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1.
我国西南喀斯特山区土地石漠化成因及防治 总被引：43，自引：0，他引：43
土地石漠化是西南喀斯特山区一种突出的生态环境问题。阐述了西南喀斯特山区土地石漠化的现状分布:土地石漠化面积约10.51万km2,占喀斯特山区总面积的20%,并集中出现在贵州和广西;分析了土地石漠化的危害:导致可耕地面积减少、加剧人畜饮水困难、旱涝灾害频率和强度增加;着重以贵州为例,从岩性、地表结构、特殊的土体剖面、钙性环境、降水和超载的人口压力及落后的生产方式等八个方面详细探讨了喀斯特山区土地石漠化的成因机理,并指出喀斯特地区的自然因素为土地石漠化形成的内因,而不合理的人类活动是土地石漠化形成的诱因和主导因素。在此基础上结合西南喀斯特山区的实际情况,提出了开展西南喀斯特山区土地石漠化地质环境本底调查、制定土地石漠化综合治理规划、建立高标准的土地石漠化治理种苗基地、优化石漠化地区的土地利用结构和就业结构、加强土地石漠化治理关键技术的研究、加大土地石漠化治理试验示范力度等八条对策建议。 相似文献
2.
广西喀斯特山区土地石漠化：态势、成因与治理 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
该文利用 Landsat TM/ETM数字影像,监测了20世纪80年代中后期到90年代末期广西喀斯特山区土地石漠化的时空格局特征与规律,分析了形成土地石漠化的原因,并通过构建系列模型,量度了不同因子对土地石漠化发展的作用方向与作用强度,得出一些新的结论.认为石漠化地区的生态建设应与农村扶贫开发统筹考虑,立足于发挥地区比较优势、大力推进综合开发,培值乡村替代产业,实现生态环境建设与农村扶贫开发"双赢"目标.研究结论对广西乃至中国西南岩溶地区的扶贫开发、生态恢复与重建有重要参考价值. 相似文献
3.
喀斯特石漠化的驱动因子分析——以贵州省为例 总被引：46，自引：0，他引：46
采用地理信息系统 (GIS)与遥感 (RS)技术 ,对贵州省喀斯特石漠化状况进行全面调查 ,建立了全省 1∶ 10万喀斯特石漠化数据库。利用相关分析和主成分分析法 ,分析了导致石漠化的影响因子 ,确立指标体系 ,指出地表植被覆盖率、喀斯特面积、河网密度、未利用地、耕地面积、平均海拔高程、土地垦殖率、草地和≥ 2 5°坡地面积等 9个因子是喀斯特石漠化的重要驱动力。建立了喀斯特石漠化动力指数模型 ,计算出了各因子对石漠化的贡献值 ,指出石漠化产生的根本原因是不合理的人为活动。所建动力指数模型输出结果与遥感调查有高度的一致性 ,表明石漠化动力指数能较好地反映该地区石漠化过程 ,可为石漠化治理提供理论依据。 相似文献
4.
采用地理信息系统(GIS)与遥感(RS)技术,对贵州省喀斯特石漠化状况进行全面调查,建立了全省1∶10万喀斯特石漠化数据库。利用相关分析和主成分分析法,分析了导致石漠化的影响因子,确立指标体系,指出地表植被覆盖率、喀斯特面积、河网密度、未利用地、耕地面积、平均海拔高程、土地垦殖率、草地和≥25°坡地面积等9个因子是喀斯特石漠化的重要驱动力。建立了喀斯特石漠化动力指数模型,计算出了各因子对石漠化的贡献值,指出石漠化产生的根本原因是不合理的人为活动。所建动力指数模型输出结果与遥感调查有高度的一致性,表明石漠化动力指数能较好地反映该地区石漠化过程,可为石漠化治理提供理论依据。 相似文献
5.
西南喀斯特石漠化与水土流失研究进展 总被引：17，自引：5，他引：12
日趋严重的西南喀斯特石漠化问题,已严重威胁该地区的生态环境安全、人民生活和社会经济发展。系统综述了喀斯特石漠化的研究进展,主要针对石漠化概念、石漠化类型界定标准、成因等进行了论述。同时,针对喀斯特地区水土流失的研究动态进行了总结,阐述了石漠化与水土流失的相互关系,重点揭示了当前喀斯特地区地下水土流失研究存在的问题与不足。进而根据当前研究热点和不足进行了展望,提出下阶段的研究重点,即:根据当前工作重心重新制定石漠化类型界定标准,从研究方法和技术上革新,推进喀斯特地下水土流失机理及量化研究,重视喀斯特坡地地下水污染问题,研发科学、有效的地表—地下水土流失防治措施。 相似文献
6.
