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1.
Rearing of scavenging chickens is among the most commonly practiced farm activities in Ethiopia. This system is dominated
by indigenous chickens. Output from indigenous chickens is low due to poor management and absence of intense selection that
is intended to improve economically important traits. This showed that village chickens are rather evolved for adaptation
traits. However, the level of risk is low, and this has made rearing of scavenging chickens a choice of farm activity for
smallholder farmers. The objective of this study was to characterize the scavenging chickens’ production system in Wolaita
Zone. Single-visit survey involving individual interview of 119 farmers and 6 focus group discussions was used to collect
the data. Our results showed that rearing of scavenging chickens was constrained especially by disease and predation problems.
However, farmers proposed a set of solutions to minimize the effect of these problems. Rearing of scavenging chickens fulfils
the multi-functional need of the society. This system has special features because it can sustain in its own without the need
for modern commercial chicken farming facilities. However, farmers also reported the drawbacks of rearing of scavenging chickens
and these mainly include uproot of garden crops and tiresomeness of the night watching. Selection of chickens was mainly depending
on physically observed traits like body size and plumage colour. The initial foundation flock was mainly obtained from the
local market. The ideal place for scavenging chickens production is the one that has intermediate weather condition and has
some trees that can be used as shade; however, it was substantiated that it has to be free from bush and shrubs, weeds and
wet lands. Therefore, these pieces of knowledge embedded among smallholder farmers need to be well documented and synthesized
to design an appropriate type of technology packages that can be communicated back to farmers to improve productivity of the
scavenging chickens. 相似文献
2.
There is a variety of professions working with village chickens in developing countries, including farmers, veterinarians
and chicken traders. People from all these occupations were involved in a participatory rural appraisal to investigate husbandry
practices and trade of village chickens in Myanmar. Data were collected in two climatically different regions of the country,
in the Yangon and in the Mandalay divisions. The breeding and training of fighting cocks was practised only in the Mandalay
division, with well-trained birds sold for very high prices. Apart from this, chickens were raised in both regions mainly
for small disposable income and were generally sold when money was needed, in particular during religious festivals. Chicken
traders on bicycles, often called ‘middle men’, usually purchase birds from farmers in about 10 villages per day. Several
‘middle men’ supply birds to wealthier chicken merchants, who sell these birds at larger chicken markets. There is in general
limited knowledge among farmers about the prevention of Newcastle disease via vaccination. Commercial indigenous chicken production
is practised in Myanmar, but family poultry farming dominates indigenous chicken production in the country. 相似文献
3.
中国地方鸡种资源丰富,风味较优,但存在生长速度慢、饲料效率低等缺点,因此为了加速我国地方鸡种和肉鸡品种的遗传改良,分子标记技术得到了广泛应用。已知SH3RF2基因的插入/缺失突变与肉鸡生长和体重密切相关,因此本试验对分布在我国各地的15个地方鸡品种进行了SH3RF2基因的等位基因频率检测,以确定SH3RF2基因在我国地方鸡种中的等位基因分布情况,继而将SH3RF2基因用于鸡生长性状的选择的分子育种标记。研究结果发现所检测地方鸡种和肉鸡品种均是非缺失的纯合子,没有发现缺失的等位基因。要利用SH3RF2基因对中国地方鸡种进行选择,可能需要通过杂交等手段将缺失型等位基因导入我国地方鸡种的群体之中。 相似文献
4.
Scavenging chicken production in Africa is important for the livelihood of the poor. In most countries, these low inputs,
low output systems employ local breeds making use of the feeding resources available in the household. However, their replacement
with introduced exotic breeds with higher productivities represents a risk for their conservation. Here, we present a simulation
model to evaluate the impact of community-based interventions aiming to improve the profitability of local chicken breeds
and promote their use and conservation. The results indicate that under the current conditions, farmers producing exotic chicken
are able to sell more animals in a one year period; however the market price of local chicken makes their production more
profitable. Vaccination campaigns significantly reduce the mortality rate of both breeds, having a positive effect on producers’
income but its impact on animal off-take is larger for exotic breeds, and the availability of feeding resources is the limiting
factor as the flock size increases. The results of the intervention are positive in terms of increasing farmers’ income but
do not clearly contribute to the conservation of indigenous breeds since after the vaccination campaign, the gap between the
profitability of indigenous and exotic breeds is reduced. The simulation model indicates that under the current conditions,
the conservation of indigenous chicken breeds in Benin is maintained by the existence of distinct niche markets with consumers
able to pay higher prices for indigenous chicken. Policies for the conservation of chicken genetic resources in Benin are
discussed. 相似文献
5.
