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1.
A study of in vivo antihypertensive properties of enzymatic hydrolysate from chicken leg bone protein 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Fu-Yuan CHENG Tien-Chun WAN Yu-Tse LIU Kung-Ming LAI Liang-Chuan LIN Ryoichi SAKATA 《Animal Science Journal》2008,79(5):614-619
Numerous attempts have been made to develop angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors from various sources of food protein. Generally chicken leg bones are discarded after industrial chicken meat processing without any substantial benefit. In previous studies, chicken leg bone proteins were hydrolyzed by various enzymes and the results demonstrated that Alcalase hydrolysates have considerable ACE inhibiting activities. In this study, the best ACE inhibitory hydrolysate (A4) (which was derived from chicken leg bone protein by Alcalase after 4 h incubation) was orally administrated (50 mg/kg bw) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) to investigate its antihypertensive effects. After oral administration of A4, a maximal reduction activity of about 26 mmHg was found at 4 h and maintained to 8 h. Moreover, SHRs treated with A4 (50 mg/kg bw/day) for eight weeks exhibited a reduction in systolic blood pressure, which is as significant as the effects of Captopril ( P < 0.05). These results suggested that chicken leg bones have a high potential for utilization to develop ACE inhibitors as potential food ingredients intended to alleviate hypertension. 相似文献
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Koji NAKADE Ryosuke KAMISHIMA Yusuke INOUE Abdulatef AHHMED Satoshi KAWAHARA Tatsuo NAKAYAMA Masugi MARUYAMA Masahiro NUMATA Kazuyoshi OHTA Takayoshi AOKI Michio MUGURUMA 《Animal Science Journal》2008,79(6):710-715
A novel angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide was isolated and purified from chicken bone extract by enzymatic digestion. The peptide was defined as an ACE inhibitor, and it demonstrated antihypertensive activity following oral administration to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The results of this study suggest that peptides derived from an extract of chicken bones, administered orally, have the ability to reduce the blood pressure of SHRs significantly over a short period of time (3 h). Moreover, the blood pressure then remains low for 3 h. This peptide derived from chicken bones may therefore have great value as a short‐term remedy for chronic conditions such as high blood pressure. The amino acid sequence of the peptide was YYRA (Tyr‐Tyr‐Arg‐Ala), which was the origin of the Ig heavy chain V region (27–30 position). The IC50 value of its synthetic peptide was 33.9 μg/mL. We suggest that the ACE inhibitory and antihypertensive peptides derived from chicken bone extract may contribute to develop physiologically functional foods or improve food functionality. 相似文献
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The in vitro antioxidant properties of alcalase hydrolysate prepared from silkie fowl (Gallus gallus) blood protein 
