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《Scientia Horticulturae》2005,103(4):515-525
Prohexadione-calcium (ProCa) is a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor with limited persistence and low toxicity that has recently been registered as a shoot growth retardant for apples in North America (Apogee®) and Europe (Regalis®). We investigated the response of six different pear cultivars (‘Rosemarie’, ‘Forelle’, ‘Packham's Triumph’, ‘Flamingo’, ‘Early Bon Chretien’ and ‘Golden Russet Bosc’) to ProCa in the Western Cape, South Africa, over the period 1999–2003. ProCa treatments ranging from 50 to 250 mg l−1 were applied between one and three times per season and were compared with girdling and control treatments. ProCa application reduced shoot growth in all of the cultivars. ‘Forelle’, was least responsive and showed a reduction in 2002/2003 but not 2001/2002. ‘Rosemarie’, ‘Flamingo’, ‘Packham's Triumph’ and ‘Golden Russet Bosc’ were most responsive, with shoot growth being reduced by up to 50% of the control for the latter two cultivars. The response to number of applications and ProCa concentration was not consistent across cultivars. ‘Early Bon Chretien’, for example, only responded to high ProCa concentration, whereas ‘Rosemarie’ was very responsive at the lowest ProCa concentration. ProCa application improved fruit set but decreased final fruit size in some of the cultivars, particularly in ‘Rosemarie’. It also caused a decrease in return bloom in ‘Forelle’ and ‘Packham's Triumph’. The response of different cultivars to girdling, in terms of shoot growth and fruit set was highly variable. Girdling tended to increase final fruit size and return bloom. ProCa shows potential as a shoot growth retardant for the pear cultivars investigated, but the response of reduced fruit size in some cultivars requires mitigation. Future research on combined girdling and ProCa treatments may be instructive. 相似文献
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K. M. Jones B. Graham Sally A. Bound M. J. Oakford 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(1):139-147
Trials in southern Tasmania examined the thinning effects of ethephon on ‘Gala’ and ‘Jonagold’ apples. Untreated controls were compared with ethephon thinning sprays applied at full bloom at 50,100,200,400,800 and 1 600 mg I“1 to both cultivars. Thinning of both cultivars was related to the concentration of the spray and in most cases logistic models were fitted. Thinning effectiveness was largely reflected in increased fruit weight and size. The ‘Gala’ fruit was still not large enough for Australian markets. Ethephon at 200 mg I“1 effectively thinned ‘Jonagold’ and produced the required increases in fruit size and weight. ‘Jonagold’ was overthinned by the high concentrations of ethephon, but this was not reflected in increased fruit weight and size. Ethephon also reduced vegetative growth at the higher concentrations which was considered an advantage. More work is required to establish specific recommendations for either cultivar. 相似文献
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K. Hamada K. Hasegawa A. Kitajima T. Ogata 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(2):218-222
SummaryTo determine the anatomical basis for differences in fruit size in Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.), the number and sizes of parenchymal cells were measured in four astringent cultivars and in wild D. lotus over a single season in Japan. Fruit weight at harvest correlated with the final number of parenchymal cells (r = 0.95*) and their size (r = 0.92*). There was also a correlation between fruit diameter and the number of cell layers at full bloom (r = 0.93*), which increased 1.7 – 1.9-fold during fruit development.The duration of cell division and the sizes of the cells at full bloom were similar among the cultivars, whereas mean parenchymal cell lengths increased by 7.7-, 6.7-, 5.4-, 5.0- and 3.8-fold from full bloom to harvest in ‘Otanenashi’ (average fruit diameter = 96 mm), ‘Hiratanenashi’ (77 mm), ‘Saijo’ (54 mm), ‘Tsurunoko’ (44 mm), and D. lotus (20 mm), respectively. The final size of tannin cells was larger in ‘Otanenashi’ and ‘Hiratanenashi’ than in the other cultivars, including the wild species.These results indicate that the size of fruit at harvest was determined by the number of cells at full bloom, and their expansion during fruit development. 相似文献
