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1.
Scavenging chicken production in Africa is important for the livelihood of the poor. In most countries, these low inputs,
low output systems employ local breeds making use of the feeding resources available in the household. However, their replacement
with introduced exotic breeds with higher productivities represents a risk for their conservation. Here, we present a simulation
model to evaluate the impact of community-based interventions aiming to improve the profitability of local chicken breeds
and promote their use and conservation. The results indicate that under the current conditions, farmers producing exotic chicken
are able to sell more animals in a one year period; however the market price of local chicken makes their production more
profitable. Vaccination campaigns significantly reduce the mortality rate of both breeds, having a positive effect on producers’
income but its impact on animal off-take is larger for exotic breeds, and the availability of feeding resources is the limiting
factor as the flock size increases. The results of the intervention are positive in terms of increasing farmers’ income but
do not clearly contribute to the conservation of indigenous breeds since after the vaccination campaign, the gap between the
profitability of indigenous and exotic breeds is reduced. The simulation model indicates that under the current conditions,
the conservation of indigenous chicken breeds in Benin is maintained by the existence of distinct niche markets with consumers
able to pay higher prices for indigenous chicken. Policies for the conservation of chicken genetic resources in Benin are
discussed. 相似文献
2.
In the Mexican state of Yucatan the Pelón pig breed has been identified as being endangered. The gradual disappearance of
this indigenous breed that is able to survive well in an extreme environment and under low-input conditions undermines food
and livestock security for Yucatan’s rural poor. This study uses contingent valuation to identify those backyard pig producers
who require least compensation to conserve the Pelón breed. Understanding the conditions under which livestock keepers most
committed to the use of the indigenous breed would be willing to participate in different conservation scenarios allows for
a comparative analysis of alternate conservation schemes, in terms of cost and breed population growth. The findings suggest
that establishing a community-based conservation scheme could be sufficient to ensure that the Pelón pig reaches a ‘not at
risk’ extinction status. Alternatively, establishing open-nucleus breeding schemes would result in a higher effective population
size, but at relatively greater cost. We conclude that for the specific case of the Pelón pig in Yucatan, Mexico, if effectively
designed, the cost of conservation and sustainable use strategies may be little more than the cost of facilitating access
to the animal genetic resource for those most reliant upon it. 相似文献
3.
Dana Nigussie van der Waaij Liesbeth H. Dessie Tadelle van Arendonk Johan A. M. 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(7):1519-1529
To generate information essential for the implementation of breeding schemes suitable for village poultry producers in Ethiopia,
a survey was conducted aimed at defining the socioeconomic characteristics of the production environments in different geographic
regions, understanding the important functions of chickens, identifying farmers’ choice of chicken breeds and the underlying
factors that determine the choice of genetic stock used. The survey included both questionnaire survey and a participatory
group discussion. A total of 225 households (45 households from each of five Woredas) were interviewed. The questionnaire was designed to collect data covering general information on village poultry production
such as socio-management characteristics, production objectives, population structure, breed choice and trait preferences,
market preferences of specific traits, and farmers’ selection practices. The participatory farmers’ discussions were designed
to involve stakeholders in defining the breeding objective “traits” and deriving their relative importance in the production
environment based on the different functions of chickens and “traits” identified in the interviews. The results showed that
production of eggs for consumption is the principal function of chickens in most regions followed by the use as source of
income and meat for home consumption. The production system in all geographic regions studied revealed similar features generally
characterized by extensive scavenging management, absence of immunization programs, increased risk of exposure of birds to
disease and predators, and reproduction entirely based on uncontrolled natural mating and hatching of eggs using broody hens.
Farmers’ ratings of indigenous chickens with respect to modern breeds showed the highest significance of the adaptive traits
in general, and the superior merits of indigenous chickens to high yielding exotic breeds in particular. Adaptation to the
production environment was the most important attribute of chickens in all the study areas. The high significance attributed
to reproduction traits indicates the need for maintaining broody behavior and high level of hatchability while breeding for
improved productivity of indigenous chickens for village conditions. The market price of chickens is primarily dictated by
weight, but farmers rated growth (males) and number of eggs followed by growth (females) as the production traits they would
like the most to be improved. Therefore, the ultimate breeding goal should be to develop a dual-purpose breed based on indigenous
chicken genetic resources with any of the comb types other than single for all the regions studied having the most preferred
white body plumage for farmers in the Amhara region and red body plumage for those in Oromia, Benshangul-Gumuz, and Southern
regions. 相似文献
4.