喀斯特生态系统退化诊断特征及风险评价研究——以毕节石漠化为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对喀斯特退化生态系统进行定量评价,是实现退化生态系统恢复的基础.以“自然—干扰响应”框架为基础,将喀斯特退化生态系统分为系统特征、干扰及状态特征、响应特征.在分析喀斯特退化生态系统诊断特征及喀斯特环境特性的基础上,建立了喀斯特生态系统石漠化评价指标体系.采用分级赋值、综合评价的方法,以毕节地区为例,对生态系统退化(石漠化)的风险程度进行了初步评价,结果显示毕节地区喀斯特生态系统退化风险评价综合得分2.40分,生态系统退化风险较大评定为3等,其中系统特征、干扰及状态、响应分别得分3.1,1.83,2.25分.外界干扰是系统退化的最主要因素,其次是地区社会经济发展落后,导致社会经济等响应力度小. 相似文献
7.
岩溶地区土地利用和土地覆被与石漠化的相关性——以后寨河地区为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据西南喀斯特地区的土地利用和土地覆被特点,探讨喀斯特土地石漠化的本质特征。以贵州省普定县后寨河地区为案例,根据研究区不同季节的影像特征,在概念上阐明土地覆被与土地利用和石漠化之间的关系,并提出在判断喀斯特石漠化时要考虑地表的土地利用和土地覆被特征;指出研究区的石漠化土地为全年植被盖度低于10%的植被贫瘠区灰色覆被,从生态演替的角度把单峰型季节性绿色覆被即草坡划归为潜在石漠化土地。基于土地利用/土地覆被的石漠化分类评价方法,能够使所划分的石漠化土地具有明确的含义,无疑会更为准确并具有更强的实用性,对石漠化土地的治理更具有针对性。 相似文献
8.
9.
为探究喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀、石漠化协同演变规律、驱动因子及主要驱动因子下二者交互关系。采用优化后的RUSLE模型估算贵州省喀斯特地区2005—2015年土壤侵蚀,并利用贵州省全国石漠化普查数据库计算同期石漠化状况,运用地理探测器探究驱动因子以及主要驱动因子下二者交互关系。结果表明：2005—2015年贵州省喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀与石漠化均以中度及以下为主,其中土壤侵蚀中度及以下占比58%以上,而中度及以下石漠化占比达80%以上;时间上二者存在发生时间的异同性,但研究期间,二者均不同程度地趋于好转;中度及以下石漠化中土壤侵蚀发生率较大,中度以上中占比极少,其中无石漠化中土壤侵蚀发生率达70%以上;土壤侵蚀驱动因子解释力大小依次为土地利用>坡度>年降雨量>海拔>岩石裸露率>植被盖度>岩性>土层厚度,石漠化驱动因子解释力大小依次为岩石裸露率>土层厚度>年降雨量>海拔>岩性>土地利用>植被盖度>坡度。因子组合(交互)对土壤流失及石漠化的解释力均较单因子有所增强,其中土壤侵蚀的主导因子为土地利用,石漠化的主导因子为岩石... 相似文献
10.
生物土壤结皮生态修复功能研究及对石漠化治理的启示 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
《水土保持研究》2020,(1)
西南喀斯特地区作为中国喀斯特的核心地带,因大面积出露的碳酸盐岩、地质地貌、气候等因素导致了水土流失严重、土壤贫瘠、植被覆盖率低、生物多样性减少、土地石漠化等突出问题生态严重退化,补植林草等常规治理手段难以实施,亟待切实可行的治理手段;针对以上问题,综述了西南喀斯特地区生态退化问题并阐述生物土壤结皮在荒漠环境中的生态修复功能与研究成果,认为生物土壤结皮作为荒漠生境中的演替先锋,在土壤系统、水文过程、生物系统等方面都具有积极的生态修复功能,拓殖生物土壤结皮可作为石漠化地区生态修复的新手段。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
16.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
17.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
19.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
20.
Yoav Bashan Bernardo Salazar Ma. Esther Puente Macario Bacilio Robert Linderman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):585-594
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse
trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus
were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB;
the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons
reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened
later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons
growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants,
no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi,
enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant.
In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after
30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination
only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity
to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as
compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it. 相似文献