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The aim of this work was to study the time course and pattern of fruit growth and the evolution of some of the chemical attributes such as soluble solids, acidity, and anthocyanin content in Ribes magellanicum plants growing in a natural environment near Ushuaia city, Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). Fruit growth and composition presented significant changes along the days from the full bloom phase. Fresh and dry fruit weight exhibited a typical double sigmoid curve. The first period of rapid fresh fruit growth was from full bloom phase until 28 days after, followed by a lag period until 42 days from the full bloom phase, and then by a second period of rapid increase until 56 days from the full bloom phase. Then, fresh fruit weight increased slowly (days 70–98 from the full bloom phase), reaching its maximum. Afterwards, fresh fruit weight decreased significantly until the end of the summer, and the fruiting period approximately ended 112 days from full bloom phase. On a dry weight basis the maximum fruit biomass was reached 98 days from the full bloom phase. Evolution of fruit growth was related with the compositional changes evaluated. By day 98 from the full bloom phase, soluble solids (17.5°Brix) and anthocyanin content (240.1 mg/100 g fruit fresh weight) were at their maximum, while at this time the total titratable acidity was at a minimum (0.4%). The results obtained not only contribute to the knowledge of the quantitative content of anthocyanin, a metabolite with nutraceutical value, but also give some tools for the definition of the optimal harvest time of R. magellanicum fruits, which it is important for fruit destination. 相似文献
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《Scientia Horticulturae》2004,102(4):387-396
Causes of poor crops in apricot were investigated by studying the reproductive process after pollination. The evolution of the ovules and the growth of the pollen tubes were determined. Also the fertilisation of the ovules and the fruit set obtained, when pollination was delayed, were examined in two groups of cultivars with different fruiting behaviour. ‘Beliana’ and ‘Palstein’, two cultivars that consistently set good yields, presented ovules that mature earlier and in larger number than those of ‘Guillermo’ and ‘Bergeron’, characterised for year-to-year low fruit production. Pollen tubes also grew faster in the first group of cultivars. Differences found between both groups of cultivars, seem to be related to the ability of the ovules to develop and mature after anthesis, and around 50% of them only had a mother cell without an embryo sac, suggesting that development of those ovules was stopped at an early stage. This fact critically influenced fertilisation and, therefore, fruit set. There seem to be a good correlation between percentages of mature ovules a few days after anthesis, the percentages of fertilised ovules and final percentages of fruit set. 相似文献
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百合‘白天使’与山丹远缘杂交胚胎发育的细胞学研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
采用石蜡切片法对以亚洲百合品种‘白天使’为母本,野生种山丹为父本杂交后不同发育时期的胚珠进行制片观察,发现白天使×山丹远缘杂交受精和胚胎发育过程比较复杂,共有4种情况,即:不能完成受精,胚囊成员细胞最后解体;卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚;完成双受精,产生了胚和胚乳。百合杂种胚发育经过合子、原胚、球形胚、偏梨形胚、棒状胚阶段。偏梨形胚之前,胚的发育所需要的营养主要是通过胚柄从珠心和珠被中吸收。当胚体内部开始分化,外形呈棒状,胚柄解体。此后胚发育所需的营养则主要由胚乳细胞提供。百合胚乳发育为核型。杂种胚败育的可能原因是胚没有得到胚乳的哺育,这样的胚最多发育到球形胚阶段;其次是胚乳发育缓慢或停止,最后导致胚的夭折。该杂交组合授粉后45d,是进行胚抢救的最佳时期。 相似文献
9.
Involvement of cell proliferation and cell enlargement in increasing the fruit size of Malus species
《Scientia Horticulturae》2005,105(4):447-456
Cell number and cell size in the fruit flesh of five Malus cultivars (two crabapples and three domesticated apples) were analyzed from soon after blossom until maturity. M. floribunda, whose fruit size is one of the smallest among Malus, exhibited absence of cell proliferation throughout fruit ontogeny. Furthermore, the rate of cell enlargement, which was almost uniform until the mature stage in other species, slowed down from about 45 days after full blossom (DAFB), resulting in a cell size approximately half that of the other cultivars. The fruit of M. coronaria, which is of medium size, possessed approximately half the cell number of M. domestica cv. ‘Fuji’, due to a slower proliferation rate. The cv. ‘Sekaiichi’ of M. domestica had the largest fruit among the cultivars investigated, and showed a faster increase in cell number. These results indicate that a combination of greater cell division capacity and an enhanced degree of cell enlargement are involved in the increase of Malus fruit size. 相似文献
