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1.
近年,鱼类生物能量学方面的研究空前活跃。一方面通过研究摄食水平、温度、盐度、体重等因素对鱼类生长的影响,建立能量收支方程和能量分配模型,为改革水产养殖生产工艺和调整管理技术提供有用的技术参数;另一方面,可以评估鱼类种群在整个生态系统中的作用。研究鱼类能量收支,建立能量分配模型,预测水域生产力,是水生生物研究中的热门课题之一。本文就鱼类生物能量学研究进展作扼要的概述。 相似文献
2.
摄食水平和饵料种类对黑癇能量收支的影响 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
以玉筋鱼和鹰抓糙对虾为生物饵料，采用室内流水模拟实验法研究了摄食水平和饵料种类对黑Jun能量收支各组分和能量收支模式的影响。结果表明，黑Jun的生长量、总代谢量、排泄量及生态转换效率均随摄食水平升高呈增长趋势，二者之间的定量关系可分别用对数曲线或直线加以定量描述；不同生物饵料能造成黑Jun摄食、生长，排泄和总代谢水平的显著差异，但却不能改变以比能值为单位的生态转换效率。黑Jun的能量收支模型摄食水平不同有较明显差异，代谢能分配率和排泄能分配率随摄食水平增大呈U型变化趋势，而生长能分配率却恰恰相反。另外，摄食不同饵料对黑Jun的能量收支模型的影响也十分显著。 相似文献
3.
日粮水平和饵料种类对黑鲷能量收支的影响 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
采用室内流水实验法研究了摄食水平和饵料种类对黑鲷能量收支各组分和模式的影响。结果表明，黑鲷的生长量，总呼吸代谢量，排泄量及生态转换效率均随日粮水平升高呈增长趋势，二者之间的定量关系可分别用对数曲线或直线加以定量描述；不同生物饵料能造成黑鲷摄食，生长，排泄和总呼吸代水平的显著差异，但却不能改变以比能值为单位的生态转换效率。黑鲷的呼能量收支分配率随摄食水平不同有较显著差异；代谢能分配率和排泄能分配率随摄食水平增大呈U型变化趋势，而生长能分配率却恰恰相反。除摄食高蛋白饵料时引起排泄能分配率增加外，摄食不同饵料对黑铜的能量分配模式影响不十分显著。 相似文献
4.
日粮水平和饵料种类对真鲷能量收支的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
以玉筋鱼为铒料生物,采用室内流水模拟实验法研究了摄食水平和饵料种类对真鲷能量收支各组分和能量收支分配模式的影响。结果表明,真鲷的生长量、总代谢量、排泄量及生态转换效率均随日粮水平升高呈减速增长趋势,二者之间的定量关系均可用对数曲线加以定量描述;不同生物饵料能造成真鲷摄食、生长、排泄和总代谢水平的显著差异,但却不能改变以比能值为单位的生态转换效率。依据各收支过程的量化结果,可得到真鲷的能量分配模式。 相似文献
5.
黄、勃海8种鱼类的生态转换效率及其影响因素 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
研究应用室内或现场实验生态方法测定了黄、渤海8种鱼类的生态转换效率及其主要影响因素,比较了室内与现场方法所测得数据的差异。结果表明：（1）8种鱼类的生态转换效率有显著差异,以湿重或比能值为单位表示的生态转换效率变化范围分别为12．9％－39．0％和14．8％－46．1％;（2）温度、体重、摄食水平、饵料种类和群居行为等生态、生理因素均可能引起鱼类生长和生态转换效率等生态能量学特征的改变。其中,生态转换效率随温度和摄食量增大均呈倒U型变化趋势,随体重增大则呈减速下降趋势。当鱼类摄食不同饵料生物或群居行为发生变化时,能引起其摄食率与生长率显著差别,却不能使以比能值为单位表示的能量转化效率发生显著变化;（3）不同研究方法可能引起测定结果的显著不同,且其差异程度随鱼种不同而变化。 相似文献
6.