Factors that determine use of breeding services by smallholder dairy farmers in Central Kenya 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
This study examined the determinants of smallholder dairy farmers’ use of breeding services in Nyandarua and Kiambu districts,
Central Kenya. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 140 randomly selected respondents. The breeding
services considered were artificial insemination (AI), natural bull service, or a combination of AI and bull services. A multinomial
logit econometric model was used fitting AI as the base category. There was a negative relationship between higher levels
of education, herd size, and location and the use of bull service. However, education, herd size, and credit were positively
related to the combined option. The results indicate that uptake of AI services after the liberalization of the sector is
influenced by other factors besides cost-related factors. Factors such as accessibility to breeding services and product markets
had influence on the farmer decision to choose among the available breeding services. The effectiveness of the breeding services
in terms of successful conception also plays a big role in the choice. A need for concerted efforts to increase farmer’s knowledge
base on utilization and effectiveness of available breeding services is imperative. Furthermore, smallholder dairy farming
could be made more sustainable and economically viable by implementing initiatives geared towards enhancing access to breeding
services that would guarantee access to quality genetic material. 相似文献
5.
K. Soini C. Diaz G. Gandini Y. de Haas T. Lilja D. Martin‐Collado F. Pizzi EURECA – consortium S. J. Hiemstra 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2012,129(6):436-447
Recognizing cultural diversity among local breed farmers is crucial for the successful development and implementation of farm animal genetic resources FAnGr conservation policies and programmes. In this study based on survey data collected in the EUropean REgional CAttle breeds project from six European countries, a typology of local breed farmers was designed and profiles for each of the farmer types were developed to assist these policy needs. Three main farmer types were constructed: production‐oriented, product and service‐oriented and hobby‐oriented farmers. In addition, seven subtypes were characterized under the main types: sustainable producers, opportunists, multi‐users, brand makers, traditionalists, pragmatists and newcomers. These types have many similarities to the ‘productivist’, ‘multifunctional’ and ‘post‐productivist’ farmer types. The typology not only reveals the high level of diversity among local cattle breed farmers in Europe, which presents an opportunity for the in situ conservation of animal genetic resources, but also a challenge for policy to meet the differing requirements of the farmer types. 相似文献
6.
Sraïri MT Kiade N Lyoubi R Messad S Faye B 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(5):835-843
Multivariate analyses were used to compare dairy production practices and their consequences on milk yield and profitability
in cattle farms from two representative regions of Morocco. A regular follow-up of 118 farms (48 in the Rabat-Salé suburban
belt and 70 in the Gharb irrigated perimeter) was undertaken to obtain accurate data. Results show significant differences
between the two regions. Intensive milk production was more frequent in the suburban zone (more concentrates and better annual
milk yield per cow). When conducting a “within-region” principal components analysis, farms’ discrimination appeared to take
into account all management variables (feeding, cattle sales, profitability), with no reference to farms’ structural parameters
(arable land and number of cattle). A typology of farms was then established using cluster analysis, with 4 distinct groups,
namely: a) concentrates wasters, b) farms with a relatively important milk yield per cow, c) deficit dairy farms and d) beef oriented farms. The last group included almost exclusively farms from the irrigated perimeter (5 out of 7). These results
indicate that dairy production promotion in Morocco requires more than just the intensification of forage production, but
should focus also on improving management practices. The extension of complete and balanced dairy rations is urgently needed
to enhance milk yield and profitability. 相似文献
7.
Status and prospects for livestock production in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Wilson RT 《Tropical animal health and production》2007,39(6):443-452
Some 16 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product of the Lao PDR arises from the livestock sector. Almost all output - live animals
and products - is from traditional small scale production and about 90 per cent of all households in the country keep one
or more species of livestock. Industrial or large scale production is of very minor importance even for pigs and poultry.
Considerable international assistance has been provided for livestock development, initially from the Socialist states that
were of the same political persuasion as Lao PDR and more recently from multilateral and bilateral development assistance
agencies. In general this assistance has not conferred lasting benefits on the sector in part due to the failure of the Lao
Government to provide continuing support commensurate with the sector’s contribution to the national economy. Buffalo (1.1
million head in 2004) and cattle (1.3 million head) are the main ruminant species with goats and sheep (140 000 head) occupying
a very minor position. Both pigs (1.7 million) and poultry (19.6 million) are major contributors to the household and national
economies. Buffalo are now mainly meat producers, their former draught and transport roles having been taken over by mechanical
equipment. Cattle, also once used for draught, are almost exclusively producers of beef. Pigs and poultry produce meat and
poultry provide eggs. Lao indigenous livestock are mainly kept in low input systems, thus output is also low. Nothing is known
of the genetic potential of the indigenous stock which are the victims of poor management, inadequate nutrition and minimal
health care. There is strong and rising demand for products of animal origin within the country and in the greater Southeast
Asia and East Asia regions. Given suitable and appropriate support the Lao livestock sector would be in a strong position
to contribute to supplying this demand. 相似文献
8.
