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1.
Ying-Hong He Sayaka Isono Yoko Kawaguchi-Ito Akito Taneda Ken-ichi Kondo Akihiko Iijima Kazuaki Tanaka Teruo Sano 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2010,76(5):324-330
A 303-nucleotide viroid was isolated from an apple tree (Malus × domestica, ‘Fuji’) cultivated in Japan. The viroid had 84.9% overall nucleotide sequence homology to Apple dimple fruit viroid (ADFVd), a member of Pospiviroidae, reported from Italy. This viroid differed from the Italian variant by 47 mutations (38 substitutions, six deletions and three insertions), and most of these mutations occurred on either side of the central conserved region. The leaves and branches of the infected trees did not have any disease symptoms, but the fruits were dimpled and yellow. The infected scions were top-grafted onto a healthy ‘Fuji’ apple tree, which tested positive for this viroid in a northern hybridization analysis, and yellow dimple fruits were produced in the second growing season. We propose that this viroid is a new variant of ADFVd and causes yellow dimple fruit formation in ‘Fuji’ apple trees. 相似文献
2.
以克隆ASSVd的部分序列,通过RT-PCR成功合成了地高辛标记的cDNA探针,提取苹果和梨树枝条的总RNA,用斑点杂交技术对其进行了检测试验,结果表明,探针具有很高的灵敏度和特异性。地高辛标记的cDNA探针不与阴性对照枝条RNA以及感染PBCVd、AFCVd、ADFVd枝条总RNA发生杂交,仅与感染ASSVd样品的总RNA杂交。 相似文献
3.
近几年,河北省苹果产区苹果果实黑点病大面积发生。该病害在河北省的流行规律以及时空分布尚不清楚,给病害防控带来挑战。2018年对河北省不同市区的4个果园分别进行黑点病调查,并对其在苹果树上的空间分布以及发生时间进行动态监测,开展田间药剂防效试验。结果表明:苹果果实黑点病在7月中下旬开始出现明显症状,果树中层内膛病果率较高,上层外膛病果率较低;套袋苹果的萼洼处发病率较高,以黑点型症状为主;不套袋苹果的果面发病率较高,以晕斑型症状为主;‘斗南'、‘富士'品种的发病率较高,‘中秋王'、‘乔纳金'品种的发病率较低。田间药剂防效试验表明,50%异菌脲1 500倍液防效最好,防治效果均达54%以上。其次为10%多抗霉素1 000倍液,而80%代森锰锌600倍液、10%吡唑醚菌酯1 500倍液防效较低。研究结果可为河北省苹果果实黑点病的综合防控提供理论支持。 相似文献
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侵染小苹果的苹果锈果类病毒的检测和全序列分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
小苹果是抗寒海棠类与大苹果的杂交后代,因耐寒能力强,口感好,被广泛用于嫁接与育种材料,是我国寒凉苹果产区宝贵的种质资源。苹果锈果类病毒(Apple scar skin viroid,ASSVd)侵染苹果后引起果实表面产生锈状斑、花脸、畸形等症状,严重降低果实品质和市场价值。2013年在调查苹果病毒病时发现北京市延庆县种植的小苹果表现出典型畸形症状,应用RT-PCR方法对其进行检测后经测序和序列分析表明,小苹果被苹果锈果类病毒侵染。克隆此分离物(ASSVd-YQ)全基因组序列,分析后得到其基因组全长为329个核苷酸,系统发育分析表明该分离物与来自不同国家和地区的ASSVd分离物间的进化关系极近。二级结构预测表明,该分离物的中央保守区与末端保守区与ASSVd参考序列相同。这是对侵染小苹果的ASSVd的首次检测和鉴定。 相似文献
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A new viroid was detected in hops cultivated in Akita Prefecture, Japan where it is prevalent in many hops fields. In a survey of hop samples collected during the 1986–2002 growing seasons, the new viroid was present in the major Japanese hop-cultivating areas as early as the 1980s. A single-stranded circular RNA of 368–372 nucleotides that assume a highly basepaired, stable, rod-like secondary structure, shares 93%–98% sequence homology with Apple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd) isolated from apple and 85%–87% with Australian grapevine viroid (AGVd) isolated from grapevine. Taking into account the present concept of viroid species, we conclude that the viroid is AFCVd. Circumstantial evidence suggests that AFCVd from apples and hops were endemic in Japan only where cultivation of the two host plants overlapped, thereby strongly supporting the possibility that AFCVd (or an ancestral viroid) was transmitted across the species barrier from apples to hops or hops to apples somewhere in the region. Phylogenetic analysis of AFCVd from hops, AFCVd from apples, and AGVd together with the other members of the genus Apscaviroid revealed that the Akita isolates of AFCVd from hops (AFCVd-hop) formed a cluster that is distinct from AFCVd-apple and AGVd. Accumulation of host-specific sequence variation following their isolation in different host species may be leading to the formation of two viroid species from a common ancestor. 相似文献
7.
