway RG 《Veterinary research communications》1999,23(8):481-499
Dietary supplements of selenium and vitamin E in greater amounts than are required for nutritional adequacy can have complementary functions in reducing somatic cell counts and both the severity and duration of clinical mastitis. Selenium inadequacy is geographically widespread and can frequently be a year-round problem. In contrast, an adequate intake of fresh grass and quality grass silage or other green, leafy material should provide adequate vitamin E. Many observations indicate that in farm situations where there is good udder hygiene and where long-acting antibiotic treatment is given at drying off, significant correlations are found between the mean bulk milk somatic cell counts and the blood selenium concentration or glutathione peroxidase activity in the blood, even where plasma vitamin E concentration is fully adequate. The accompanying reduced incidence of clinically affected quarters diminishes the need for corrective antibiotic treatment during lactation. Presentation of selenium and vitamin E within a sustained-release rumen bolus system during the dry period and into the succeeding lactation is a convenient means of supplementation to avoid over- or under-consumption by individual cows within a group. Adequate hygiene of the environment, the milking equipment and the udder are essential. 相似文献
14.
A longitudinal study was performed to investigate the variations of Neospora caninum antibody levels in individual milk during lactation as well as the association between antibody levels in serum and milk. Serum and milk samples of 15 milking cows were collected between February 2003 and September 2004 in three smallholder dairy farms in Khon Kaen province in northeast Thailand. All samples were analyzed for presence of antibodies by an N. caninum iscom ELISA test kit and the results were given as percent positivity (PP). The effects of time between calving and sampling, lactation number, and season on milk and serum PP were studied using Generalized Estimation Equations methods. All cows were antibody positive in either milk or serum at the first two consecutive samplings. Although serum and milk PP varied considerably, milk PP was consistently positive throughout the study. Cows of all lactation groups had a higher adjusted mean of milk PP at calving compared to later months after calving although the only significant difference was in first lactation. Serum and milk PP were always lower in first lactation than in second and later lactations. An adjusted mean of milk PP for cows classified as having serum PP> or =55 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of cows classified as having lower serum PP. Our results indicate that individual milk can be an alternative material to demonstrate presence of N. caninum antibodies in lactating cows. 相似文献
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【目的】 探究荷斯坦牛泌乳速度相关指标的群体规律及非遗传因素对其的影响。【方法】 收集华东地区某规模化牧场8 757头泌乳牛的906 748条挤奶记录，定义了班次产奶量、前两分钟产奶量、挤奶时间、前两分钟产奶量占比、平均流速和最高流速6个泌乳速度指标，并对其进行了描述性统计，计算了各指标间的Pearson相关系数，采用固定模型分析了测定季节、胎次、泌乳阶段、初产月龄和挤奶班次对泌乳速度相关指标的影响。【结果】 6个泌乳速度指标中，除前两分钟产奶量占比之外，班次产奶量、前两分钟产奶量、挤奶时间、平均流速和最高流速均基本呈对称分布，各个指标的变异较大，变异系数在30%左右；各指标两两之间存在极显著相关关系，相关系数在-0.84~0.89之间，泌乳速度与产奶量呈中等或强相关，与挤奶时间呈弱负相关，与前两分钟产奶量占比呈弱正相关。测定季节、胎次、泌乳阶段、初产月龄和挤奶班次对泌乳速度指标均有极显著影响（P<0.01）；不同季节中，冬季的班次产奶量和挤奶时间最大，夏季的平均流速最快，而秋季的最高流速最快；不同泌乳阶段中，在第Ⅱ泌乳阶段（45~99 d），奶牛的班次产奶量、挤奶时间、平均流速和最高流速均最大；不同班次中，在夜间班次（00：00—06：00），奶牛的班次产奶量、挤奶时间、平均流速和最高流速均为最大。【结论】 奶牛泌乳速度指标存在较大变异，对季节、胎次等环境和生理因素较为敏感，可为奶牛产奶性能的选育提供信息。 相似文献
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Daniel Mageste de Almeida Marcos Inácio Marcondes Luciana Navajas Rennó Lívia Vieira de Barros Carla Heloísa Avelino Cabral Leandro Soares Martins David Esteban Contreras Marquez Felipe Vélez Saldarriaga Faider Alberto Castaño Villadiego Manuela Acevedo Cardozo Roman Maza Ortega Javier Enrique Garces Cardenas Virginia Lucia Neves Brandão Mário Fonseca Paulino 《Tropical animal health and production》2018,50(8):1771-1777