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下载免费PDF全文 Two types of proteins including blood plasma protein and blood cell protein were isolated from silkie fowl (Gallus gallus) blood and hydrolyzed using alcalase for 0, 2, 4 and 6 h. The blood plasma protein hydrolysate (BPH) and blood cell protein hydrolysate (BCH) were analyzed for pH value, peptide content and antioxidative properties. The significantly higher peptide contents were observed in BPH than that of BCH, which showed that blood plasma protein was more suitable to hydrolysis by alcalase than blood cell protein. Both BPH and BCH showed strong 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging activity and Fe2+ chelating ability. BPH at 4 h of hydrolysis (BPH4) demonstrated significantly higher antioxidant capacity than those treated by alcalase in most of the assays. The BPH4 was separated using ultra‐filtration and assessment of the fractions and indicated that low molecular weight of peptides (< 3 kDa) possessed greater DPPH scavenging activity, Fe2+ chelating ability and inhibitory activity of lipid peroxidation. These results show that BPH has the potential to be ingredients in the food industry as a replacement of synthetic antioxidants. 相似文献
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The development of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor derived from chicken bone protein 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Fu-Yuan CHENG Yu-Tse LIU Tien-Chun WAN Liang-Chuan LIN Ryoichi SAKATA 《Animal Science Journal》2008,79(1):122-128
In order to produce angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor for application in functional food, chicken bones were gathered from a meat processing factory and then hydrolyzed with Alcalase, pepsin and trypsin for 12 h. The hydrolysates were lyophilized, stored at ?80°C and tested experimentally every 2 h for pH value, peptide content, degree of hydrolysis (DH), electrophoresis and activity of ACE inhibitor. The hydrolysates of Alcalase had the highest peptide content and DH. The components of more than 66 kDa had disappeared in hydrolysates of Alcalase and trypsin after 2 h of hydrolysis. The hydrolysates of Alcalase were more active in inhibiting ACE, especially when hydrolyzed at 4 and 8 h, and also had low IC50 values of 1.960 and 0.945 mg/mL. According to the results of DH and electrophoresis, the higher activity of ACE inhibitor is assumed to be derived from the low molecular peptides in hydrolysates of Alcalase. Chicken leg bone has a high potential to be utilized to develop ACE inhibitory peptides as a potential ingredient of functional food intended to alleviate hypertension. 相似文献
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Kazunori KATAYAMA Makoto TOMATSU Hidetaka FUCHU Masaaki SUGIYAMA Satoshi KAWAHARA Kiyoshi YAMAUCHI Yukio KAWAMURA Michio MUGURUMA 《Animal Science Journal》2003,74(1):53-58
To search for a novel angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide, porcine skeletal troponin was hydrolyzed with pepsin. This hydrolysate showed ACE inhibitory activity, and was applied to various kinds of chromatography to separate an active peptide. Analysis using a protein sequencer identified this peptide as RMLGQTPTK (9mer). This sequence was estimated to occur at the 44–52 position of troponin C, and its 50% inhibitory protein concentration (IC50) was 34 µM. RMLGQTP (7mer), a partial peptide of 9mer, showed activity with an IC50 of 503 µM. RP‐HPLC analysis of a reaction mixture of 9mer and ACE showed that 9mer was slowly hydrolyzed by ACE. On the other hand, 7mer was rapidly hydrolyzed by ACE. Activity of 9mer was reduced as its hydrolysis by ACE proceeded. To estimate the resistance of 9mer to digestive proteases after oral administration, it was reacted with pepsin, α‐chymotrypsin, or trypsin. In each of these reaction mixtures, a significant amount of 9mer remained as a substrate after digestion. Remaining ACE inhibitory activity was close to that of 9mer. These results suggest that 9mer might not be digested after oral administration, because of its relatively high resistance to digestive proteases. Therefore, 9mer might be expected to work well in vivo as an ACE inhibitor. 相似文献