盐度胁迫及恢复对牙鲆幼鱼生长、能量分配和身体成分的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用生物能量学方法对不同盐度对褐牙鲆幼鱼生长和补偿生长的影响进行了研究.研究结果表明,盐度12～40的范围对平均体重为2.6g的褐牙鲆幼鱼的湿重生长没有显著影响,而盐度5(IS5)和47(IS47)会明显阻碍平均体重为6.9g幼鱼的生长,但IS5的生长延缓在30d的恢复生长(盐度19,IS19)后获得完全补偿,而IS47处理最终未能赶上IS19处理.盐度操作对幼鱼摄食能、摄入的能量分配于呼吸消耗、排粪的比例均有显著影响,而对排泄损失的能量比例没有明显影响.对于单位体重日能量分配而言,盐度操作对摄食能、呼吸消耗、生长、排粪损失的能量有明显的影响,但对排泄能量损失没有显著影响.研究还发现,盐度操作对褐牙鲆幼鱼身体水分和蛋白质含量没有显著影响,但对脂肪和能量含量有一定影响.结果表明,盐度19左右为褐牙鲆幼鱼生长最适合的盐度,其对盐度的适应范围较广,特别是对低盐度表现出极强的耐受和适应能力. 相似文献
7.
8.
将Eggers模型移入实验室大型玻璃钢水槽中,采用3种室内可能得到的实验饵料:冷冻细脚长(Themistogra cilipes)、天然成体卤虫(Artemissalina)和小黄鱼糜(Fishsilage),在流水条件下,比较黄渤海主要中上层小型鱼类玉筋鱼(Ammodytepersonatus)对上述3种饵料的摄食、生长和生态转换效率等生态能量学特征。结果显示,3种饵料中,虽然玉筋鱼对细脚长的能量生态转换效率较高,但是其湿重摄食量[g/(100g·d)FW]和能量摄食量[kJ/(100g·d)]都比较低,生长情况较差;卤虫的食物生态转换效率较高,湿重摄食量较多、生长情况较好;鱼糜的能量摄食量较多,生长情况介于两者之间,但其生态转换效率均较低。与自然生长的玉筋鱼相比,摄食卤虫的玉筋鱼较接近于自然生长。研究结论认为,室内玉筋鱼的模拟实验,在不能获得自然活体饵料的情况下,卤虫不失为一个理想的选择。 相似文献
9.
再论白鲢的食物问题 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
关于白鲢营养,笔者曾就食谱、食物的选择性和消化性等问题作过论述。鉴于有些问题前文尚未涉及,有些工作当时未能引用,此外十余年来国内外又有了许多新的进展,特别是近年动物营养学的研究逐渐同生物能量学结合起来,在白鲢方面也出现一些很有意义的工作。因此对白鲢的食物问题再次作一全面的总结,仍是十分必要的。 一、细菌和腐屑的意义 细菌细胞极微小,过去以为仅在附着于腐屑上面时才能被白鲢滤食。近年的工作表明:水中浮游细菌通常有半数以上聚结成絮状、块状或膜状聚合体,可为白鲢直接滤食。菌膜常浮于水面,被风吹刮落入水中后甚至白鲢仔鱼也能摄食。白鲢对细菌的摄食量与浮游藻类的丰度有关。当藻类 相似文献
10.
鱼类的能源物质以蛋白质和脂肪为主,但在鱼体内蛋白质代谢的最终产物以氮排泄物形式通过鳃排出体外,少量随尿排出,氮排泄的主要成分为氨和尿素,仅有少量用于生长.本实验采用鱼类生物能量学的方法,在保持最大摄食率水平的条件下,通过四个不同梯度蛋白质对牙鲆个体的能量转换进行了研究,从而探讨牙鲆的最适蛋白水平,结果表明:当牙鲆投喂蛋... 相似文献
11.
1999年2月黄海声学调查鳀鱼种群群体结构评估 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
IntroductionEstimation of the size structure of a fish population is often one of the primary objectives of an acoustic/trawl survey (Gunderson 1993;Honkalehto and Williamson 1996 ) .The size structure contains much informa-tion enabling a quick estimate of the fishable size of a stock in a regulated fishery or the recruitment status ofa stock.It is also a common practice to use the number at length of a population together with the age/lengthkey to produce the age structure of the fish popul… 相似文献
12.
M. JOBLING A.M. ARNESEN B.M. BAARDVIK J.S. CHRISTIANSEN E.H. JØRGENSEN 《Aquaculture Nutrition》1995,1(3):131-143
There are three main methods used in the study of feeding behaviour and food consumption in captive populations of fish. These are direct observation, the recording of feeding activity using‘on-demand’feeders, and the quantitative determination of gastrointestinal content using a non-invasive‘labelled feed’technique. Observational techniques have been widely used in studies of foraging behaviour and feeding responses, but these methods are usually confined to the study of fish held in small groups.‘Labelled feed’techniques are well suited to the monitoring of feed intake of individual fish held in large groups, but cannot be used for the continuous monitoring of feeding behaviour. They are, therefore, not particularly suitable for the collection of information about short-term changes in feeding rhythms, or possible diel changes in feeding activity. Studies of feeding activity may best be carried out using computer-operated‘on-demand’feeding systems, but the data collected using these systems give no information about individual feed consumption. Examples are presented showing how data collected using the three methods can be used to provide insights into how various abiotic and biotic factors influence fish feeding. 相似文献
13.
