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新农村卫生新校园工程可有效改善农村学校的卫生和生活条件,是我国新农村建设的重要组成部分。从新农村卫生新校园的概念及特点着手,探讨了"猪-厕-沼-菜"模式的生产流程及循环路径,该模式根据汉中市的资源、农业生产特点,以"三改"(改水、改厕、改气)为手段,使沼气工程和生态种植业、养殖业相结合,包括生态厕所、沼气系统、清洁厨房、猪圈(鱼塘)、菜地(果园)5个生产环节。本文以汉中市梁山镇中心小学作为案例,剖析了这种模式的具体实践与成效,提出了相应的政策启示与建议。 相似文献
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生态公厕是一种利用沼气净化池处理粪便污水、屋顶覆土种植、墙体垂直绿化的建筑物，能将粪便污水无害化处理，制取沼气作为生活用能，利用沼液浇灌种植物，从而达到净化污水，改善环境卫生，绿化、美化市容，节约用水，节约能源，提高城市土地利用率的目的。 相似文献
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温度与有机负荷对猪粪厌氧发酵过程的影响 总被引：5，自引：5，他引：0
为提高畜禽养殖场沼气工程能源利用效率,降低工程运行成本.该文通过全混式半连续试验,以猪粪为发酵原料,研究不同温度(20、28、38℃)和有机负荷(0.3、1.3、2.3、3.3、4.3 kg/(m3·d))条件下,甲烷产率、挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA)及总无机碳(total inorganic carbon,TIC)的变化特征.结果表明:20℃条件下,反应器启动缓慢,甲烷产率低.当有机负荷增加全1.3 kg/(m3·d)以上时,反应器运行不稳定,需外加NaHCO3调节pH值;在28℃与38℃条件下,各有机负荷甲烷产率无明显差异,但是在较高有机负荷3.3和4.3 kg/(m3·d)下运行时,28℃条件下产生挥发性脂肪酸积累的现象,系统缓冲能力缺乏,VFA/TIC值分别达到0.4和0.6.当实际沼气工程低负荷率运行时,可选择28℃作为发酵温度,以达到节省能源、提高沼气工程经济效益的目的.该研究可为实际沼气工程运行管理提供数据参考. 相似文献
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太阳能加温和沼液回用沼气工程的生态效益评价 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
为综合评价新型生态清洁技术应用下的规模沼气工程的综合生态效益,该文以北京市顺义区D沼气工程(同时应用沼液循环回用技术和太阳能-地源热泵增温保温技术)为研究对象,利用能量系统图和能值评价体系,从经济效益、环境效益和可持续性3个方面对该系统进行了综合性能值分析,分析了沼液循环回用和太阳能-地源热泵增温保温清洁技术的应用对规模化沼气工程生态经济效益的影响。结果表明:太阳能-地源热泵增温保温技术在规模化沼气工程中的使用,不可再生购买资源投入减少8.80%,系统可持续性提升18.75%,有效替代了化石能源的使用,生态经济效益明显。同时,沼液循环回用技术的应用,可使地下水投入减少65%,在沼气工程周边土地无法充分消纳该沼气工程产生沼液的条件下,可节省1.77E+05美元/a的农田消纳后的剩余沼液排污处理费,环境负荷率减小68.52%,能值可持续指标由0.03增为0.38,系统自我维持能力提升。因此,沼液循环回用和太阳能-地源热泵技术的应用对该沼气工程系统的经济、环境和生态效益有很大改善作用。 相似文献
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膜技术在沼气工程沼液减量化处理中的应用 总被引：9，自引：5，他引：4
厌氧发酵产沼气作为主流的能源化技术,在有机废弃物的处理中发挥了重要作用。沼液作为沼气工程的主要副产物,由于其产量大、含水率高,在资源化利用过程中存在储存运输困难、难以及时消纳利用等问题,需要进行减量化处理。利用膜技术浓缩沼液可大幅降低沼液体积,产生大量淡水资源,同时获得含高浓度营养物质的浓缩液,已展现出广阔的应用前景。该研究归纳了厌氧发酵沼液的水质特性,综述了固液分离预处理,微滤(Microfiltration,MF)、超滤(Ultrafiltration,UF)、纳滤(Nanofiltration,NF)、反渗透(ReverseOsmosis,RO)、膜蒸馏(MembraneDistillation,MD)和减压膜蒸馏(Vacuum Membrane Distillation,VMD)等沼液膜浓缩技术,总结了各技术的处理原理及当前国内外研究进展,重点探讨了需解决的关键瓶颈问题,并对膜技术应用于沼气工程沼液减量化处理进行了展望与建议。 相似文献
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巫溪县退耕还林地区农村能源建设调查与探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
加快退耕还林地区农村沼气建设,实施乡村清洁工程、农村面源污染防治工程,建设生态家园,符合国家西部大开发战略,也符合巫溪农业和农村经济发展的要求,对开发农村能源,解决农民生活用能、改善农村卫生条件、保护生态环境、推动巫溪农业及农村经济的发展具有长远的历史意义. 相似文献
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覆膜槽沼气规模化干法发酵技术与装备研究 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
研制了以覆膜槽生物反应器(MCT)为核心的沼气规模化干法发酵系统。该系统采用"软管充气膨胀压力密封联接装置",实现了反应器厌氧―好氧状态的快捷转换,解决了大规模快速进出料的问题,并可直观判断反应器中沼气的存留量,操作简便、安全;利用固态有机物料好氧发酵产生的生物能获得中温厌氧发酵所需温度,并辅以高效的保温措施,无需外加热源,即可维持厌氧发酵的中温(35～42℃)运行;采用单元化设计,通过增减启动厌氧反应器的数量,可满足不同用气量的要求。建设了生物反应器容积为180 m3的沼气干法发酵中试工程。该中试工程容积产气率为0.598 m3/(m3.d),沼气甲烷含量55%～60%。 相似文献
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概括了安阳市农村沼气建设取得的显著成效,并根据大量的探索实践,总结分析了安阳市以沼气为纽带的农业循环经济模式的特点、类型及应用效果。实践表明,以沼气建设为纽带的农业循环经济模式是实现农业有机废弃物多层次综合利用的有效途径,在解决现代农业发展进程中所面临的环境污染、生态保护、资源消耗及农村能源短缺等问题方面,具有重要而深远的现实意义。 相似文献
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《Soil Use and Management》2000,16(3):236-236
Book reviewed in this articles:
Agriculture, Fertilizers and the Environment . Edited by M. Lægreid, O. C. Bøckman and O. Kaarstad.
Ramiran 98. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of the FAO European System of Co-operative Research Networks in Agriculture (ESCORNENA) on Management Strategies for Organic Waste Use in Agriculture . Edited by J. Martinéz & M.-N. Maudet. 相似文献