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以牦牛乳酪蛋白为原料,利用碱性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶制备酪蛋白酶解产物,研究其二肽基肽酶-Ⅳ(dipeptidyl peptidase-Ⅳ,DPP-Ⅳ)抑制活性和理化特性.以DPP-Ⅳ抑制率为指标,研究水解时间和蛋白酶的种类对酶解产物DPP-Ⅳ抑制活性的影响,以水解度、三氯乙酸氮溶解指数(trichloroacetic acid-nitrogen soluble index,TCA-NSI)、溶解性和灰分含量为指标,评价酶解产物的理化特性.结果表明:对于相同水解时间点获得的酶解产物,木瓜蛋白酶酶解产物的DPP-Ⅳ抑制活性显著高于其他2种蛋白酶的酶解产物(P＜0.05).利用木瓜蛋白酶水解0.50 h的酶解产物具有最高的DPP-Ⅳ抑制活性(抑制率可达(53.95±1.57)％)、较高的水解程度以及最低的灰分含量.说明利用蛋白酶水解技术能够使牦牛乳酪蛋白中具有DPP-Ⅳ抑制活性的多肽释放,木瓜蛋白酶酶解产物可作为功能性乳基料用于功能性食品的开发. 相似文献
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Yan RQ Wu ZM Fang QM Zhang ZL Zhang J Li XS Hao HF Xia C 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2008,126(1-2):91-101
In order to reconstruct the system for identification of short antigenic peptides, the chicken BF2 gene of Chinese Sanhuang (SH) chicken line was linked to the beta(2)m gene via (G4S)3, a linker encoding a 15-amino acid glycine-rich peptide, by splicing overlap extension PCR (SOE-PCR). The MBP-BF2-(G4S)3-beta(2)m fusion protein was expressed and purified in a pMAL-p2X/E. coli TB1 system. The purified MBP-BF2-(G4S)3-beta(2)m protein was cleaved by Factor Xa protease, and further purified by DEAE-Sepharose chromatography. The conformation of the BF2-(G4S)3-beta(2)m protein was determined by circular dichroism (CD). In addition, the refolded BF2-(G4S)3-beta2m protein was used to bind three predicted nonameric peptides derived from the hemagglutinins of the avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1 and H9N2 subtypes. The BF2-(G4S)3-beta2m-associated peptides were detected by mass spectrometry. The molecular weights and amino acid sequences of the peptides were confirmed by primary and tandem mass spectrometry analysis, respectively. The results indicate that the secondary structures and predicted three-dimensional crystal structure of BF2-(G4S)3-beta(2)m are similar to those of the monomers of chicken BF2 and beta(2)m. The BF2-(G4S)3-beta(2)m protein could bind two of the three predicted nonamer peptides derived from AIV hemagglutinin. The experimental system demonstrated that the reconstructed BF2-(G4S)3-beta(2)m protein complex can be used to identify nonamer peptides, including T-cell epitopes in chicken. 相似文献
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Jinyue LI Masatoshi IZUMIMOTO Makiko YONEHARA Seiya HIROTSU Takayoshi KURIKI Ichiro NAITO Hidenori YAMADA 《Animal Science Journal》2009,80(6):691-696
The purposes of this research were to use fig protease for texture tenderizing, and to inhibit angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE) action and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) formation of meat. Liberated peptides by the enzymatic action of fig protease in processing meat and free amino acids were determined and ACE inhibitory activity was assayed. Meat treated with fig protease became tender as indicated by shear force value (SFV) which was half of those of non‐fig treated meat during storage even at 5°C. Liberated peptides, free amino acids and GABA increased while extremely low levels of Glu were detected after storage. The optimal temperature of fig protease against meat was 80°C. However, the activity of fig protease decreased after pre‐heating more than 40°C. High ACE inhibitory activity of a mixture of fig and meat was found around 80°C, and the value corresponded to the amount of liberated peptide. A lot of liberated peptides were found at 60–80°C and pasterization of meat product becomes convenient to produce peptides. Production of ACE inhibitory peptides and GABA can be expected as the healthy functional meat product such as antihypertensive activity and improve brain function. 相似文献