Ecology of stream fish: insights gained from an individual-based approach to juvenile Atlantic salmon 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Abstract – Using data from an ongoing study of juvenile Atlantic salmon growth and survival in tributaries of the Connecticut River, USA, we compare standard population-level approaches to those focusing on individuals. We highlight the potential benefits of resampling individually tagged stream fish as compared to standard approaches. Specifically we focus on growth, survival, movements and population estimation. The advantages of estimating sizes and growth rates from individual size trajectories include obtaining growth histories and the ability to perform retrospective analysis of the consequences of different life-history strategies. An example might be the patterns of growth leading to either early maturity or migration. Resampling known individuals is the only way we know to chart both short-term and long-term movements and to assign growth and mortality consequences to such movements. Finally, individual-level data permit robust estimation of survival and density/abundance using methods such as Cormack/Jolly-Seber. The results indicate that population estimates were about 10% lower using individual data than using population data, that survival from sample to sample was typically >90%, that the majority of recaptured fish did not move during the summer, that growth was rapid during spring and most fish lost mass during the summer and that growth trajectories for maturing and non-maturing fish showed substantially different patterns. An individual-based approach to stream fish ecology provides the opportunity to explore the mechanisms responsible for population-level patterns but comes at the cost of significant field effort. Tradeoffs between increased data resolution and the effort required to obtain the data must be considered before undertaking individual-based field studies of stream fishes. NOTE 相似文献
14.
The development and testing of two fish growth models is described. The equations are based on the effects of fish weight and water temperature on the specific growth rate and ration of sea bream Sparus aurata L. The models show a good fit and are proposed for prediction of harvesting time and food consumption. In particular, provided a fish-stocking technique similar to that described in this study is followed, prediction can be made on the estimation of the optimum amount of food given to avoid food wastage and save storage space, the overall rearing period from the 2-g fry stage up to the marketable size of 300-350 g, and the optimal stocking period in order to produce marketable fish at the right time and at a satisfactory selling price. 相似文献
15.
Abstract – Spatial models of fish growth rate potential have been used to characterize a variety of environments including estuaries, the North American Great Lakes, small lakes and rivers. Growth rate potential models capture a snapshot of the environment but do not include the effects of habitat selection or competition for food in their measures of environment quality. Here, we test the ability of spatial models of fish growth rate potential to describe the quality of an environment for a fish population in which individual fish may select habitats and local competition may affect per capita intake. We compare growth rate potential measurements to simulated fish growth and distributions of model fish from a spatially explicit individual-based model of fish foraging in the same model environment. We base the model environment on data from Lake Ontario and base the model fish population on alewife in the lake. The results from a simulation experiment show that changes in the model environment that caused changes in the average growth rate potential correlated extremely highly ( r 2 ≥0.97) with changes in simulated fish growth. Unfortunately, growth rate potential was not a reliable quantitative predictor of simulated fish growth nor of the fish spatial distribution. The inability of the growth rate potential model to quantitatively predict simulated fish growth and fish distributions results from the fact that growth rate potential does not consider the effects of habitat selection or of competition on fish growth or distribution, processes that operate in our individual-based model and presumably also operate in nature. The results, however, do support the use of growth rate potential models to describe the relative quality of habitats and environments for fish populations. 相似文献
16.
Abstract – The fathead minnow Pimephales promelas occurs in high densities in wetlands of the prairie pothole region (PPR) of North America, but food resources sustaining these populations are poorly known. We assessed population dynamics and prey consumption of fathead minnow populations in three PPR wetlands for 2 years. Fish density peaked at 107 fish per m2 for all age classes combined. Larval and juvenile fish dominated these populations in terms of abundance and accounted for 83% of total prey consumption. Detritus dominated fish diets, representing 53%, 40% and 79% of diet mass for larval, juvenile and adult fish respectively. Detritus consumption was positively related to minnow density and negatively related to invertebrate abundance, but only for adult fish. Seasonal production:biomass ratios were unrelated to proportions of detritus in the diet for all ages of fish, indicating that detritus is an important food resource capable of meeting metabolic demands and sustaining fish growth in high-density populations. Detritus consumption may also weaken links between abundance of invertebrate prey and minnows, promoting dense fish populations with strong, consistent influences on wetland ecosystems. 相似文献
17.
