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高产奶牛妊娠或分娩后,泌乳启动产奶量增加使机体营养物质需求量增加,同时饲料营养水平供应不足,使机体发生负能量平衡(NEB),逐渐由能量代谢紊乱发展为酮病、糖尿病和脂肪肝等代谢疾病。患病机体平衡能量,增加脂肪、蛋白质和肌肉的代谢,增大机体的负担,损伤代谢器官,干扰内分泌网络,导致奶牛体重降低,产奶量下降,炎症反应增加,免疫能力下降,奶牛不孕,繁殖率降低,严重时还会引发其他疾病。群发性代谢疾病影响奶牛产量,造成奶牛养殖的巨大损失。因此研究奶牛代谢紊乱的发病原因,缓解代谢疾病早期症状,并找到更好的预防和治疗方案是当下研究重点。近年来褪黑素在生产上的应用越来越广泛,随着对褪黑素参与代谢调节,改善代谢紊乱作用机制的研究,褪黑素或许可以作为预防和治疗奶牛代谢紊乱的新途径。本文综述了代谢紊乱引起奶牛酮病和脂肪肝的发病原因,代谢疾病对奶牛生殖功能造成损伤以及褪黑素改善代谢紊乱的作用机理,并对褪黑素在缓解奶牛生产难题的优势作用进行展望。 相似文献
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马莉花马贵马学虎马燕芬 《饲料研究》2023,(9):163-167
围产期奶牛经历妊娠、分娩、泌乳以及高精料饲喂等一系列代谢应激及外部环境的变化,极易诱发奶牛机体产生氧化应激,进而导致抗氧化功能下降及免疫功能失调,诱发奶牛产生代谢病和炎性疾病。因此,缓解奶牛机体的氧化应激是实现奶牛高生产力的有效方式。茶多酚作为一种绿色无公害的天然抗氧化剂,将其合理地添加到奶牛的日粮中,能够提高奶牛机体的抗氧化性,有效缓解因氧化应激出现的炎性反应、免疫功能失调等问题。文章围绕由氧化应激引起的围产期奶牛代谢病和炎性疾病的发病机制以及茶多酚的调控作用进行综述,旨在为后续在奶牛生产中应用茶多酚提供思路。 相似文献
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毛康瞿明仁臧一天李艳娇 《动物营养学报》2023,(1):110-119
丙酮酸肌酸（CrPyr）是丙酮酸和肌酸的复合物，既有促进机体生长发育、调节蛋白质和脂质代谢的作用，又弥补了丙酮酸易氧化、肌酸难溶于水的特性。本文介绍了丙酮酸、肌酸和CrPyr的生物学功能，以及在畜禽上的应用研究，以期为CrPyr在畜禽生产上的应用提供参考。 相似文献
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围产期奶牛由于干物质摄入不足与能量输出增加,产生能量负平衡,导致机体代谢紊乱,引发营养代谢性疾病,阻碍奶牛养殖业的健康发展。胰岛素对肝脏、骨骼肌、脂肪等组织的稳定代谢具有重要调控作用,体内胰岛素通路功能的正常可保证围产期奶牛处于健康状态,降低营养代谢性疾病发生率。通过提高围产期奶牛能量代谢,改善氧化应激及胰岛素相关关键通路和激酶等方式可有效提高胰岛素敏感性,维持葡萄糖和脂质代谢稳态,提高健康状况和生产性能。本文阐述了胰岛素通路调控各组织代谢的作用机制、胰岛素抵抗的发生及对围产期奶牛糖代谢、脂代谢、健康状况和生产性能的影响,并揭示相应的调控措施,为预防围产期奶牛营养代谢性疾病提供理论参考依据。 相似文献
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试验旨在探究不同精粗比日粮下奶牛血液代谢物及其代谢通路的变化规律。将24头2胎次、健康且产后3周左右的中国荷斯坦奶牛分为2组，每组12头，分别饲喂低精粗比日粮（精粗比为40:60）和高精粗比日粮（精粗比为60:40），于第45天晨饲前尾部采血取样，进行非靶向代谢组学分析。结果表明：40:60组与60:40组共49种差异代谢物，上调代谢物18种，下调代谢物31种，主要富集的代谢通路有丙酮酸代谢、糖降解与糖异生、核黄素代谢、烟酸和烟酰胺代谢、硫胺素代谢等。由此可见，不同精粗比日粮会对奶牛的核苷酸代谢和碳水化合物代谢产生影响，进而影响奶牛机体能量代谢。 相似文献
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在奶牛生产中,常使用一些能够调节机体能量系统代谢的药物或能量补充剂,这类物质在维持奶牛产奶性能,维护身体健康,治疗相关能量系统代谢疾病及辅助其他疾病治疗时有积极的作用。 相似文献
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为了研究奶牛产后亚临床酮病(SCK)导致的脂质代谢紊乱对卵泡发育的影响，本试验应用代谢组学技术探究奶牛产后肝脏脂代谢紊乱影响卵泡发育的机制。根据奶牛血清中葡萄糖、β-羟丁酸含量，将产后14～21 d奶牛分为SCK组和健康对照组，跟踪至产后45～60 d。SCK组中无发情表现的奶牛被选为N组(无优势卵泡，n=6);健康对照组中有发情表现的奶牛被选为C组(有优势卵泡，n=6),在产后45～60 d采集N组和C组奶牛肝脏组织样本，应用非靶向代谢组学技术分析奶牛肝脏代谢质谱，应用靶向代谢组学定量分析奶牛肝脏中38种中长链脂肪酸含量。非靶向代谢组学结果显示，在N组和C组奶牛的肝脏中鉴定出35种差异代谢物，差异代谢物富集通路包括氨基酸生物合成、cAMP信号通路、丙酮酸代谢、组氨酸代谢等。靶向代谢组学结果显示，与C组相比，N组奶牛肝脏中有30种脂肪酸含量升高。因此，本试验确定了SCK奶牛肝脏脂质代谢变化影响产后卵泡发育，肝脏差异代谢物主要通过胆碱能突触、组氨酸代谢、氨基酸生物合成、丙酮酸代谢等途径影响产后奶牛卵泡发育。 相似文献
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代谢产物是基因转录翻译为蛋白质后生命活动的最终执行者,因此,机体代谢产物的变化可以直接反映出生物体内各种生命活动的变化。运用代谢组学技术可以清晰并直观地对机体代谢物的变化进行检测。奶牛生产性疾病一直是畜牧兽医行业关注的重点疾病之一。奶牛出现生产性疾病会直接或间接导致奶牛生产性能下降,对养殖业造成危害。代谢组学技术的应用可以更加全面地了解疾病的发生发展过程,准确检测出参与疾病发生的物质和代谢通路,使兽医更加有针对性地开展疾病防控和治疗。综述了代谢组学技术在奶牛生产性疾病研究中的应用,以期为今后奶牛生产性疾病的防控和治疗提供思路。 相似文献