Agriculture, Fertilizers and the Environment . Edited by M. Lægreid, O. C. Bøckman and O. Kaarstad.
Ramiran 98. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of the FAO European System of Co-operative Research Networks in Agriculture (ESCORNENA) on Management Strategies for Organic Waste Use in Agriculture . Edited by J. Martinéz & M.-N. Maudet. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(17-18):2179-2191
Abstract Two rice genotypes, aluminum (Al)‐tolerant Co 37 and Al‐susceptible ADT 36, were evaluated for their physiological responses in the presence of Al stress in a hydroculture experiment. Two levels of Al (0 and 222 μmol/L) were supplied in the nutrient solution and the two rice genotypes were subjected to Al for two weeks. Root growth parameters, relative growth reduction in roots (RGRR), effects of calcium (Ca2+) nitrate metabolism, Al content in roots, and pH shift patterns were recorded. The Al treatments had a lesser effect on Co 37 in terms of reduction in root growth and root dry matter production as compared to ADT 36. While Co 37 did not show significant differences in response to various levels of Ca2+ added in the medium under Al stress, ADT 36 registered a dose‐dependent effect in circumventing the injurious effects of Al. Further, reduction in nitrate content and in vivo nitrate reductase (NR) activity in the leaf tissue in Co 37 under Al treatment was less than that in ADT 36. Moreover, Co 37 had a lower content of Al in its root tissue than did ADT 36. Co 37 was also able to shift the pH of the medium more efficiently than ADT 36, thereby minimizing the uptake of Al, and eventually reducing Al toxicity. The higher level of tolerance to Al of Co 37 seems to have emanated from an efficient nitrate metabolism and its capacity to shift the pH of the medium. It is also evident that Al toxicity in ADT 36 can be circumvented by a Ca treatment to a considerable extent. Our results offer a possible physiological basis for Al tolerance in crop plants. 相似文献
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番茄的品质和风味是决定番茄口感的重要因素。以不施肥作为对照,在等氮投入条件下,分别以普通有机肥、沼渣及精制有机肥(中量)作为供试肥料,研究了有机肥对番茄品质和风味的影响,其中精制有机肥共设置了3个施肥水平(分别为19、38和57 t/hm~2的低、中和高量)。结果表明:施用有机肥后番茄产量增加了4.8%~14.4%,其中中量精制有机肥增产效果最好。施用有机肥尤其是中量精制有机肥可以显著增加番茄可溶性固形物、还原型维生素C、可溶性总糖等含量。番茄风味化合物主要以醛酮类、醇类及烷类为主。施用有机肥可以显著增加风味化合物的种类和数量,尤其是中量精制有机肥的施用,显著增加了番茄中醛酮类、酯类、酰肼、羟胺、有机酸等化合物。就番茄产量和品质而言,施用中量(38 t/hm~2)精制有机肥是最佳施肥方案。 相似文献
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Soil microarthropod community is an essential functional unit of soil food webs. Fertilizers can induce an alteration of quantity and quality of food for soil fauna and trigger profound changes in soil faunal communities. We initiated this study to examine the influence of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil microarthropods in poplar plantations (Populus deltoides) in a coastal region of northern Jiangsu, eastern China. We established a control and four fertilizer application treatments: low and high levels of organic fertilizers, low and high levels of inorganic fertilizers. Organic fertilizer amendments increased both soil organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N), whereas inorganic fertilizer had a positive significant effect on soil total N. The application of both inorganic and organic fertilizers resulted in significantly reduced soil pH. We found that both inorganic and organic fertilizers increased the abundance of all soil microarthropods, bacterivorous