我国北方部分苹果主产区病毒病的发生与检测 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
苹果病毒病在我国广泛发生,已成为限制我国苹果优质高产的关键因素。20世纪80年代曾对其做过详细的调查和研究,但近年来由于各地农业产业结构调整等因素,苹果病毒病的发生特点有了不同程度的变化。为了解目前我国苹果病毒病的发生情况,在我国北方苹果主产区山东、陕西、山西、辽宁、北京和黑龙江6个省市的部分地区采集苹果样品共计267份,经RT-PCR检测和扩增产物的克隆与测序分析表明在上述地区采集的样品中,苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(ACLSV)、苹果茎沟病毒(ASGV)、苹果茎痘病毒(ASPV)、苹果锈果类病毒(ASSVd)的发生率分别为66.7%~100.0%、38.1%~94.1%、4.8%~85.7%和4.8%~48.6%;苹果凹果类病毒(ADFVd)仅在山东的两个果园零星发生;6个省市样品中病毒复合侵染率分别为67.1%、92.1%、75.0%、88.2%、94.1%和76.2%。 相似文献
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北京平谷区苹果锈果类病毒检测初报 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采集北京市平谷区‘中秋王’、‘寒富’苹果叶片样品共12份,以Northern杂交、RT-PCR方法检测苹果锈果类病毒(Apple scar skin viroid,ASSVd)带毒情况。结果表明,表现明显锈果症状的‘中秋王’样品均检出ASSVd,无明显症状的‘中秋王’样品没有检出ASSVd,而无明显症状的‘寒富’样品全部携带ASSVd。测序发现,所得序列与NCBI中已报道的ASSVd基因组序列相似性为91%~99%,且两品种中ASSVd主流序列完全相同。结果说明‘中秋王’对ASSVd较为敏感,感病后易于表现出明显的锈果症状;‘寒富’对ASSVd耐性较强,感病后不表现出明显症状。 相似文献
9.
Koji Azegami Takanori Tsukamoto Takayuki Matsuura Yasuhiro Inoue Hiroshi Uematsu Tatsuji Ohara Akifumi Mizuno Kouji Yoshida Hideo Bessho Shigeyoshi Sato Shigeru Kimura Masao Goto 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2006,72(1):43-45
Invasion of apple fruit by Erwinia amylovora from fruit-bearing twigs through the abscission layer at fruit maturation was examined. Erwinia amylovora (ca. 105 cfu) tagged with bioluminescence genes from Vibrio fischeri was deposited in artificial wounds on fruit-bearing twigs of apple trees grown in a containment greenhouse on September 22,
27, or October 5, 2004. On October 22, 176 apples were harvested and cut horizontally in half. The upper halves were stamped
on plates of selective medium, and the lower halves were flooded with iodine solution to assess maturity. All fruit were symptomless
and fully mature. The pathogen was recovered from 19 (10.8%) apples. The result showed that if at least ca. 105 cfu of E. amylovora are present in fruit-bearing twigs at the time of fruit maturation, the bacteria can pass through the abscission layer into
the fruit, even though the mature fruit lack symptoms. 相似文献
10.
Vernière C Perrier X Dubois C Dubois A Botella L Chabrier C Bové JM Vila ND 《Phytopathology》2006,96(4):356-368
ABSTRACT Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd), a noncachexia variant of Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), Citrus viroid III (CVd-III), and Citrus viroid IV (CVd-IV) were co-inoculated as two-, three-, four-, and five-viroid mixtures to Clementine trees grafted on trifoliate orange to evaluate their effect on symptom expression, tree growth, and fruit yield. Most trees infected with CEVd-containing viroid mixtures developed exocortis scaling symptoms, as did CEVd alone, whereas most trees infected with HSVd- or CVd-IV-containing mixtures developed bark-cracking symptoms. Trees infected with mixtures containing both CEVd and CVd-IV revealed the existence of antagonism between these two viroids in terms of the expected bark-scaling and cracking symptoms. Synergistic interactions also were identified in trees infected with certain viroid combinations that, in spite of lacking CEVd, expressed exocortis-like scaling symptoms. Viroid interactions also affected the expected response of trees in terms of vegetative growth and fruit yield. Trees infected with viroid combinations containing CEVd or CVd-III were smaller and produced less fruit than trees infected with mixtures not containing these viroids. Viroid interactions on scion circumference and cumulative fruit yield, in terms of additivity of their effects, were statistically confirmed using a factorial analysis of variance model with two mean estimation approaches. In single-viroid infections, CEVd, CVd-III, and, to a lesser extent, CBLVd consistently and significantly reduced tree size and fruit yield. Conversely, HSVd and CVd-IV slightly increased fruit yield and reduced scion circumference. Rare and not consistent significant interactions were detected with the five-, four-, and three-viroid combinations. Antagonistic interactions between CEVd and CVd-III or CBLVd and CVd-III were revealed over the years with consistent significance. The antagonistic interaction between CEVd and CVd-IV was highly significant over the years when additional viroids were present; however, this antagonism appeared much later in the case of an exclusive interaction. HSVd and CVd-IV showed a consistent and significant synergistic interaction on yield only when both viroids were exclusively present. These results demonstrate antagonistic or synergistic relationships between citrus viroids depending on the viroid mixtures present in the host. 相似文献
11.
