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1.
利用陕西省1961—2009年96个观测站的年降水、气温资料以及1997—2006年水利部公布的水资源资料,基于线性拟合、水资源丰枯评价指标、变差系数及产水模数等方法和指标,对陕西省近50 a来的水资源状况进行了气候影响分析。结果表明,基于降水、气温的水资源评估模型能够对陕西省水资源状况进行评估,且评估效果好于只考虑降水的评估模型。近50 a来陕西省气候趋于暖干,年平均气温自20世纪90年代升高,1996年前后发生突变;年降水自20世纪80年代中后期减少,1988年前后发生突变。受气温升高,降水减少影响,近50 a来陕西省水资源量呈减少趋势,1991年前后发生突变,水资源量显著减少。20世纪90年代之前,陕西省水资源量正常偏多,之后水资源正常偏枯,且年际变化显著,年水资源量不稳定。陕西省属于旱年缺水类型,天然供水量的减少增加了水资源利用率,水资源供需压力增大。 相似文献
2.
1961-2010年锡林郭勒盟气温和降水时空变化特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
[目的]分析内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟气温和降水量时空变化规律,为草原区环境演化提供科学支撑,同时也对气温和降水的短期预警提供依据。[方法]利用研究区境内15个气象站点1961—2010年的逐月平均气温和月降水资料,结合一元线性回归分析、趋势分析、M K突变检验以及M o rlet小波分析方法,分析近50 a来锡林郭勒地区气温和降水时空变化特征及周期。[结果]近50 a来锡林郭勒地区气温以0．44℃／10 a的速率呈显著上升趋势,其中冬季温度上升最明显;年均气温有较明显的突变特征,突变点出现在1991年,突变前后2个时段平均气温相差1．32℃;存在28,9和5 a的周期律,未来几年仍处于暖期。降水呈波动下降趋势,速率为3．9 mm／10 a ,夏季降水下降最明显;年降水量没有明显的突变点,存在25和7 a的震荡周期,未来几年仍处于少雨阶段。[结论]近50 a来锡林郭勒盟地区气候呈明显干旱化趋势。 相似文献
3.
气候暖干化背景下环渤海地区旱涝时空响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]在全球变暖背景下,为深入认识环渤海地区区域响应特征,进而制定防灾减灾政策,提高旱涝灾害应变能力。[方法]利用环渤海地区60个气象台站1961—2012年的实测气温、降水资料,采用线性趋势法、Mann—Kendall检验以及空间插值法揭示环渤海地区气候的时空变化特征;应用Z指数旱涝等级标准和区域旱涝指标分析该区域旱涝灾害的时空响应特征。[结果](1)环渤海地区近52a气候总体呈现暖干化趋势,年平均气温显著上升,增温速率为0.25℃/10a,且于1988年前后发生增温突变;年平均气温南高北低,大部分地区呈增温趋势,且南北增温程度差异不大。(2)降水量呈减少趋势,下降速率为10.37mm/10a;降水自东南向西北递减,沿海多于内陆,差异逐渐减小;(3)1988年后,环渤海地区旱涝灾害频率明显增加,其中旱灾显著增加,涝灾略有减少;空间上旱灾比例高于涝灾,且呈现出明显的干旱趋势。[结论]环渤海地区气候对全球气候变化有所响应,尤其是旱涝灾害,表现出一定的区域特征。 相似文献
4.
根据天山北麓8个气象站1961—2010年气温和降水资料,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验、Hurst指数等方法,分析了天山北麓气温和降水的变化特征。结果表明:（1）50 a来,天山北麓年平均气温和年降水量均呈增加趋势,其变化率分别为0.26 ℃/10 a、15.67 mm/10 a;冬季增温最为明显,升温幅度达0.49℃/10 a左右,降水倾向率表现为夏季最大,为5.44 mm/10 a;（2）年平均气温和年降水量的突变年份分别在1996年和1983年;未来两者整体上呈增加趋势;（3）极端高（低）温指数在近50 a呈现增加（减少）趋势;极端降水指数中零降水日数和最长连续无降水日数呈不同程度的递减趋势,1日最大降水量和极端强降水日数以1.36 mm/10 a和1.81 d/10 a的速率递增,各极端气候指数空间差异明显;极端气温指数与年平均气温、极端降水指数与年降水量均有很好的相关性。 相似文献
5.