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奶牛由于高强度代谢很容易受到氧化应激,氧化应激对奶牛的健康和产能具有负面影响,生产中有必要通过添加抗氧化剂来提高机体的抗氧化能力和减少氧化应激对奶牛的损害。本文主要阐述奶牛的氧化应激与危害,以及近年来奶牛的抗氧化研究进展 相似文献
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Washizu T. Kuramoto E. Abe M. Sako T. Arai T. 《Veterinary research communications》1998,22(3):187-192
The activities of Na>+,K>+-ATPase in plasma membrane, of cytosolic enzymes and of glutamate dehydrogenase (GlGD) in mitochondria were measured in leukocytes (WBC) from dogs and cats to clarify the differences in energy metabolism in these cells. Feline WBC had significantly higher activities of hexokinase (HK), pyruvate kinase (PK) and LDH with pyruvate as substrate than did canine WBC. Canine WBC had significantly higher activities of glucokinase (GK) and GlDH than did feline WBC. Feline WBC had unique characteristics of energy metabolism in that the activities of the cytosolic enzymes under anaerobic conditions were significantly higher than those in canine WBC. It therefore appears that there are distinct differences in glucose metabolism in WBC between dogs and cats. WBC enzyme activities are considered to reflect the metabolic state in the whole body of the animal. It is therefore suggested that changes in the activities of certain glycolytic enzymes in WBC may be useful as a diagnostic indicator in some types of metabolic disease in dogs and cats. 相似文献
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M G Anderson 《Equine veterinary journal》1975,7(1):27-33
The effects of exercise of different intensities on blood concentrations of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids and glycerol were studied in a group of clinically normal horses. Blood lactate, pyruvate and lactate/pyruvate ratio increased during exercise, particularly during galloping. These changes occurred within the first 12-15 seconds of exercise indicating that anaerobic metabolic pathways are brought into use very quickly in the strenuously exercising horse. Since blood glycerol levels were significantly increased during exercise body lipids were also mobilised. At the same time, free fatty acid levels increased during cantering but decreased during galloping indicating increased fat oxidation during strenuous exercise. It was concluded that both lipids and carbohydrates are as important energy sources in the exercising horse as in other species. 相似文献
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Gary M Landsberg Julie Shaw Jean Donaldson 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2008,38(5):951-969