Village chicken production in Turkey: Tokat province example 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The aim of this work was to reveal the current form of village chicken production in Tokat province of Turkey. A survey was
applied to 153 randomly selected farmers of 5 subdistricts in Tokat province. The ratios of domestic fowls in the survey region
were as follows: hen 98.83%, goose 0.65%, turkey 0.29% and duck 0.16% (P < 0.01). Feather colours of laying hens were white
(2.76%), brown (8.63%) and mixed color (88.60%). The hen farms in this region consisted of native breeds (91.42%), commercial
breeds (5.71%) and their crosses (2.85%). The mean egg weight of the village hens was between 30 and 40 g. Wheat (65.73%)
and mixed (wheat, barley, maize and kitchen refuse) feed (34.22%) were used to supplement the hens (P < 0.01). For producing
natural chicks, the hens were brooded between 1.10 and 1.46 times/year, 1.31 on average. For each brooding, the number of
placed eggs under the broody hens was between 11.39 and 12.42 (P < 0.05). 相似文献
6.
Evaluation of biological and economic efficiency of smallholder pig production systems in North Vietnam 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Lemke U Kaufmann B Thuy LT Emrich K Zárate AV 《Tropical animal health and production》2007,39(4):237-254
This study evaluates smallholder pig production systems in North Vietnam, comparing a semi-intensive system near a town with
good market access, where a Vietnamese improved breed has replaced the indigenous pig breed, and an extensive system away
from town, where the indigenous breed still prevails. Fieldwork was conducted in 64 households in four villages. Repeated
farm visits yielded 234 structured interviews. Data were analysed by linear models and non-parametric tests. Production inputs
and outputs were quantified, and feed use efficiency and economic efficiency were assessed. The gross margin was higher for
semi-intensive production with the improved breed, while the benefit–cost ratio was higher under extensive conditions with
the indigenous breed. The net benefit did not differ between systems. Twenty-four per cent of farmers yielded a negative net
benefit. In one village under extensive conditions, live weight output from indigenous sows with crossbred offspring compared
positively with the output from semi-intensive production with improved genotypes, but was associated with high inputs, making
production inefficient. Results indicate that improved genotypes might not be an efficient production alternative for saving-oriented
production with limited resource supply. Suitability of evaluation parameters, farmers’ production aims, and factors impacting
the production success in different systems are discussed. 相似文献
7.
Choice of breeding stock,preference of production traits and culling criteria of village chickens among Zimbabwe agro-ecological zones 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
Muchadeyi FC Wollny CB Eding H Weigend S Simianer H 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(3):403-412
Free ranging chickens reared by smallholder farmers represent genetic diversity suited for particular environments and shaped
by the socio-economic and cultural values of the farming systems. This study sought to investigate the existence of chicken
strains and evaluate the breeding goals and strategies used by village chicken farmers in Zimbabwe. A semi-structured questionnaire
was administered to 97, 56, 70, 104 and 37 households randomly selected from five agro-ecological-zones I-V, respectively.
Fifteen chicken strains mostly defined by morphological traits were reported in the five eco-zones. Production criteria such
as body size, and fertility were highly ranked (ranging from 1.3 – 2.6) by farmers across all the eco-zones, while cultural
traits were the least preferred production traits. As a common breeding practice, farmers chose the type of hens and cocks
to retain for breeding purposes and these randomly mixed and mated with others from community flocks. Chicken body size was
ranked the major determinant in choosing breeding animals followed by mothering ability, and fertility. More households culled
chickens associated with poor reproductive performance, poor growth rates and those intolerant to disease pathogens. The focus
on many negatively correlated production traits and the absence of farmer records compromises breeding strategies in these
production systems. 相似文献
8.
Fassill Bekele Hans Magnus Gjøen Jessica Kathle Tormod Ådnøy Girma Abebe 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(7):1101-1114
Rhode Island Red (RIR) and Fayoumi chickens were evaluated on-station in a college farm and on-farm in village farms, whereas local chickens were only tested under on-farm condition. Traits recorded are egg production and egg quality, body weight and feed efficiency at 4, 8 and 12 months of age. Significant age effect was found for most traits except for shell thickness, albumen height and egg length. Also, significant breed by management system interactions were found for all traits measured in both systems. Fayoumi chickens were higher in egg production in both management systems. Moreover, they were higher than RIR in feed efficiency. RIR were higher in most egg quality traits and had higher weight gain. Local chickens performed below the two exotic breeds in most of the traits, but had higher weight gain than Fayoumi. Chickens kept on-farm had poorer performance than those kept on-station in all traits except for yolk colour. 相似文献
9.
10.