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F S Maslog M Motobu N Hayashida K Yoshihara T Morozumi M Matsumura Y Hirota 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》1999,61(3):283-285
The effects of four antigenic fractions of Pasteurella multocida serotype A isolated from a duck in the Philippines on the phagocytic activity of chicken peripheral blood leukocytes were studied by a flow cytometer. These fractions were the lipopolysaccharide-protein complex (LPS), crude capsular antigen (CCA), ribosomal fraction (RS) and outer cell layer (OCL). Among these four antigens, only CCA but not LPS RS and OCL, significantly increased the phagocytic activities of mononuclear cells (MNC) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMN). This result indicates that CCA has an immunological property enhancing the phagocytic activities of MNC and PMN. 相似文献
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为了比较具有凝乳功能的Paenibacillus spp.BD3526来源的金属蛋白酶与基因重组凝乳酶对乳蛋白水解位点的差异,采用BD3526金属蛋白酶和凝乳酶对αs1-酪蛋白(casein,CN)、αs2-CN、β-乳球蛋白(lactoglobulin,Lg)和κ-CN进行酶解,分别对不同时间的酶解产物采用高效液相色谱与四极杆飞行时间串联质谱(high performance liquid chromatography of quadrupole time of flight-tandem mass spectrometry,HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS)进行分析.结果表明:BD3526金属蛋白酶与凝乳酶在对乳蛋白的水解位点上具有较高的相似性,前者对αs1-CN、αs2-CN、β-Lg和κ-CN水解能力较后者弱,对P1为K(Lys)、R(Arg)且P1'为T(Thr)、F(Phe)和Y(Tyr)间的肽键水解特异性很高,并主要水解K-T (Lys-Thr)、K-F (Lys-Phe)、R-F(Arg-Phe)、R-Y(Arg-Tyr)肽键,水解生成的肽具有血管紧张素转换酶(angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)抑制、抗菌、免疫调节等功能. 相似文献
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本试验旨在探究鸡血管生成素样蛋白4(ANGPTL4)重组蛋白对肉鸡肝脏和胸肌脂肪代谢的影响。分体内动物试验和体外细胞试验2部分进行。体内动物试验选用35日龄健康禁食状态下爱拔益加肉公鸡36只,随机分为6组,每组6个重复,每个重复1只鸡。对照组翅静脉注射灭菌的生理盐水,试验组分别翅静脉注射20、100、500、2 500、12 500 ng/kg BW鸡ANGPTL4重组蛋白,注射剂量均为550μL,试验期30 min。体外细胞试验设3个组,分别是生理盐水组、组氨酸-小分子泛素样修饰蛋白(His-SUMO)标签组和鸡ANGPTL4重组蛋白组,分别在细胞培养基中添加灭菌的生理盐水、His-SUMO标签蛋白(其含量与鸡ANGPTL4重组蛋白组中标签蛋白含量一致)和鸡ANGPTL4重组蛋白(250 pg/mL),添加剂量均为5μL,5%CO2、37℃孵育24 h。结果发现:1)与对照组相比,20、100、500、2 500 ng/kg BW鸡ANGPTL4重组蛋白组的肝脏脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)mRNA相对表达量和500 ng/kg BW鸡ANGPTL4重组蛋白组的肝脏FAS活性均显著提高(P<0.05)。随着鸡ANGPTL4重组蛋白注射剂量增加,肝脏FAS mRNA相对表达量和活性均呈现一次线性和二次曲线增加的效应(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,100、500、2 500 ng/kg BW鸡ANGPTL4重组蛋白组的肝脏苹果酸酶(ME) mRNA相对表达量和12 500 ng/kg BW鸡ANGPTL4重组蛋白组的肝脏乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC) mRNA相对表达量均显著降低(P<0.05)。随着鸡ANGPTL4重组蛋白注射剂量增加,肝脏ACC mRNA相对表达量呈现一次线性和二次曲线降低的效应(P<0.05)。不同注射剂量的鸡ANGPTL4重组蛋白对肉鸡肝脏ME和ACC活性均无显著影响(P>0.05)。3)与对照组相比,500 ng/kg BW鸡ANGPTL4重组蛋白组的胸肌脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)活性显著增加(P<0.05)。4)鸡ANGPTL4重组蛋白组的成肌细胞甘油三酯(TG)含量显著高于生理盐水组和His-SUMO标签组(P<0.05)。综上所述,鸡ANGPTL4重组蛋白具有调控肉鸡肝脏脂肪合成相关基因mRNA表达和酶活性以及促进肉鸡胸肌脂肪沉积的作用,以500 ng/kg BW注射剂量效果较好。 相似文献