Acari, and hemiedaphic and epedaphic Collembola, but had no influence on the total taxonomic richness, Shannon diversity index and DG diversity index of the microarthropod community. The abundance of soil microarthropods was positively correlated with soil C and N, and negatively with pH. Our results indicate that changes in the quality and quantity of soil organic matter and other immediate chemical properties after fertilizer application can increase the abundance of soil microarthropods, but have a limited influence on their diversity in the coastal alkaline soils of eastern China. 相似文献
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我国地域辽阔 ,土壤类型众多。土壤中不仅含有有机质和腐殖质 ,而且许多土壤中还含有丰富的钙质结核、分散碳酸盐以及贝壳、珊瑚等可供放射性碳断代的良好对象。土壤有机和无机1 4 C年龄研究表明 ,我国大多数土壤是全新世时期的产物。其中又以全新世中期和晚期的土壤占绝对优势。人为土纲中的土壤年龄与六千余年来我国悠久的农业耕种历史密切相关。相比之下 ,只有少数土壤形成于晚更新世晚期。而另一些土壤有数个形成、发育阶段 ,它们的年龄自然亦就跨越不同的地质时期 ,具有多元化的特点。 相似文献
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Xiankui Qiu Yanhua Wang Guoqing Hu Quanhui Wang Xiuwei Zhang Yuanjie Dong 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(6):948-962
In field conditions, seven fertilization treatments were applied by randomized design with three replications. At a late growth stage of Chinese cabbage, the plant leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), and stomatal conductance (Gs) significantly increased upon the three fertilization modes, which were synthetic and organic fertilizers combined (SOF), synthetic fertilizer and dicyandiamide combined (SFD), and organic fertilizer inoculated live earthworms (OFE) than the other treatments. Organic fertilizer application significantly improved superoxide dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POD) and Catalase (CAT) activities and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, especially in the organic fertilizer inoculated live earthworms treatment. The SOF, SFD and OFE treatments improved the plant yield by 40.5%, 38.0% and 36.1% than the synthetic fertilizer applied alone treatment (SFB) and by 23.4%, 21.1% and 19.6% than the synthetic fertilizer in a split application treatment (SFT). Compared to single applied synthetic fertilizer, the OFE treatment significantly reduced nitrate content, and also improved sugar-acid ratio and soluble sugar and Vc content in the heads of the plant at the harvest stage. All this suggests the OFE treatment is a healthy, sustainable and environmentally friendly fertilization way for the Chinese cabbage production in north of China. 相似文献
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该文的主要研究目的在于构建基于高分辨率遥感数据监测和评估有机食品基地生态环境和风险源的方法体系。为有机食品基地的审核、复核,以及常规监管提供技术支持与参考。首先,构建有机食品基地及其缓冲区内土地利用分类体系。由于有机食品基地内与有机食品基地缓冲区的监管目标不同,因此,构建了有机食品基地内外差别化的分类体系,分别描述有机食品基地内的结构及功能分区,以及缓冲区内的土地利用与风险源空间格局。在此基础上,构建有机食品基地遥感监管指标体系,并建立有机食品基地风险评估模型。最后,以吉林某有机食品基地为示范区,应用本研究的方法体系对该有机食品基地的生态环境和风险源进行了遥感监测。监测结果表明:该有机食品基地总面积为462.17 hm2,基地规模满足考核管理规定要求。其中,种植区面积461.16 hm2,占有机食品基地总面积的99.78%。种植区中,农膜种植区面积16.22 hm2,占有机食品基地总面积的3.51%,为进一步监管农膜回收提供数据支持。此外,该有机食品基地周边1 km缓冲区内发现风险源1处,为小型工矿企业,面积为1.95 hm2,经计算,该有机食品基地的生态环境风险指数(organic food bases risk index:OFBRI)为0.26,风险源面积与有机食品基地面积比值为0.42%,因此,风险等级为五级,风险程度较小。经应用示范,证明该研究方法是对有机食品基地进行监管的有效技术途径。 相似文献