ABSTRACT 1. Tile-grey plumage is a unique and rare feather type of local chicken breeds in China, but its genetic mechanism and corresponding genes remain unknown. 2. In order to identify the genetic basis and molecular characteristics of tile-grey plumage, this experiment investigated variations of melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene in Yunnan Piao chickens with typical tile-grey plumage characteristics in contrast with three Yunnan local breeds as well as two standard breeds with different plumage colour, and analysed the association between genic variation and tile-grey plumage. 3. Through sequencing and comparison of the entire coding region of the MC1R gene, a total of 10 SNP loci were detected, of which eight were non-synonymous mutations that cause amino acid changes. The gene frequency and genotype frequency of the MC1R mutation sites in different breeds and different plumage colour groups revealed that C69T, T212C and A274G were significantly associated with tile-grey plumage. Eighteen haplotypes of the MC1R gene were constructed based on 10 nucleotide variations and eight amino acid variations. Haplotype distribution and the median joining network in breeds and plumage colour groups revealed a main haplotype (hap2) for tile-grey plumage. Hap2 is unique to the tile-grey feather of Piao chicken, and the individuals carrying this haplotype account for 62.96% of the whole tile-grey chicken. 4. The results of this study are of significance for further analysis of the molecular basis of tile-grey plumage and the selective breeding of tile-grey plumage. 相似文献
11.
12.
A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted to assess milk producers’ awareness of milk-borne zoonoses in selected
smallholder and commercial dairy farms of Zimbabwe. The questionnaire was designed to obtain information on dairy breeds,
milk production, dairy farmers’ knowledge and awareness of zoonoses with particular emphasis on milk-borne zoonoses and farmers’
behavioural practices that may lead to increased risk of milk-borne zoonoses transmission. A total of 119 dairy farmers were
interviewed, and 41.5% were aware of milk-borne zoonoses with a significantly (P < 0.01) higher percentage of commercial dairy farmers (65.0%) being aware compared to smallholder dairy farmers (36.7%).
The behavioural practices of dairy farmers observed to increase the risk of milk-borne zoonoses transmission were; consumption
of raw milk (68.1%), sale of raw milk to the local public (25.2%), lack of cooling facilities by smallholder farmers (98%),
and no routine testing (84.9%) and medical check-ups (89.1%) for milk-borne zoonoses. General hygienic and disease control
practices need to be integrated in the milk production process particularly at the smallholder level. Awareness, teaching
and training programmes for smallholder dairy farmers can improve disease control in animals and reduce the public health
risk of milk-borne zoonoses. 相似文献
13.
Khanyisile Mdladla Edgar Farai Dzomba Farai Catherine Muchadeyi 《Tropical animal health and production》2017,49(3):515-527
Expansion of goat improvement programs requires exploration of the factors that influence the production system and breeding initiatives. Characterization of goat breeds or populations is crucial in providing information on prevalent goat types and their attributes and may suffice as a guideline on conservation, development, and selection for improved productivity. This study investigated the existing village goat production system and phenotypic diversity of the different village populations from four South African provinces. The study further investigated the use of phenotypic attributes to classify goats to breeds or populations. Data was collected from 142 households in 26 villages of the Eastern Cape (n?=?2 villages), KwaZulu-Natal (n?=?6 villages), Limpopo (n?=?13 villages), and North West (n?=?5 villages) provinces through a survey. Individual interviews and focus group discussions revealed that the mean goat herd size per household was least in Limpopo at 13.2?±?12.40 and highest in Eastern Cape (34.18?±?28.36). Flocks had more (p?<?0.05) adults than kids, and the distribution of breeding animals was biased towards does and less bucks. Goats were kept mainly for meat, for selling, and for ritual ceremonies. The goat production system was mainly scavenging. Goat health was a major challenge across households and villages. Qualitative traits such coat, horn, ears, and wattle characteristics were recorded for populations of village goats (n?=?319) and a feral Tankwa breed (n?=?50). The dominant coat pattern was plain (74.53%) with black as the most common coat color (31.98%). Across breeds, a majority (88.08%) of the goats had horns, and 7.59% had wattles while 56.64% had beard. Adult goats (<3 years; n?=?398) were further analyzed for five quantitative traits of chest girth, height, length, and pin bone and there were significant (p?<?0.05) breed differences in all. A stepwise discriminatory procedure was used to rank the quantitative traits according to their discriminatory power to separate breeds or populations. Significant traits were then subjected to canonical discriminant analysis for principle component analysis. Based on the quantitative traits, the Tankwa, Xhosa, and Tswana goats formed their own cluster separated from commercial meat type breeds and the Venda and Zulu ecotypes. The discriminant function analysis correctly classified 90.41% of the Zulu goats and 82.93% of the Xhosa village populations. None of the Savanna goats were correctly classified. The study demonstrated diversity in village goat populations and production systems, which would allow for within population selection in genetic improvement programs. The heterogeneity in the phenotypic traits in the village goats is reflective of the role of village production systems in the maintenance of animal diversity in local populations. 相似文献
14.
