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1.
考虑降水和地形的京津冀水库流域非点源污染负荷估算 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为了研究京津冀地区水库流域非点源污染现状,该文选取京津冀地区17座重要的水源地水库,运用修正的输出系数模型对水库流域非点源总氮(TN,total nitrogen)、总磷(TP,total phosphorus)输出负荷进行估算,结果表明:1)TN与TP负荷量空间分布具有一致性,TN负荷量较大的水库流域,TP负荷量也较大。TN与TP负荷量的平均比值为6.73。2)TN、TP负荷强度具有空间异质性。TN负荷强度为1.04~24.91 t/km~2·a,TP负荷强度为0.11~3.89 t/km~2·a。唐山、秦皇岛地区水库面临着更大的氮磷污染风险。3)不同污染源对TN负荷贡献率的顺序是土地利用农村生活牲畜养殖,对TP负荷贡献率的顺序是农村生活土地利用牲畜养殖。4)运用水库营养状态指数(EI,eutrophication index)对模拟结果进行验证。EI指数分别与TN、TP负荷强度呈显著相关关系(r=0.562,P0.05;r=0.558,P0.05),表明模拟出的TN、TP负荷与实际情况较符合,模型具有应用潜力。 相似文献
2.
为更精确地估算西南喀斯特山区的北盘江流域(晴隆段)农业非点源污染情况,引入降雨、地形因子(α,β)对经典的输出系数模型(ECM)进行了研究。结果显示:2017年北盘江流域(晴隆段)农业非点源氮、磷污染负荷分别是2 582.00 t和246.74 t。两者分布特征基本一致,呈现分布不均的特质:污染负荷局部集中,坡度较高和人口密度大的区域负荷量较高。TN,TP负荷中不同农业非点源的贡献率基本一致,为畜禽养殖>土地利用类型>农村生活。与实际观测值比较,改进的输出系数模型(IECM)对TN,TP负荷的估算值的平均相对偏差分别为9.80%和2.09%。综上,IECM提高了模型模拟的精度,可以为喀斯特山区非点源污染负荷的估算提供参考。 相似文献
3.
[目的] 识别兆河流域非点源污染分布特征及其关键源区,为流域污染控制和清洁小流域建设提供科学参考。[方法] 通过建立流域非点源污染控制模型,模拟研究该流域在现状年和规划年的非点源污染分布特征。采用单元负荷指数法识别流域的关键污染源区,预测不同非点源污染控制措施对流域污染负荷量的削减效果。[结果] 兆河流域规划年的氮磷负荷量比现状年分别增加45.3%和8.0%;县河、失曹河、裴河、盛桥河及环圩河子流域为流域非点源污染关键区;通过设置合理的工程措施和耕种管理措施可有效控制流域非点源污染。[结论] 合适的非点源管控措施有助于削减流域氮磷污染负荷量。耕种管理措施加工程措施为最佳管理措施,可以有效控制流域总氮和总磷的非点源污染。 相似文献
4.
基于流域降雨强度的氮磷输出系数模型改进及应用 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
为研究曹娥江流域农业非点源氮磷输出负荷量,将流域降雨及不同营养源产生的氮磷"合成"考虑,提出了产污系数以表征降雨产汇流过程氮磷输出强度,改进了输出系数模型,并探索发现流域年降雨强度与氮磷产污系数之间呈指数正相关,由此构建了基于年降雨强度的农业非点源氮磷输出负荷模型。利用此模型估算了农业污染源氮磷输出负荷量,显示2005-2010年流域总氮(total nitrogen,TN)年输出总量为5456.60~12268.38 t,总磷(total phosphorus,TP)为393.19~820.65 t,年度分布不均,降雨对TN输出总量的贡献率高达54.75%~69.67%。不同农业污染源对TN、TP输出总量的贡献率表明,该流域农业非点源氮磷输出负荷主要来源于人畜,应加强农村生活污水及垃圾、畜禽养殖粪便等治理,进一步控制农田过量施肥,减少耕地氮磷流失。 相似文献
5.
基于SWAT模型的北京沙河水库流域非点源污染模拟 总被引：14，自引：7，他引：7
该文应用分布式水文模型SWAT,以北京昌平沙河水库流域为典型区开展研究,通过对流域非点源污染的调查、监测和模拟,定量计算和分析了非点源污染时空分布规律。结果表明：该模型在研究区适用性较好（月径流率定期R2=0.85,Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数为0.64;验证期R2=0.77,Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数为0.60）,非点源污染占污染负荷总量的30～50%,汛期集中了全年泥沙、总磷流失量的70%和总氮流失量的50%,南沙河子流域是污染负荷的关键区。通过研究不同水文条件、土地利用和管理措施对流域非点源污染的影响,得出结论：非点源污染负荷贡献率随降雨量增加而增加,其偏枯水年贡献率为27.4%,平水年36.7%,丰水年52.3%。若全部排污口实施达标排放、流域内全部农田改为林地,径流量、氮磷负荷量均会减少40%～50%;若实施化肥施用量减半,氮磷负荷可降低20%左右。氮元素不同土地利用单位面积负荷由高到低依次为：果园＞农田＞草地＞林地＞城镇用地,研究成果将为流域水资源保护规划提供科学依据。 相似文献
6.