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The rate of conversion of conventional vineyards into organic farming is currently increasing. This results in modifications of agricultural practices such as the application of organic manure, the use of tillage or grass-cutting to control weeds and the application of natural pesticides with preventive action. One of the aims of organic farming is to preserve the environment. In this context, the objective of our work was to evaluate the long-term effects of organic viticulture on soil quality. The study was conducted in a commercial vineyard where plots which had been organically managed for 7 (Organic7), 11 (Organic11) and 17 years (Organic17) were compared to conventionally managed plots (Conventional). Soil physical and chemical parameters (bulk density, organic matter, available phosphorus, potassium and copper contents) and biological parameters (soil microbial biomass, density of nematode trophic groups and density and biomass of earthworm ecological categories) were measured. The organic farming led to an increase in soil organic matter, potassium content, soil microbial biomass, plant-feeding and fungal-feeding nematode densities. However, organic farming increased soil compaction, decreased endogeic earthworm density and did not modify the soil micro-food web evaluated by nematofauna analysis. Our study highlights the difficulty to show the benefits of organic farming on global soil quality in this particular pedoclimatic area and set of farming practices. 相似文献
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不同氮肥管理模式对太湖流域稻田土壤氮素渗漏的影响 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
针对太湖流域稻田土壤氮素流失引起的面源污染问题,以农户常规施肥处理、化肥减量施肥处理、缓控释肥处理、有机无机肥配施处理以及按需施肥处理5种稻田氮肥管理模式,探讨了不同施氮水平与肥料类型的处理对20～40 cm、40～60 cm、60～80 cm以及100～120 cm四个深度土壤氮素渗漏的影响。结果表明,20～40 cm渗漏液中总氮(TN)浓度与施肥量成正比;农户常规施肥处理会出现40～60 cm TN浓度高于20～40 cm的现象;缓控释肥处理具有较高的20～40 cm TN淋失量;溶解性有机氮(DON)是稻田氮素进入地下水的主要形态,占TN的60%～70%;减少33%的氮素施用量,可降低进入地下水体36.9%～49.0%的TN浓度。按需施肥处理能在保证产量的情况下降低施氮水平,减少氮素渗漏损失,是适宜该地区的环境友好型氮肥管理模式。 相似文献
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Rita Leogrande Ornella Lopedota Domenico Ventrella Francesco Montemurro 《Journal of plant nutrition》2016,39(13):1863-1873
A field experiment was carried out in Southern Italy from 2007 to 2010 adopting a two-year rotation of tomato and maize. In this paper, the results of maize cultivation were reported, with the aim to investigate the effects of different water qualities and fertilizers on yield and soil properties. The following treatments were compared: mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer and irrigation with fresh water (FWF); mineral N fertilizer and irrigation with saline water (SWF); Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) compost and irrigation with fresh water (FWC); MSW compost and irrigation with saline water (SWC). These treatments were compared with an unfertilized control and irrigation with fresh-water (FW0) and an unfertilized control and irrigation with saline water (SW0). At harvest, yield, grain moisture content, dry matter, grain protein, starch, fat content and soil characteristics were determined. The treatments with compost increased the average grain yield of the 11% compared to mineral fertilizer treatments. Furthermore, the grain yield in SWC increased of the 19% respect to average of SWF and SW0, indicating that MSW compost applied as amendment mitigated the adversely effects of saline water. Compost application significantly increased the Total Organic Carbon (TOC). In particular, the FWC and SWC treatments showed an average increase of the 25% compared to the mean TOC value of FWF and SWF. Moreover, at the end of the experiment, electrical conductivity decreased in SWC treatment respect to the SWF (?21%). 相似文献