Variation in village chicken production systems among agro-ecological zones of Zimbabwe 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Muchadeyi FC Wollny CB Eding H Weigend S Makuza SM Simianer H 《Tropical animal health and production》2007,39(6):453-461
The degree to which village chickens are integrated in the smallholder farming systems differs depending on the socio-economic,
cultural and biological factors within each system. The objective of this study was to characterise the village chicken farming
systems and identify possible threats to, and opportunities for, local chickens in the agro-ecological zones of Zimbabwe.
A pre-tested questionnaire was administered to households randomly selected from five districts, Risitu (n = 97), Hurungwe
(n = 56), Gutu (n = 77), Gokwe-South (n = 104) and Beitbridge (n = 37) in eco-zones I–V, respectively. Age of head of household
averaged 47 years (SD = 14.3). Land holdings per household averaged 4.82 ha (SD = 3.6). Overall, 17.7 percent of the households
ranked livestock as the major source of income compared to 70.8 percent who ranked crops as the main contributor. Chicken
flock size averaged 16.7 (SD = 12.4), and the highest flock sizes were observed in eco-zones I and IV. Households owning cattle,
goats and other livestock assigned less important ranks to chickens. Chickens were used mainly for the provision of meat and
eggs whilst the use of chicken feathers and investment were uncommon practises. Results indicate that more support is necessary
for village chickens in the non-cropping regions of the country. 相似文献
15.
1. The aim of the study was to evaluate the genetic and economic breeding objectives for an indigenous chicken (IC) breeding programme in Kenya. 2. A closed three-tier nucleus breeding programme with three breeding objectives and two selection schemes was simulated. The breeding objectives included IC dual-purpose (ICD) for both eggs and meat, IC layer (ICL) for eggs and IC broiler (ICB) for meat production. 3. Pure line selection scheme (PLS) for development of IC pure breeds and crossbreeding scheme (CBS) for the production of hybrids were considered. Two-and three-way crossbreeding strategies were evaluated under CBS and the impact of nucleus size on genetic gains and profitability of the breeding programme were investigated. 4. Males were the main contributors to genetic gains. The highest genetic gains for egg number (2·71 eggs) and growth traits (1·74?g average daily gain and 57·96?g live weight at 16 weeks) were realised under PLS in ICL and ICB, respectively. 5. The genetic response for age at first egg was desirable in all the breeding objectives, while that for fertility and hatchability were only favourable under ICL and PLS in ICD. Faecal egg count and immune antibody response had low, but positive gains except under PLS where the later was unfavourable. ICB was the most profitable breeding objective, followed by ICD and ICL under all the selection schemes. 6. Although PLS was superior in genetic gains and profitability and recommended in breeding programmes targeting ICL and ICB, a three line CBS should be considered in development of a dual-purpose breed. 7. Increasing the nucleus size beyond 5% of the IC population was not attractive as it resulted in declining profitability of the breeding programme. 相似文献
16.
Indigenous chicken (IC) and their production systems were characterized to understand how the whole system operates for purposes
of identifying threats and opportunities for holistic improvement. A survey involving 594 households was conducted in six
counties with the highest population of IC in Kenya using structured questionnaires. Data on IC farmers’ management practices
were collected and analysed and inbreeding levels calculated based on the effective population size. Indigenous chicken were
ranked highest as a source of livestock income by households in medium- to high-potential agricultural areas, but trailed
goats in arid and semi-arid areas. The production system practised was mainly low-input and small-scale free range, with mean
flock size of 22.40 chickens per household. The mean effective population size was 16.02, translating to high levels of inbreeding
(3.12%). Provision for food and cash income were the main reasons for raising IC, whilst high mortality due to diseases, poor
nutrition, housing and marketing channels were the major constraints faced by farmers. Management strategies targeting improved
healthcare, nutrition and housing require urgent mitigation measures, whilst rural access road network needs to be developed
for ease of market accessibility. Sustainable genetic improvement programmes that account for farmers’ multiple objectives,
market requirements and the production circumstances should be developed for a full realization of IC productivity. 相似文献
17.