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为建立H9N2亚型禽流感病毒（Avian influenza virus,AIV）免疫层析快速检测技术,本研究以差速离心法纯化H9N2亚型AIV免疫BALB/c小鼠,将免疫小鼠脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞SP2/0进行细胞融合和HAT选择性培养;以H9N2亚型AIV感染MDCK细胞建立异源免疫过氧化物酶单层细胞试验（IPMA）的单克隆抗体检测方法,通过对杂交瘤细胞的IPMA筛选和连续克隆化筛选鉴定抗H9N2亚型AIV中和性单克隆抗体;以胶体金标记HA单克隆抗体,配对HA单克隆抗体和羊抗小鼠IgG为检测线和质控线,制备H9N2亚型AIV快速检测试纸条,测定其特异性和敏感性。结果显示,获得了11株稳定分泌抗H9N2亚型AIV单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞,其单克隆抗体腹水IPMA效价在1.28×10-4至2.56×10-5之间。单克隆抗体3A2、5H6、6B8、7E10和9G12血凝抑制试验（HI）显示血凝抑制活性,其（HI）效价在6log2~9log2之间。单克隆抗体3A2、6B8和9G12在病毒中和试验中对H9N2亚型AIV有显著病毒中和活性,中和效价分别1∶6 400、1∶25 600和1∶25 600。Western blotting结果提示,该中和单克隆抗体识别HA蛋白线性抗原表位。利用配对单克隆抗体3A2和9G12研制的H9N2亚型AIV检测试纸条检测H9N2亚型AIV尿囊液的效价为9log2,灵敏度与经典血凝试验（HA）相当,与其他亚型AIV （H1、H3、H5、H7）,以及新城疫病毒和鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒等相关病毒均无交叉反应。本研究制备了具有病毒中和活性的抗H9N2亚型AIV单克隆抗体,并初步研制了H9N2亚型AIV检测试纸条,为H9N2亚型AIV新型疫苗研制和快速检测奠定良好的研究基础。 相似文献
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合成绵羊抗菌肽NK-Lysin抗菌活性及其对雏鸡沙门氏菌攻毒的治疗效果研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了研究绵羊抗菌肽NK-Lysin主要活性区的生物学功能,试验设计并合成了3对功能区多肽片段,并利用径向扩散试验和最小抑菌浓度对其抗菌活性进行检测,分析了合成多肽对鸡血红细胞的毒性作用,筛选出抗菌效果最好的多肽对沙门氏菌攻毒的雏鸡进行治疗,检测其治疗效果。结果表明,合成多肽对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌具有抑制活性,多肽片段长度、多肽C-端有无酰胺化及多肽内的二硫键是否成环对多肽的抗菌活性均有影响;筛选出的2个多肽在治疗雏鸡沙门氏菌攻毒的过程中能够明显降低死亡率,对雏鸡心脏、肝脏、肾脏的病理损伤也明显小于对照组。本研究结果为绵羊抗菌肽NK-Lysin作为候选抗菌药物的开发奠定了基础。 相似文献
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YANG Xia ZHANG Dian-qing SONG Jia-wei XIAO Sheng-zhong SHENG Jin-liang YAN Gen-qiang 《中国畜牧兽医》2017,44(9):2739-2746
In order to study the biological function of the main active region of sheep antimicrobial peptide NK-Lysin, three pairs of functional domain peptide fragments were designed and synthesized the antibacterial activity was detected by radial diffusion test and minimal inhibitory concentration. We analyzed the toxic effects of chicken red blood cells and screen the best peptides for treatment chicken challenged by Salmonella pullorum in this study. The rusults showed that synthesized peptides were inhibitory to Escherichia coli and Salmonella pullorum. Fragment length of peptides, C-terminal amidation and peptide inner loop were essential to antibacterial activity. Two of synthesized peptides were used to treat chichen challenged by Salmonella pullorum which obviously decreased the mortality of chicken. The pathological damage of heart,liver,kidney were less than that of control group. This study laid a foundation for the development of the sheep NK-Lysin peptides as candidate antimicrobial agents. 相似文献
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Pretreatment of chicken bone marrow macrophages and embryo fibroblasts with supernatants containing chicken interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) for 24 hr prior to inoculation inhibited intracellular Eimeria tenella replication, measured by [3H] uracil incorporation. The supernatants (Sns) were obtained from culture of lymphoblastoid cells transformed by a reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) and chicken splenocytes stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A). The mechanisms of the E. tenella growth inhibitory activity induced by Sn REV and Sn Con A in chicken macrophages and fibroblasts were studied. Addition of oxygen scavengers (superoxide dismutase, D-mannitol, DABCO, benzoic acid, L-histidine hydrochloride) was able to overcome the inhibition of E. tenella replication after pretreatment with Sn REV or Sn Con A in macrophage cultures but not in fibroblast cultures. Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was induced in macrophage culture treated with Sn REV or Sn Con A but not in fibroblast culture. Addition of NG monomethyl-L-arginine, an NO synthase inhibitor together with the supernatants was also able to overcome inhibition of E. tenella replication in macrophage culture. On the other hand, addition of L-tryptophan to Sn REV- or Sn Con A-treated fibroblasts was able to reverse the inhibitory effect on E. tenella replication. In conclusion, production of inorganic NO or toxic oxygen intermediates may be involved in the E. tenella growth inhibitory activity of chicken macrophages pretreated with supernatants containing an IFN-gamma activity, and cellular tryptophan depletion may be involved for chicken fibroblasts, thus matching the mechanisms of the IFN-gamma-induced growth inhibitory activity for protozoans in mammals. 相似文献
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Effect of a single polymorphism in the Japanese quail NK‐lysin gene on antimicrobial activity 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Taichiro Ishige Hiromi Hara Takashi Hirano Tomohiro Kono Kei Hanzawa 《Animal Science Journal》2016,87(1):143-146
NK‐lysins are cationic peptides that play important roles in host protection, and are an important constituent of innate immunity. We identified nine single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the NK‐lysin open reading frame (ORF) from 32 Japanese quails in six strains: A, B, ND, K, P, and Y. The G to A substitution at nucleotide position 272 in the ORF resulted in a Gly (G) to Asp (D) amino acid substitution (Cj31G and Cj31D alleles). The Cj31D allele was detected in P (frequency 0.76) and Y (frequency 0.03) strains. We compared the antimicrobial activities of four synthetic peptides from the helix 2‐loop‐helix 3 region of avian NK‐lysins against Escherichia coli: Cj31G and Cj31D from quail and Gg29N and Gg29D from chicken. The antimicrobial activities of the four peptides decreased in the following order: Gg29N > Cj31G > Gg29D > Cj31D (P < 0.05). Although there were no differences in the predicted secondary structure of the Cj31G and Cj31D, the net charge of the Cj31G was higher than that of Cj31D. These data indicated that the antimicrobial activity of CjNKL is influenced by net charge, similar to that which has been observed in chicken. © 2015 Japanese Society of Animal Science 相似文献
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饲料中添加肌肉生长抑制素抑制肽对海鲈生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标及肝脏与血清免疫指标的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本试验旨在研究饲料中添加肌肉生长抑制素抑制肽对海鲈生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标及肝脏与血清免疫指标的影响。以初始均重为(9.05±0.05)g的海鲈幼鱼为试验动物,暂养1周后,挑选规格一致的健康试验鱼480尾,随机分为4组,每组4个重复(水族箱),每个重复放养30尾鱼。4组试验鱼分别投喂肌肉生长抑制素抑制肽添加水平为0(对照)、0.25%、0.50%、0.75%的试验饲料135 d。结果显示:1)0.50%组的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和成活率(SR)均显著高于对照组(P0.05),各添加组的饲料系数(FCR)均显著低于对照组(P0.05),且以0.50%组的FCR最低;2)各添加组的背肌粗脂肪含量均显著低于对照组(P0.05),0.50%组的背肌粗蛋白质含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),全鱼的水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分和背肌的水分、粗灰分含量在各组之间没有显著差异(P0.05);3)0.25%组的血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)和总胆固醇(TC)含量显著低于其他各组(P0.05),血清甘油三酯(TG)含量各组间不存在显著差异(P0.05);4)0.50%和0.75%组的血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),0.25%和0.50%组的肝脏溶菌酶(LZM)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),肝脏与血清的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性各组间不存在显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,在饲料中添加肌肉生长抑制素抑制肽能够促进海鲈的生长并提高免疫能力,本试验条件下最适添加水平为0.50%。 相似文献