Yashika Walia Yogesh Kumar Tanuja Rana Pooja Bhardwaj Raja Ram Pritam Das Thakur Usha Sharma Vipin Hallan A. A. Zaidi 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2009,75(4):307-311
Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd) infection is a major limitation to apple fruit quality and causes huge economic losses. In surveys of apple orchards
in the northern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh, fruits with dappling symptoms were noticed. ASSVd was detected from these
fruits and molecularly characterized. Ten clones from three isolates were sequenced, of which seven were new sequence variants
of ASSVd. The clones had significant sequence variability (94–100%) with each other. Variability was more common in the pathogenic
domain of the viroid genome. Four of the clones were 330 nucleotides (nt) long, and the other six had an additional nucleotide.
Phylogenetic analysis showed close affinity of the present isolates with some Chinese and Korean isolates. The study reports
seven new variants of ASSVd and also provides the first molecular evidence of viroid infection (ASSVd) in apple in India. 相似文献
12.
河北省苹果果实黑点病的症状与病原研究初报 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为明确河北省苹果果实黑点病的症状类型及其对应的病原菌,本研究对河北省6个市的果园进行了病害调查和样品采集,并对引起不同症状类型的病果进行了病原菌的分离和鉴定。结果表明,河北省的套袋苹果黑点病可以分为四大类型,分别是萼洼黑点型、果面黑点型、果面晕斑型和梗洼褐斑型。除了果面晕斑型为单一病原侵染之外,其他类型的病斑均分离获得3种或3种以上的病原菌。通过形态学分析以及系统发育分析发现,分离的菌株主要为5个不同属的真菌,分别是粉红聚端孢(Trichothecium roseum)、细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima)、产菌核枝顶孢(Acremonium sclerotigenum)、尾孢菌(Cercospora sp.)和镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)。致病性检测表明,粉红聚端孢和细极链格孢的致病力较强,为引起该病害的主要致病菌。而产菌核枝顶孢在河北省造成的症状比之前的报道更加多样化。本研究明确了河北省苹果果实黑点病的主要症状类型及其对应的病原菌,为该病害的流行规律以及综合防控研究奠定了基础。 相似文献
13.
James D Hansen Charles R Sell Harold R Moffit James G Leesch Preston L Hartsell 《Pest management science》2000,56(6):555-559
Methyl bromide fumigations are used to treat apples, Malus domestica Borkh, and sweet cherries, Prunus avium (L), before export to Japan. In order to expand existing markets, additional cultivars are being prepared for export to Japan. As part of the approval process, residue analyses must be conducted and residues must be at acceptable levels. Five apple cultivars (‘Braeburn,’ ‘Fuji,’ ‘Gala,’ ‘Jonagold,’ and ‘Granny Smith’) were fumigated at 40 g m−3 for 2 h at 10 °C, and six sweet cherry cultivars (‘Brooks,’ ‘Garnet,’ ‘Lapin,’ ‘Rainier,’ ‘Sweetheart,’ and ‘Tulare’) were fumigated for 2 h with 64 g m−3 at 6 °C, 48 g m−3 at 12 °C, 40 g m−3 at 17 °C, and 32 g m−3 at 22 °C. Three replicates of fruit from each fumigation were analyzed for methyl bromide and bromide ion residues periodically with time. Methyl bromide residues for both apples and cherries were the highest immediately after fumigation, but rapidly declined so that only ‘Braeburn’ had residues >8 µg kg−1 after 13 days and, except for ‘Lapin,’ all cherries were <1 µg kg−1 after seven days. Average bromide ion residues were between 3.3 and 4.9 mg kg−1 among apple cultivars, and between 3.7 and 8.0 µg kg−1 among cherry cultivars. Published in 2000 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 相似文献
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苹果锈果病(ASSD)类病毒的侵染性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
用机械接种的方法研究了苹果锈果病类病毒(ASSV)的侵染性.在嫁接时将接种原滴于砧木和接穗的切面上,用针刺切面,然后观察症状表现,所有接穗都取自同一株健康“国光”.用半提纯的ASSD—RNA—1和ASSD—RNA—2接种的,成活的3株中有2株发病;用提纯的ASSD—RNA—1和ASSD—RNA—2接种的,成活的3株中有1株发病;用病组织的澄清汁液接种的,成活的4株中有1株发病;用缓冲液模拟接种的健康对照成活的5株均未发病.发病苗木的症状为叶片卷曲,随后叶片从叶柄处断裂.从发病的,不发病的及健康对照的苗木茎部提取核酸,用双向及两次聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析,表现症状的4株均测出了ASSD—RNA—1,未发病的及用缓冲液模拟接种的健康对照均未检测出类病毒核酸带.结果表明ASSD—RNA—1可通过机械传播,为苹果锈果病的类病毒病原提供了又一次证据,也表明ASSD—RNA—1代表了能独立复制的苹果锈病类病毒. 相似文献
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After topical application of dinobuton or dinoseb to apple fruits approximately 75% and 72% respectively of the applied material was lost after 28 days. From apples treated with dinobuton the unchanged compound was the major component present up until 8 days but at later times the amounts of polar transformation products and water-soluble compounds predominated. Only small amounts of dinoseb were found at all times. A similar pattern of results was obtained from apples treated with dinoseb. The maximum amounts of material absorbed through the fruit skin were 3% from dinobuton-treated apples and 7% from dinoseb-treated applies. 相似文献