Armando García-Ortega Johan Verreth Karen Vermis Hans J. Nelis Patrick Sorgeloos Martin Verstegen 《Aquaculture International》2010,18(2):119-134
Temporary accumulation of ascorbic acid 2-sulfate (AAS) was measured to estimate food intake and gut evacuation in larvae
of African catfish. Fish larvae were fed decapsulated cysts of Artemia containing AAS. In a first experiment it was found that no biosynthesis of AAS occurs in the larvae of this species. In a
second experiment, the gut contents of the fish larvae fed were calculated as they changed during development. In a third
experiment, the gut evacuation rate of fish larvae was determined during continuous and discontinuous feeding regimes in the
first five days after the start of exogenous feeding. Food consumption by catfish larvae increased from 46.5% of their body
dry weight (BDW) on day 1 after the start of exogenous feeding to 53.8% BDW on day 3. Thereafter, food consumption decreased
to 27.8% BDW on day 5. A similar pattern was observed for gut evacuation, which increased during the first days of exogenous
feeding and decreased as fish growth continued. The rate of gut evacuation in a continuous feeding regime was significantly
higher (P < 0.05) than that under discontinuous feeding. On day 1 post-hatch and 7 h after first food ingestion the fish larvae evacuated
87% of the food in continuous feeding compared with 43% under discontinuous feeding. It was found that gut emptying differs
during larval development. Under continuous feeding, on days 1 and 3 post-hatch and 11 h after the first meal 90% of the food
was evacuated compared with 71% evacuated on day 5. The advantages and limitations of the AAS method for estimation of food
consumption by fish larvae are discussed. 相似文献
18.
根据以往的计算机模拟结果，对两段冰结新工艺进行了工业规模的对照实验。该工业冻结装置采用单机双级压缩机，在１９９７年３月￣１９９８年１月期间进行了４５次实验。结果表明，两段冻结新工艺可以直接用于工业食品冻结装置，同常规冻结过程比较，每吨冻鱼平均可省电耗１０．３％，并且冻结时间平均减少２％，冻品质量有所提高。 相似文献
19.
Ilaria de Meo Kjartan Østbye Kimmo K. Kahilainen Brian Hayden Marius Magnus Antonio B. S. Poléo 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2023,32(1):10-22
Generalist fish species can feed on a wide resource spectrum and across trophic levels depending on resource availability and trophic interactions. Crucian carp (Carassius carassius) represents a good candidate species to investigate variation in the trophic ecology of generalist fish as it can be found in highly variable fish communities and its resource use is well documented. In this study, we explored the trophic ecology of crucian carp at the individual and population levels using stable isotope and gut content analysis. We tested if trophic resource use varied according to lake productivity, predation risk, intra- and interspecific competition, or individual fish size. We found that crucian carp resource preference was highly variable among and within lakes. In predator-free lakes, small crucian carp occurred in high densities, showed increased interindividual specialisation, and relied mainly on pelagic zooplankton. In presence of predators, large crucian carp occurred in low densities and included greater proportions of benthic macroinvertebrates in their diet. This shift in resource use was further favoured in productive, shallow lakes where littoral prey were probably abundant. Resource partitioning was an important factor determining crucian carp niche use, as fish had higher trophic position in absence of other cyprinids. Crucian carp showed highly dynamic resource use and food preferences in response to variable environmental conditions. Overlooking complex diet preferences of generalist fish may lead to an oversimplification of freshwater community dynamics. 相似文献
20.
Odd Inge Forsberg 《Aquaculture International》1994,2(3):180-196
Oxygen consumption rates of post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were recorded during various growth trials at four land-based salmon farms in south-west Norway, during the period 1988–1992. Principle component analysis indicated that fish size, water temperature and current speed had the greatest influence on oxygen consumption of fish in all the farms. A multiple regression analysis showed that 70% of the variation in the oxygen consumption could be explained by these three parameters. The predicted effect of fish size, water temperature and current speed on oxygen consumption are consistent with those reported in studies conducted on salmonids held in tunnel respirometers. The model described in this study may be a useful tool for the estimation of oxygen and water requirements needed for the design and operation of land-based farms. 相似文献