1955-2012年南北疆气温、降水及相对湿度趋势分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用新疆境内的12个国家标准气象站1955—2012年温度、降水和相对湿度数据,通过气候趋势分析、气候突变分析及Morlet小波分析等方法,研究近60a来南北疆气候变化特征。结果表明:1)近60a来南北疆的温度总体呈上升趋势,并以北疆增温幅度较南疆明显;不同温度指标的增幅大小排列为:年平均最低温度(Tmin)年平均温度(Tmean)年平均最高温度(Tmax);2)南北疆的年平均温度(Tmean)、年平均最高温度(Tmax)、年平均最低温度(Tmin)均有突变发生。其中,北疆的突变时间均在1987—1989年,南疆的突变时间均在1993—1994;3)南北疆年降水量的变化趋势不如气温变化明显,总体上呈增加趋势,北疆降水量变化相对稳定,而南疆呈增加趋势;南疆的年均降水量在1981年发生突变;而北疆的正反序列曲线均未超过95%置信度线,未出现突变点;4)北疆年均相对湿度总体上呈减少趋势,而南疆总体上呈增加趋势;南北疆相对湿度总体经历了"增加—减少—增加—减少"的变化。从全区来看,进入21世纪南北疆相对湿度均急剧减少;5)Morlet小波分析结果显示,南北疆的气温均存在4a和8a的明显周期,降水量、相对湿度均存在3a,6a和16a左右的周期变化规律。 相似文献
6.
7.
利用厦门市近50年的气象观测站的气温与降水资料,运用气候趋势系数和一元回归分析法分析了该区域的气候变化规律。结果表明:50年来厦门市气温整体上呈上升趋势,平均气温以0.51℃/10 a幅度升高,四季平均气温以冬季、秋季平均气温上升为主,且冬季增幅最大,达0.21℃/10 a。50年来,年降水量有明显的增加,平均年降水量倾向率为68.73 mm/10 a,四季降水量均呈上升趋势,其中秋季降水量上升趋势最为明显,气温突变出现在1981年及1998年,而降水突变不明显。 相似文献
8.
共和盆地近50年水资源的气候变化特征 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
利用青海省共和盆地2个站点1961-2007年的平均气温及降水量资料,分析了共和盆地水资源的气候变化特征。结果表明:年平均气温整体呈上升趋势,平均以0.38℃/10 a速率上升,气温偏高主要是在冬季,夏季变化幅度不大,1987年气温发生了由低到高的突变。近47 a来共和盆地的年降水量呈微弱的增加趋势,变化倾向率为1.9 mm/10 a。对共和盆地而言,尽管降水和气温都呈增加趋势,但由于降水增长引起的地表水资源的增加不足以抵消气温升高带来的影响,因而将导致可利用降水资源的总体降低趋势。 相似文献
9.
陕西省近50年来降水量时空变化特征分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
研究使用陕西省以及临近陕西省近50 a来的39个站点年降水数据,运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法、累积距平法和GIS插值,分析了近50 a陕西省的降水变化趋势和降水时空分布及变化特征。结果表明:1）近50 a来陕西省降水量存在明显的波动变化,呈现“增加—减少—增多—减少—增多”的波段形态。从总体趋势看,降水序列是呈现减少趋势,减少的速率是14.59 mm/10 a。2）在近50 a,陕西省降水量在1967年和1985年出现两次突变,出现了两个峰值。3）陕西省降水量分布及变化和降水等值线分布存在明显的纬向区域差异,降水总体出现北少南多的规律;陕北比较稀疏,而陕南以及关中比较密集。4）受到季风和地形的共同影响,陕西省的降水也存在经向差异,陕北降水量呈东多西少,关中和陕南呈现西多东少的分布格局。 相似文献
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11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
18.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
19.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献