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Large‐scale virulence tests using trees or saplings are expensive, time‐consuming and require a considerable amount of space. The suitability of using ‘Golden Delicious’ apples as a rapid screen for identifying Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi transformants with reduced virulence was thus evaluated. When a collection of O. novo‐ulmi field isolates belonging to subspecies novo‐ulmi or americana was inoculated to apples, members of subsp. novo‐ulmi induced, on average, larger necrotic lesions than subsp. americana isolates. The size of the lesions on apples was not correlated with mycelial growth rate of isolates on nutrient agar. Insertional mutants from O. novo‐ulmi subsp. novo‐ulmi isolate H327 were inoculated to ‘Golden Delicious’ apples and Ulmus parvifolia × U. americana saplings in parallel experiments. Results clearly indicated that the O. novo‐ulmi transformants included several exhibiting significantly altered levels of virulence. Variability among replicates within a treatment was reduced in apple inoculation data compared to elm sapling data. Overall, the ‘Golden Delicious’ apple assay was found to be an excellent means for rapidly assessing the virulence level of O. novo‐ulmi isolates. 相似文献
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Control of Postharvest Decay of Apple Fruit with Candida saitoana and Induction of Defense Responses 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
ABSTRACT The ability of Candida saitoana to induce systemic resistance in apple fruit against Botrytis cinerea was investigated. To separate the antagonistic activity of C. saitoana from its ability to induce resistance, the antagonist and the pathogen were applied in spatially separated wounds. In fresh apples, C. saitoana applied 0 or 24 h before inoculation with B. cinerea showed no effect on lesion development caused by B. cinerea. When applied 48 to 72 h preinoculation with B. cinerea, however, C. saitoana reduced lesion diameter by more than 50 and 70%, respectively, compared with wounding. C. saitoana had no effect on lesion development on stored apples, regardless of the lag period between yeast treatment and inoculation with B. cinerea. In addition to inducing systemic resistance, C. saitoana increased chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase activities with a higher accumulation in fresh than in stored apples. In fresh apples, the onset of systemic resistance to B. cinerea coincided with the increase in chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase activity in systemically protected tissue. These studies show that C. saitoana is capable of inducing systemic resistance in apple fruit and indirectly suggest that antifungal hydrolases are involved in the observed systemic protection. 相似文献
20.
Prestorage heat treatment reduces pathogenicity of Penicillium expansum in apple fruit 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Penicillium expansum is one of the main postharvest pathogens of apples in Israel. Heating apple fruit inoculated with P. expansum for 96 h at 38°C completely inhibited decay development. Fruit held for 24 h at 42°C or 12 h at 46°C had significantly reduced decay after an additional 14 days incubation at 20°C, compared with unheated inoculated control fruit. Mycelial growth and percentage spore germination in vitro were inversely proportional to length of time of exposure to various temperatures. The ET50 for spore germination was 42, 34 and 20 h at 38, 42 and 46°C, respectively, while the ET50 for mycelial growth was 48, 44 and 36 h at those temperatures. When Penicillium spores were incubated on crude extract prepared from the peel of apple fruits held 4 days at 38°C, germ tube elongation was significantly reduced, while the walls of the tubes were thicker, compared with germ tubes from spores incubated on crude extract prepared from peel of non-heated fruit. The evidence presented here supports the hypothesis that the effect of heating on the decay of apples caused by P. expansum is not only the result of direct inhibition of fungal germination and growth by high temperature, but is also partly due to the formation of an inhibitory substance in the heated peel. 相似文献