Grimaud P Mpairwe D Chalimbaud J Messad S Faye B 《Tropical animal health and production》2007,39(3):217-227
A survey was carried out on milk production and reproductive performance of dairy cattle: 24 farms, with a total of 900 animals
and distributed in four agro-ecological zones, were visited every 15 days over 18 months. Cows were fed on natural pastures
as the only source of feed, and animal performance was dependent on the season and exhibited a dramatic drop in dry spells.
Numeric productivity indices integrating productive performance for settler’s, multipurpose, crop–livestock integrated and
modern farms were 0.56, 0.74, 0.69 and 0.63, respectively. Milk productivity was higher on modern farms (6.7 L/cow per day)
than in the other systems, and higher with Holstein-Friesian cows (7.7 L/cow per day) than with indigenous cattle (1.8 L/cow
per day) or crossbred animals (3.7 L/cow per day). This paper speculates on the opportunity to improve the genetic potential
of indigenous cattle, concomitantly with the efforts to adapt exotic cattle to a mountainous equatorial environment. 相似文献
9.
Worogo Hilaire S. S. Idrissou Rachidi Assani Alassan S. Adjassin Josias S. Azalou Maximilien Assogba Brice G. C. Idrissou Yaya Alabi Cham D. A. Alkoiret Ibrahim T. 《Tropical animal health and production》2020,52(3):1055-1064
A thorough knowledge of cattle herding systems is very important for planning sustainable genetic improvement and conservation strategies. This paper is initiated to characterize Benin native Borgou cattle farming systems in its department of origin by mean of survey including 180 cattle farmers owning at least one phenotype of that breed. Using multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical ascending classification, four groups of Borgou cattle farms have been identified. The first group qualified as “semi-intensive purebred Borgou cattle farming” own high numbers (87.2 ± 3.95 heads) purchased and reared with the view to promote its genetic improvement, its production, and its conservation as Benin animal genetic resource. The second group (sedentary purebred Borgou cattle farming) is represented by Bariba ethnic group with small numbers (22.18 ± 0.71 heads) of purebred Borgou cattle used mainly for draught. Cattle farmers of the third group are “large transhumant of Zebu and Borgou crossbred cattle farmers” represented by Fulani and Gando ethnic groups whose herds are generally composed of high numbers (75.20 ± 3.43 heads) of cattle acquired by purchasing, inheriting, and fostering. The last one is the “small transhumant of Zebu and Borgou crossbred cattle farming” with an average herd size of 31.98 ± 0.72 heads. Cattle farming is their main activity and animals are used for the production of milk and cheese. These distinctions between Borgou cattle farmers can be an anchorage point for designing sustainable community-based in situ conservation strategies for safeguarding this local breed in its original cradle.
相似文献10.
Tegebu FN Mathijs E Deckers J Haile M Nyssen J Tollens E 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(1):133-144
Livestock fulfill different functions. Depending on their livelihood strategies, households differ in their choice of what
type of animal to keep and on accumulation of the chosen animal overtime. Using a panel data of 385 rural households in a
mixed farming system in northern Ethiopia, this paper investigates the dynamic behavior of rural households’ livestock holding
to identify determinants of choice and accumulation of livestock overtime. Choice is analyzed for a principal animal, the
animal that constituted the largest value of livestock assets a household possessed, using a multinomial logit model. Results
indicate that rural households differ in their choice of what type of animal to keep. Agro-climatic conditions, sex and age
of household head, presence of an adult male member in a household, and liquidity are the major factors that influence the
type of principal animal households keep. Conditional on the principal animal selected, we analyzed the factors that determine
the accumulation of the chosen animals by correcting for selection bias. Area of land cultivated is the most significant factor
that explains the number of animals households keep. Other factors include sex of household head, diversification into nonfarm
self-employment, and shocks. 相似文献
11.