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J. CuevaS L. Rallo Hava Rapoport 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(4):665-672
SUMMARYThe effects of temperature on the progamic phase, fertilization and initial fruit set in cross pollinated olives were studied to determine the reasons for poor fruit set when high temperatures occur during the bloom period. Fruit set in ‘Manzanillo’ olive was completely inhibited at 30°C constant temperature. This temperature significantly reduced pollen germination but did not prevent pollen tube growth. Ovule penetration by the pollen tube was observed in 47% of the flowers at 30°C; however, the lack of growth of both functional ovules and ovaries suggests problems in zygote formation or endosperm development. The most favourable temperature was 25°C, in which faster pollen tube growth, more and earlier fertilization, and more fruit set occurred. At 20°C pollen tube growth was slower, resulting in delayed and reduced fertilization. 相似文献
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荔枝液态胚乳对果实生长和脱落的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以种子正常型的‘白蜡’荔枝品种为试材, 通过针刺抽取液态胚乳的试验, 考察了液态胚乳对果实生长、脱落和大小的影响。研究结果表明, 针刺抽乳和不抽乳处理均显著促进落果和抑制果实的生长, 且处理时期越早, 对果实脱落和生长的影响越大, 如花后30 d处理后8 d的累积落果率达到93.3% ,花后36 d处理后15 d的累积落果率介于73.3% ～80%之间, 对照的累积落果率则均低于10%。针刺抽乳处理导致形成种子败育的小果实, 针刺不抽乳处理导致形成小核的小果实, 对照则产生正常大核种子的大果实, 说明早期种皮和液态胚乳的发育对荔枝果实坐果、种子和果实发育有重要影响。本研究结果直接证实荔枝果实组织间存在着种皮→果皮→假种皮的顺序性影响的“球皮对球胆效应”理论。 相似文献
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‘中石4号’和‘中石9号’是从文冠果实生群体中选育出的新品种。树势均较强,速生,丰产,抗逆性强,雌花比例均在60%以上,单瓣花,种子单粒质量大,均在1.5
g以上,种仁含油率均在65%以上。‘中石4号’当年生枝被毛,绿色,小叶片表面有蜡质、光泽感强,蒴果中等大小,球形,果壳中等厚度。‘中石9号’多年生枝无毛,绿带紫红,小叶无蜡质,蒴果大,棱柱形,果壳厚。在辽西地区,‘中石4号’5月上旬盛花,8月上旬果实成熟,‘中石9号’5月中旬盛花,8月中旬果实成熟。两品种果实发育期均为75 d左右,均可在中国东北、西北、华北地区广泛栽植。 相似文献
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红花草莓新品种‘粉佳人’和‘俏佳人’ 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
‘粉佳人’和‘俏佳人’是由草莓栽培品种‘鬼怒甘’与红花草莓品种‘粉红熊猫’杂交育成的观赏兼食用的草莓新品种。沈阳地区露地栽植时,5月初始花,单株花数30 ~ 40朵,单花花期5 ~ 7 d,群体花期可达1个月以上,6月初果实成熟。抗寒性强,抗叶斑病,适于露地栽培或盆栽观赏。‘粉佳人’花粉红色,直径2.7 ~ 3.5 cm,花瓣5 ~ 7枚。果实红色,圆锥形,酸甜,一级序果平均单果质量14.9 g,可溶性固形物含量8.4%。‘俏佳人’花深粉红色,直径3.5 ~ 3.7 cm,花瓣5 ~ 7枚。果实红色,圆锥形,甜,一级序果平均单果质量10.5 g,可溶性固形物含量9.6%。 相似文献
14.
C. A. Ledbetter C. B. Shonnard 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(3):269-274
Plant growth regulators were applied to the foliage and immature fruit clusters of the stenospermic grape selection ‘C35-33’ at various periods before bloom to stimulate viable seed development. In the 1987 season five different plant growth regulators were used, but in 1988 the growth retardants Cycocel and XE-1019 were used exclusively. Chemical treatments applied 35 days after bud break increased significantly germination percentage. Experimental results indicate that the use of certain plant growth regulators may aid in increasing the efficiency of seedless grape breeding by providing an alternative to in-ovulo embryo culture. 相似文献
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The levels of diffusable and extractable gibberellin-like substances (GAs) of apple fruits were investigated in the alternate-bearing ‘King of the Pippins’ and the regularly fruiting ‘Golden Delicious’, using the barley endosperm bioassay. During 1977 and 1978 there were marked differences between the two cultivars in both the chronological appearance and the absolute amounts of diffusable GAs. The application of fruit-thinning chemicals (carbaryl, ethephon, NAAm) to ‘King of the Pippins’ suppressed the early increase of GAs in diffusates, which normally occurs during the second week after full bloom. The following year, the thinned trees exhibited heavy flower- and fruit-set, while the untreated control trees showed a very poor bloom. The later appearance of the GA peak in diffusates from fruits of ‘Golden Delicious’ (5 weeks after full bloom), was not accompanied by a similar inhibitory effect on subsequent flowering.In contrast to their effect on the levels of diffusable GAs, the thinning-treatments caused no real change in the amount of extractable GAs, which was very similar in fruits from both cultivars. 相似文献