丹江口库区典型小流域农业非点源污染物输出特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
非点源污染是影响水源地水质的重要原因。研究以丹江口库区五龙池小流域为研究区,基于2014年相关数据,利用输出系数模型,借助地理信息技术,对该小流域农业非点源污染进行模拟,分析流域非点源污染的空间分布特征,解析其主要污染源,以深入理解丹江口水源地农业小流域的非点源输出特征。研究表明,2014年流域内农业非点源总氮污染负荷为5.674 t,流域内平均负荷强度为2.96 t km-2;农业非点源总氮负荷总量主要分布在耕地和居民地,农业用地是主要污染源,贡献率为47.9;人畜粪便农业非点源总氮负荷强度为39.2 t km-2,是流域平均负荷强度的13倍;缓坡区具有较高的非点源输出风险;改变粗放的农业管理模式,合理处理畜禽排泄物和农村生活污水是流域非点源治理的有效措施。 相似文献
7.
珠海正坑小流域土壤与氮、磷养分流失估算 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
土壤及土壤养分流失是农业非点源污染的主要形式。选择珠江三角洲地区典型小流域——正坑小流域为研究区,在GIS技术支持下,建立流域数字高程模型并获取下垫面相关参数,采用通用土壤流失方程、固态污染物负荷方程,进行小流域农业非点源污染负荷估算与分析。结果表明,正坑小流域年土壤流失量为455061.60kg,旱坡地和果园两类土地利用景观类型具有相对较高的侵蚀模数;土壤N、P养分流失年负荷量分别为6335.32,1150.35kg,不同土地利用类型对非点源污染负荷的贡献率不同,水田中氮、磷流失对非点源污染负荷有重要影响。 相似文献
8.
为探讨凯江流域农村非点源污染状况,防止区域非点源污染进一步加剧,本文选取农村生活源、畜禽养殖源、农田径流源3大污染源,以2015年为基准年,利用排污系数法估算了COD、NH_3-N和TP的污染入河负荷。结果表明,2015年凯江流域农村非点源污染入河COD、NH_3-N和TP总量分别为4 906.71、1 074.02、203.50 t;农村生活源对COD和NH_3-N的入河贡献率最大,畜禽养殖源对TP的入河贡献率最大;凯江流域入河污染物主要分布在中江县、三台县和罗江县,COD、NH_3-N和TP入河量之和分别占凯江流域该类污染物入河总量的84.52%、84.28%和89.72%,其中中江县的污染负荷入河量最大。研究表明,中江县、三台县和罗江县是凯江流域农村非点源污染产生的关键区域,需重点关注。 相似文献
9.
海河流域农村生活非点源污染负荷量估算及环境风险分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
分别建立了农村生活污水、生活垃圾和人体粪尿输出系数模型,从省级行政区和水资源三级区2个层面分别估算了海河流域农村生活各类污染物负荷量及比例。2007年,海河流域农村生活非点源污染负荷总量TN322×104t·a-1,TP62×104t·a-1,COD210×104t·a-1。其中,生活污水污染物负荷量TN3×104t·a-1,TP0.36×104t·a-1,COD30×104t·a-1;人体粪尿污染物负荷量TN278×104t·a-1,TP48×104t·a-1,COD180×104t·a-1;生活垃圾污染物负荷量TN41×104t·a-1,TP14×104t·a-1。从各省来看,在农村生活非点源污染负荷总量中,河北省所占比例最大,为57.69%,这是由河北省农村人口数量最多决定的。从水资源三级区来看,在农村生活非点源污染负荷总量中,徒骇马颊河平原所占比例最大,为15.54%;其次是黑龙港及运东平原,占11.57%。在非汛期,农村生活非点源污染的影响微乎其微;在汛期,特别是发生强降雨时,农村生活非点源污染对水体污染构成一定的威胁,尤其以生活垃圾的环境风险最大,这是由目前生活垃圾的处理和堆放方式决定的。 相似文献
10.
基于SWAT模型的流域土地利用格局变化对面源污染的影响 总被引：6，自引：6，他引：6
近年来随着流域经济社会的快速发展,密云水库流域的土地利用格局也发生了明显的改变,作为影响流域非点源污染输出的主要因素,探讨土地利用格局的演变对非点源污染的影响对有效控制非点源污染具有重要的意义。该文以密云水库上游流域为研究区,从土地利用变化与污染过程相互作用的角度出发,开展流域非点源污染过程对土地利用变化的响应研究。基于流域1995年、2000年、2005年3期的土地利用数据,基于SWAT(soil and water assessment tool)模型,模拟评价流域非点源污染负荷分布特征,并应用景观格局指数、典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)和通径分析等方法,从全流域和三级保护区等多空间尺度,量化分析流域土地利用及其格局时空变化对非点源污染负荷的影响。研究结果表明流域的非点源负荷与土地利用格局间存在着密切的联系。格局指数能累积解释流域非点源污染负荷变化的56.3%。污染负荷受土地利用格局的破碎度和形状的影响较大。通径分析的结果表明,耕地、林地面积比例、形状指数和斑块密度是影响研究区非点源污染负荷输出的主要因子,其中形状指数和耕地面积比例对TN、TP负荷的解释能力要明显高于其他指标。从空间尺度上看,各格局因子与非点源污染负荷的关系具有尺度效应,随着空间尺度的递增,格局对负荷的解释程度降低,在较小的尺度范围内,尤其是一级保护区的解释能力最高,达到62.9%,表明离水库越近的区域应是非点源防治高度重视的区域。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献