Su Lai Yee Mon Moe Lwin Aye Aye Maw Lat Lat Htun Saw Bawm Kotaro Kawabe Yasuhiko Wada Shin Okamoto Takeshi Shimogiri 《Animal Science Journal》2021,92(1):e13647
Myanmar indigenous chickens play important roles in food, entertainment, and farm business for the people of Myanmar. In this study, complete mitochondrial D-loop sequences (1232 bp) were analyzed using 176 chickens, including three indigenous breeds, two fighting cock populations, and three indigenous populations to elucidate genetic diversity and accomplish a phylogenetic analysis of Myanmar indigenous chickens. The average haplotype and nucleotide diversities were 0.948 ± 0.009 and 0.00814 ± 0.00024, respectively, exhibiting high genetic diversity of Myanmar indigenous chickens. Sixty-four haplotypes were classified as seven haplogroups, with the majority being haplogroup F. The breeds and populations except Inbinwa had multiple maternal haplogroups, suggesting that they experienced no recent purifying selection and bottleneck events. All breeds and populations examined shared haplogroup F. When 232 sequences belonging to haplogroup F (79 from Myanmar and 153 deposited sequences from other Asian countries/region) were analyzed together, the highest genetic diversity was observed in Myanmar indigenous chickens. Furthermore, Myanmar indigenous chickens and red junglefowls were observed in the center of the star-like median-joining network of 37 F-haplotypes, suggesting that Myanmar is one of the origins of haplogroup F. These findings revealed the unique genetic characteristic of Myanmar indigenous chickens as important genetic resources. 相似文献
18.
利用6对AFLP引物组合对我国12个地方鸡种和引进鸡种隐性白羽鸡进行了遗传检测,统计了每个引物组合在各个品种中检测到的多态性条带和特异性条带,计算了13个鸡种的遗传相似系数和遗传距离,并据此构建了UPGMA聚类关系图,分析了所研究鸡种的遗传关系.结果表明:6对AFLP引物组合在13个鸡种中共检测到290条多态性条带,平均每个引物组合产生48.3奈多态性标记,同时在每个品种群体中还检测到了数量不等的特异性条带,其中寿光鸡和东乡黑鸡最多,为9条,旧院黑鸡、兴义矮脚鸡和隐性白羽鸡最少,为1条.13个鸡种聚为4类,其中隐性白羽鸡单独聚为一类,鸡种间的遗传相似系数及聚类结果与各个鸡种的地理分布、现实状况相吻合,从而表明AFLP指纹用于我国地方鸡种的遗传多态性分析、品种鉴定及品种间亲缘关系分析是可行的. 相似文献
19.
Tsuyoshi Shimmura Yuji Maruyama Saori Fujino Eriko Kamimura Katsuji Uetake Toshio Tanaka 《Animal Science Journal》2015,86(2):214-220
We reported previously that behavioral development of chicks was promoted remarkably by the presence of a broody hen. Here we report that these effects at an early age persist after maturity. A total of 60 female chicks were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: six pens with five chicks (brooded group) each were reared by a broody hen and six pens with five chicks (non‐brooded group) each were provided with an infrared heating lamp. We evaluated the persistent effects of broody hens by measures of behavior, physical condition and production at 9, 16, 35 and 55 weeks of age. The numbers of threatening, aggressive pecking, fighting and severe feather pecking behaviors were higher in non‐brooded than in brooded chickens (all P < 0.05). Egg production was lower in brooded than in non‐brooded chickens (P < 0.05), while the number of brooding chickens was higher in the brooded than in the non‐brooded group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the presence of broody hens at an early stage of chicks' lives has a persistent effect on behavior. Although brooded chickens showed more brooding and lower egg production than non‐brooded chickens, feather pecking and aggressive interaction were decreased in brooded hens. 相似文献
20.
《中国畜牧杂志》2019,(11)
为鉴定与宁海黄鸡和广西黄鸡繁殖性状相关的分子标记及候选基因,本研究利用600K SNP芯片技术对鸡繁殖性状进行了全基因组关联分析(GWAS)。结果显示:4个单核苷酸多态性位点(SNPs)与繁殖性状的相关性达到了Bonferroni校正的5%全基因组显著性水平,其中,rs313221983与死胚蛋数相关,rs314844182与死胚蛋数及受精蛋孵化率相关,rs14758703与受精率相关,rs312721292与入孵蛋孵化率和受精蛋孵化率相关;在每个显著的SNP位点上下游5 kb范围内进行检测,共发现3个可能与死胚蛋数、受精率、入孵蛋孵化率和受精蛋孵化率相关近端基因,即唾液酸转移酶1(ST8SIA1)基因、神经外胚层皮质1(ENC1)基因和LOC101750905。本研究为地方品种鸡标记辅助选择和基因组选择提供了理论依据。 相似文献