Beef cows’ milk yield is typically determined by measuring milk yield once daily and then doubling this value to estimate daily production. However, it is not known whether this is accurate. Thus, we aimed to determine the association between morning and afternoon milk yield in grazing Nellore cows. Eighty Nellore cows were used, with initial weight of 516.0?±?1.0 kg. The experiment was a completely randomized factorial scheme, with 20 replications and four treatments (i.e., +?or ??pre-partum supplementation in combination with +?or ??post-partum supplementation): PRMM—1 kg of supplement/cow/day for 90 days pre-partum; MMPS—1 kg of supplement/cow/day for 90 days post-partum; PRPS—1 kg of supplement/cow/day for 90 days pre-partum and 90 days post-partum; and MM—only mineral mix ad libitum during pre- and post-partum. Milk was sampled on days 45, 135, and 225 post-partum (early, middle, and late lactation, respectively). No effects were observed of pre- and post-partum supplementation on milk yield (P?>?0.05). The afternoon/morning proportion of 0.45 in the early third of lactation was higher than other stages, which had a proportion of 0.41 (P?<?0.05). Post-partum supplementation increased milk protein in the morning and afternoon milking (P?<?0.05). There was also no effect of pre- and post-partum supplementation on afternoon-morning proportion other milk components (P?>?0.05). We conclude that estimating daily milk production of grazing beef cattle by multiplying a once daily milking amount times two is not accurate. Under the conditions of this study, proportion of total daily production represented by the ratio of afternoon/morning milking was 0.45 in early lactation (first third) and 0.41 in mid- and late lactation. 相似文献
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Linear models were developed and evaluated for the estimation of daily (24 h) and total lactation milk yield of dairy sheep from single morning (am) or evening (pm) milking records. A total of 22,908 individual test-day milk records of 5110 ewes of the Chios breed, raised in 46 flocks, were used. Depending on the model, different daily milk yield estimates were derived for each ewe, accounting for lactation number, stage of lactation, season of previous lambing and interval between successive milkings. Daily milk yield was also estimated from doubling the single am or pm record. Actual and estimated yields were compared using root mean square errors (RMSEs), mean absolute differences, an accuracy parameter defined as the ratio of the actual yield variance over the sum of the variances of actual yield and absolute difference, and the product moment correlation between estimated and actual yield. Results were validated on independent datasets. Linear models resulted in less biased and more accurate estimates of the daily milk yield than simply doubling the am or pm record. Root mean square errors decreased by 7-37% and the mean absolute difference was reduced by 1-4% of the average daily yield. Higher accuracy and correlation were obtained from linear model application than doubling. Total lactation milk yield was predicted based on actual daily yield and compared to predictions based on estimated daily yield from am or pm records, as well as directly on single milking records. Root mean square errors obtained when daily yield had been estimated with linear models were 26-35% lower compared to doubling the am or pm yield and 0-13% lower compared to estimating the total lactation yield directly from single milking records. Linear model application also resulted in lower mean absolute difference and higher accuracy and correlation than doubling the am or pm record. Recording the yield of a single milking (am or pm) instead of both can benefit milk recording by reducing its cost and increasing farmer participation. In this context, linear models developed in the present study can be used for the accurate estimation of daily (24 h) and total lactation milk yield from single milking records. 相似文献
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Hamann J 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2001,108(3):110-112
Automatic milking systems offer not only a marked improvement of the working conditions in dairy farms but also they may be able to improve the quality of life of the dairy farmer, the health and performance status of the cow and the milk quality. The current stage of development of automatic milking systems indicates that there are still some deficiencies in fulfilling the requirements of the milk hygiene regulations, the early identification of health problems and allowing veterinary measures. This paper details some aspects of cow and udder health and milk quality under the condition of automatic milking systems by discussing actual problems and potential future advantages. 相似文献