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单性结实与自花结实柑橘果实发育中钙钾动态的研究 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：12
对单性结实的‘国庆1 号’温州蜜柑和自花结实的‘华农本地早’橘从开花前子房发育至果实成熟采收期整个子房或幼果及果实的不同部位(果皮和果肉) 的钙与钾含量变化进行了测定。结果表明:1) ‘国庆1 号’花前及花期子房钙含量较高, 花后趋降; 而其钾含量在花前及花期相对较低, 花后上升;2) ‘华农本地早’花前子房钙含量相对较低, 花后有一上升过程; 而对应钾在花前及花期就已很高, 花后下降; 3) 两品种果肉的钙含量自花后65 d 后均呈下降趋势, 而‘国庆1 号’果皮的钙含量在花后80 d 有一显著上升, 对应的‘华农本地早’在花后125 d 才急剧增加, 之后直至果实成熟二者均维持在较高水平;4) 两品种果皮、果肉的钾含量在果实发育过程中均呈类似的下降趋势。 相似文献
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枣的胚败育及幼胚培养研究 总被引：22，自引：2，他引：22
对30 个枣优良品种坐果后30 d 的胚败育情况进行了调查, 结果表明, 败育率高于75 %的高度败育品种占53.4 % , 败育率介于25 %至75 %的中度败育品种占3.3 % , 败育率低于25 %的轻度败育品种占43.3 %。以优良品种‘冬枣’、‘金丝丰’等为试材, 对坐果后10～70 d 幼胚进行培养的结果表明, 枣离体胚接种后主要有3 种生长方式, 即形成愈伤组织、子叶间小叶增生和胚直接萌发成苗。本文还提出了提高枣胚培养及胚培养苗移栽成功的技术要点。 相似文献
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C. Bould 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(3):254-274
SummaryWe explored the effects of pollination method (hand cross-, hand self-, automatic self-, and open-pollination) and pollen source on fruit set and growth in four red-skinned pitaya (Hylocereus spp.) cultivars [‘Vietnam White’ (‘VNWhite’), ‘Chaozhou 5’, ‘Orejona’, and ‘F11’] in Taiwan.‘VN-White’ has white flesh, while the other three cultivars have red flesh. There were no significant differences in pollen viability or germination rate among the four cultivars, irrespective of whether the pollen was collected at night (approx. 20.30 h) or on the following morning (approx. 08.30 h).The results also indicated that ‘VN White’ was fully self-compatible and exhibited a high fruit set percentage (80 - 96%) following all pollination treatments. This cultivar produced the largest fruit from both hand self- and openpollination, compared to the three other cultivars tested. ‘Chaozhou 5’ was partly self-compatible, and ‘Orejona’ and ‘F11’ were completely self-incompatible. Hand cross-pollination significantly increased the fruit set percentages and mean fruit fresh weights (FWs) in ‘Chaozhou 5’ and ‘Orejona’. Pollen source also significantly affected the fruit set percentage and fruit FW. ‘VN-White’ (after self-pollination) and ‘Chaozou 5’ (after crossing with ‘VN-White’) gave superior fruit set percentages and fruit FWs. Reciprocal crosses between ‘Orejona’ and ‘F11’ also resulted in high fruit set percentages as well as large fruit in both cultivars. Therefore, the source of pollen and the method of pollination can affect fruit production in some cultivars of pitaya. Self-compatibility in ‘VN-White’ concurs with the morphology of its flowers in which the anthers lie in close proximity to the stigma.The distance between the anthers and the stigma may be used an indicator of whether hand pollination is necessary for a pitaya cultivar. 相似文献
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In Germany the sweet and sour cherry breeding is concentrated at the Julius Kühn-Institut in Dresden-Pillnitz. The main breeding goals are directed on sweet cherries for fresh market and sour cherries for processing. The selection of new cultivars is focused on fruit quality, high and stable fruit set and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. In result of the breeding activities in sweet cherry four new cultivars, ‘Narana’, ‘Areko’, ‘Swing’, ‘Habunt’, were selected. ‘Narana’ is an early ripening cultivar with good fruit characteristics. ‘Areko’ ripens in the middle of the cherry season some days before cultivar ‘Kordia’ and has large, firm fruits. The both cultivars ‘Swing’ and ‘Habunt’ are self-compatible and more recommended for the use in house gardening. In sour cherry breeding four new cultivars, ‘Coralin’, ‘Spinell’, ‘Jachim’, ‘Boas’, were selected. The cultivar ‘Coralin’ shows good characteristics for processing and mechanical harvest and is tolerant to fungus diseases on leaves. With the large and tasty fruits, the cultivar ‘Spinell’ is mainly suitable for fresh consumption. The both other cultivars ‘Jachim’ and ‘Boas’ have a pillar growth habit. 相似文献