Indigenous chicken (IC) and their production systems were characterized to understand how the whole system operates for purposes
of identifying threats and opportunities for holistic improvement. A survey involving 594 households was conducted in six
counties with the highest population of IC in Kenya using structured questionnaires. Data on IC farmers’ management practices
were collected and analysed and inbreeding levels calculated based on the effective population size. Indigenous chicken were
ranked highest as a source of livestock income by households in medium- to high-potential agricultural areas, but trailed
goats in arid and semi-arid areas. The production system practised was mainly low-input and small-scale free range, with mean
flock size of 22.40 chickens per household. The mean effective population size was 16.02, translating to high levels of inbreeding
(3.12%). Provision for food and cash income were the main reasons for raising IC, whilst high mortality due to diseases, poor
nutrition, housing and marketing channels were the major constraints faced by farmers. Management strategies targeting improved
healthcare, nutrition and housing require urgent mitigation measures, whilst rural access road network needs to be developed
for ease of market accessibility. Sustainable genetic improvement programmes that account for farmers’ multiple objectives,
market requirements and the production circumstances should be developed for a full realization of IC productivity. 相似文献
12.
The present study reports the phenotypic variation of body weight and body size, the genetic variation of D-loop of mtDNA and microsatellite DNA allele in Aceh cattle in Indonesia within the frame of the design of a conservation programme for this indigenous species. Aceh cattle differ from Bali, Madura, Java-Ongole and Pesisir cattle, but its ancestry relates it closest to Pesisir, thus adding more information to its entry from the Indian sub-continent. 相似文献
13.
Production Objectives and Management Strategies of Livestock Keepers in South-East Kenya: Implications for a Breeding Programme 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
A survey of pastoralist and agropastoralist households in south-east Kenya was conducted to determine their production objectives
and management strategies in order to optimize and extend a breeding programme for indigenous small East African Shorthorn
Zebu cattle. The reasons for keeping cattle and the breed/trait preferences identified reflect the multiple objectives of
the livestock keepers, with both adaptive traits and productive/reproductive traits rated as important. Although the Maasai
and Kamba zebu (M&KZ) breeds were ranked highly with regard to adaptive traits, the population is considered to have been
in decline over recent years. In order to promote the conservation and sustainable use of the M&KZ cattle, the formation of
an open nucleus breeding scheme is recommended. In particular, such a scheme would be able to address several existing constraints
(e.g. individual herds are very small and communal use of pastures/water makes controlled mating difficult). Such interventions
would require the full participation of the livestock keepers, as well as ensuring that a holistic approach to species and
breed attributes is taken into account in setting breeding goals, such that the full array of contributions that livestock
make to livelihoods and the genetic characteristics related to these contributions are fully incorporated into the programme. 相似文献
14.
市场经济下黄牛改良在甘肃的运行机制 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
市场经济条件下黄牛改良工作面临着由政策性补贴向有偿性服务转变的挑战。为此,甘肃省制订了一系列符合实际的措施,使黄牛改良工作得以稳步进行和发展。本文对此进行了归纳总结,并提出了进一步持续发展的建议。 相似文献
15.
Evaluation of biological and economic efficiency of smallholder pig production systems in North Vietnam 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Lemke U Kaufmann B Thuy LT Emrich K Zárate AV 《Tropical animal health and production》2007,39(4):237-254
This study evaluates smallholder pig production systems in North Vietnam, comparing a semi-intensive system near a town with
good market access, where a Vietnamese improved breed has replaced the indigenous pig breed, and an extensive system away
from town, where the indigenous breed still prevails. Fieldwork was conducted in 64 households in four villages. Repeated
farm visits yielded 234 structured interviews. Data were analysed by linear models and non-parametric tests. Production inputs
and outputs were quantified, and feed use efficiency and economic efficiency were assessed. The gross margin was higher for
semi-intensive production with the improved breed, while the benefit–cost ratio was higher under extensive conditions with
the indigenous breed. The net benefit did not differ between systems. Twenty-four per cent of farmers yielded a negative net
benefit. In one village under extensive conditions, live weight output from indigenous sows with crossbred offspring compared
positively with the output from semi-intensive production with improved genotypes, but was associated with high inputs, making
production inefficient. Results indicate that improved genotypes might not be an efficient production alternative for saving-oriented
production with limited resource supply. Suitability of evaluation parameters, farmers’ production aims, and factors impacting
the production success in different systems are discussed. 相似文献
16.