The veterinary clinic plays a critical role in the prevention and treatment of behavior problems. If behavior problems do begin to emerge, the veterinary clinic can help determine who can advise and guide the owners most practically to improve or resolve the problem. This help might involve the veterinarian, a behavioral technician, a trained staff member, an appropriate trainer, or some combination of these persons. This article reviews how these professional roles might be integrated, depending on the complexity of the problem. 相似文献
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Numerous workers have shown that motility of cold stored spermatozoa from some stallions can be improved by removing most of the seminal plasma by centrifugation and resuspending the spermatozoa in an extender consisting of skim milk glucose extender (SKMG) supplemented with a salt media such as Tyrode's or phosphate-buffered saline. The salt media must contain pyruvate and lactate. In an effort to test the hypothesis that pyruvate may be acting as an antioxidant, a series of experiments were conducted using a H2O2 challenge to artificially produce damage due to lipid peroxidation. Results of these experiments indicated that addition of lactate or pyruvate and lactate to SKMG-Tyrode's media was not able to prevent the detrimental affects of H2O2. The addition of lactate to the SKMG-Tyrode's media resulted in an improvement of post-storage motility; however, increasing the concentration of pyruvate did not further improve motility. Therefore, because lactate dehydrogenase has been shown to be correlated with motility, and lactate has been shown to be preferred as an energy source by spermatozoa from other species, the beneficial effects of lactate and pyruvate as components of a modified SKMG extender are probable as energy sources. 相似文献
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试验旨在研究中药复方健宫散治疗奶牛子宫炎对部分血液及代谢指标的影响,探讨中药复方对产后子宫炎作用机理,为早期预防奶牛子宫炎提供理论依据。选取年龄、体重和胎次相近的18头奶牛按临床症状、阴道分泌物的性状、B超检查分为3组,患病组(患子宫炎不治疗)、正常组(未患子宫炎)和治疗组(患子宫炎治疗),每组6头。治疗组灌服中药健宫散,患病组与正常组灌服生理盐水。灌药期为7 d。分别于用药前、用药中、用药后1、4、7、11、15、20 d采集血液,通过ELISA方法检测用药前后3组奶牛部分血液及代谢指标。结果表明,健宫散能显著提高血液中的红细胞数、血红蛋白含量、淋巴细胞数(P<0.05),显著降低血液中的白细胞数、粒细胞数、β-羟丁酸、尿素氮、天门冬氨酸转氨酶含量(P<0.05)。由此可见,中药健宫散能调节部分血液和代谢指标,提高机体抗炎、免疫能力,改善机体的代谢功能,更好地预防和治疗子宫炎。 相似文献
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本文论述了酶与预防和治疗家畜疾病的关系,以及常见的一些应用。酶作为生物催化剂,几乎参与动物机体内所有的代谢反应,酶的活性异常必然导致代谢异常。酶与动物疾病的发生发展、动物疾病的预防、疾病的分析及治疗有着密切的关系,应用越来越广。 相似文献
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牛异食癖是由于牛机体代谢紊乱引起采食异常而导致的一种复杂疾病,多发生在舍饲牛。矿物质和维生素缺乏、蛋白质或氨基酸缺乏、寄生虫病等疾病因素、长期舍饲、缺乏运动场等均可引起牛的异食癖,病牛主要表现为采食无营养价值和不应采食的物品,引起牛消化异常、生长停滞最终死亡。分析介绍了该病的主要发病原因、症状及防治措施。 相似文献