新疆褐牛种群资源调查研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
[目的]对新疆褐牛主产区的种群资源进行调查研究,掌握新疆褐牛资源现状与分布特点,为品种的选育提高、改良与合理开发利用提供基础资料。[方法]按照地、县、乡分划成调查小区,每个小区涵盖所有住户,做到不重不漏,然后再进行统计分析。[结果]目前纯种新疆褐牛为17.068万头,各类新疆褐牛改良牛存栏已达到150万余头,其中伊犁河谷存栏约90万头,塔城地区存栏约36万头,其它地区新疆褐牛存栏约20余万头。[结论]成年新疆褐牛母牛中优良个体较少,整体生产性能不高。建议在现有的生产方式下,因地制宜的开展新疆褐牛的选育提高与品种改良工作,同时提高生产管理与技术水平,挖掘和发挥当前种群的生产潜能。 相似文献
17.
Thomas O. REWE Douglas INDETIE Julie M. K. OJANGO Alexander K. KAHI 《Animal Science Journal》2006,77(2):163-177
Bio‐economic profit models were developed and applied to evaluate biological and economic variables that characterize production systems utilizing the Boran breed. Production systems were described according to their sale age (24 months short‐fed or 36 months long‐fed), levels of input (low, medium or high) and final goal (beef or dual purpose) representing practical circumstances that exist in the various beef cattle farms in Kenya. The input variables were classified into production and economic variables. The outputs from the profit models included revenue, costs and feed intake of cows, heifers and steers in the different production systems. These models can be used to simulate changes in production and marketing circumstances. The biological relationships and assumptions in the model are general and flexible and can therefore be applied to a wide range of beef cattle production circumstances by changing the input variables. In addition, by modifying the herd dynamics and management variables this model may be applied in Kenya or other countries to production systems that utilize indigenous cattle genetic resources or their crosses with Bos taurus breeds. 相似文献
18.
Wurzinger M Ndumu D Baumung R Drucker A Okeyo AM Semambo DK Byamungu N Sölkner J 《Tropical animal health and production》2006,38(7-8):571-581
A survey in Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda was conducted in order to determine the different production systems under
which Ankole cattle are currently kept. Additionally, selection criteria of livestock keepers were documented. In Burundi,
Rwanda and parts of Uganda, livestock keepers are sedentary and herds are small, whereas in the other areas Ankole cattle
are kept in large herds, some of them still under a (semi-)nomadic system. Milk is the main product in all areas, and is partly
for home consumption and partly for sale. Although the production systems vary in many aspects, the selection criteria for
cows are similar. Productive traits such as milk yield, fertility and body size were ranked highly. For bulls, the trait ‘growth’
was ranked highly in all study areas. Phenotypic features (coat colour, horn shape and size) and ancestral information are
more important in bulls than in cows. The only adaptive trait mentioned by livestock keepers was disease resistance. In areas
of land scarcity (Burundi, Rwanda, western Uganda), a clear trend from pure Ankole cattle towards cross-bred animals can be
observed. 相似文献
19.
M. Simčič J.A. Lenstra R. Baumung P. Dovč M. Čepon D. Kompan 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2013,130(6):487-495
In 2002, it was discovered that several Cika cattle in the mountain areas of Slovenia had escaped the official policy of cross‐breeding. Here, we report a genetic characterization to assess their status as autochthonous breed. We compared genotypes for 14 microsatellite markers in 150 Cika cattle individuals with data from 16 Central European cattle breeds. We show that Cika cattle are genetically as diverse as other Eastern Alpine breeds, are more diverse than Austrian Simmental but less than the Balkan Busha cattle. STRUCTURE analysis showed Pinzgauer admixture in several individuals but also indicated a unique genetic identity for Cika. This analysis also allowed a selection of the most genetically pure Cika individuals as assessed by the panel of microsatellites. These original Cika cattle form an Eastern Alpine breed cluster together with Pinzgauer and Pustertaler cattle. Cika cattle should be considered as an authentic and valuable genetic resource, which offers clear opportunities for sustainable agriculture and landscape conservation in marginal and mountain areas. 相似文献
20.
The shift towards community participation in the eradication of trypanosomosis calls for investigation the underlying incentive
structure for individuals in the community to cooperate in the provision of various control methods. Survey data were used
to assess patterns of the community’s demand for insecticide pour-ons and trypanocidal drugs and factors affecting individual}
demand in The Gambia. The results show that insecticide pour-on is strongly preferred. Similarly, farmers revealed a preference
for community-based provision scheme. Factors affecting an individual farmer’s decision to invest in either pour-on or trypanocidal
drugs were highlighted. While there are many factors associated with farmer’s decisions to invest in trypanosomosis control
methods and to participate in collective actions, the results indicate that farmers} are ready to anticipate complete privatization
of veterinary services through community-based schemes. 相似文献