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1.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the anatomic communications among compartments within the carpus, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, stifle joint, and tarsus in llamas. SAMPLE POPULATION: 88 limbs from 22 llamas necropsied because of reasons unrelated to disease of the carpus; tarsus; or metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, or stifle joints. PROCEDURE: 1 compartment (randomly assigned) of each joint was injected with blue latex solution. Communication between joint compartments was determined by observation of latex in adjacent compartments following frozen sectioning. RESULTS: Of the 44 carpi, 30 (68%) had anatomic separation between the radiocarpal and middle carpal joints, whereas the remaining 14 (32%) had communication between the radiocarpal and middle carpal joints. In the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joints, medial and lateral joint compartments remained separate in 83 of 88 (94%) joints injected. The tibiotarsal and proximal intertarsal joints communicated in all tarsi examined, whereas 14 of 38 (37%) communicated between the proximal intertarsal and distal intertarsal joints. Communication between the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints was detected in 17 of 25 (68%) specimens; all 4 tarsal joints communicated in 11 of 42 (26%) specimens examined. Examination of 33 stifle joints that were successfully injected revealed communication between the femoropatellar, medial femorotibial, and lateral femorotibial joints. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These data suggest that it is important to determine the joint communications specific to each llama prior to treatment of septic arthritis. The metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joint compartments may be considered separate, although the lateral and medial compartments infrequently communicate along the proximal palmar or plantar aspect.  相似文献   

2.
In order to establish the incidence of vacuum phenomenon in horses' carpal, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, stress-flexed radiographs were made of normal joints, joints with known pathology and in anaesthetised horses with joints under traction. Focal intra-articular radiolucencies were identified in normal stress-flexed carpal, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints. These radiolucencies can be confused with those associated with pathological conditions.  相似文献   

3.
The efficacy of tarsometatarsal arthrodesis using a laterally applied plate was evaluated retrospectively in 10 dogs (11 joints). Arthrodesis was performed to manage a tarsometatarsal subluxation in two hocks; in the other cases, the tarsometatarsal subluxation was accompanied by tarsal or metatarsal fractures. The average period to referral was 15 days and all dogs had been managed with previous external coaptation of the affected limb. Arthrodesis was achieved in all the joints following initial surgery. Implant removal was indicated in three dogs which remained intermittently lame. Implants were left in situ in the remaining seven dogs. After an average follow-up period of 28 months, all dogs had resumed normal activity. Seven dogs were reported to be completely sound, one was stiff after rest following vigorous exercise and two had an intermittent mild lameness following strenuous exercise.  相似文献   

4.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are capable of degrading many components of the joint in the presence of insufficient antioxidant defences, and as a result have been implicated in the pathogenesis of joint disease in horses. However, to our knowledge, evidence of ROS occurring in diseased joints of horses has not been reported. The objective of this experiment was to compare differences in synovial fluid protein carbonyl content (as a marker of oxidative modification of synovial fluid proteins by ROS) and the antioxidant status of synovial fluid between clinically normal and diseased equine joints. Synovial fluid was collected from the metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, carpal and tarsal joints of 4 horses, age 2-5 years, as controls, and from diseased joints (metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, carpal, tarsal and/or femoropatellar) of 61 horses, age 2-5 years. Synovial fluid protein carbonyl content was higher (P<0.01) in diseased joints as compared to controls. Antioxidant status of synovial fluid from diseased joints was higher, but not significantly, than that of controls (P = 0.0595). These findings require further study to determine their contribution to the overall disease process.  相似文献   

5.
SUMMARY Six adult ponies were injected in the same intramuscular site with kanamycin sulphate (10 mg/kg). Two hours later, arthrocenteses of the right metacarpophalangeal, radio-carpal, intercarpal, tibio-tarsal and metatarsophalangeal joints were performed within 3 minutes. Arthrocenteses of the same joints on the left side were conducted 5 hours later. When expressed as a percentage of plasma drug concentration, differences in synovial fluid drug concentration between the joints sampled at 2 and 5 hours after injection were not detected.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of Samarium-153 bound to hydroxyapatite microspheres (153SmM) when injected into the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of horses. STUDY DESIGN:- Horses were injected with 153SmM in metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints with the diagonal contralateral joints used as untreated controls. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION: Twelve adult horses without pre-existing disease involving the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joints. METHODS: Horses were divided into three groups: high-dose Samarium-153 (12.5 to 17.0 millicurie [mCi]), intermediate dose (6.5 to 12.0 mCi), and low dose (3.5 to 6.0 mCi). Horses were examined daily for 7 days postinjection for clinical abnormalities, lameness, and surface and systemic radiation levels. One horse from each group was euthanatized at 14, 30, and 60 days postinjection and the effects of the 153SmM examined microscopically in the cartilage and synovial membrane. RESULTS: Intraarticular(153)SmM caused inflammation characterized by lameness, effusion, and regional edema for 48 to 72 hours. Minimal levels of active 153SmM were identified in the blood or urine and were well below the maximal tolerance of 1 mCi. Microscopically the radiation caused no effects on the articular cartilage. The synovectomy created was good but not ideal in that some areas did have necrosis into the subintimal regions and a few islands of intact intimal cells persisted. CONCLUSIONS: The use of 153SmM is an effective means of targeting the synovial intimal cells with minimal extrasynovial leakage of radiation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of the horse can be safely treated with 153SmM without damage to the cartilage or significant extracapsular leakage.  相似文献   

7.
Arthrodesis     
Arthrodesis is the surgical fixation of a joint designed to accomplish fusion of the joint surfaces by promoting the proliferation of bone cells. This article considers indications for arthrodesis and techniques for arthrodesis of individual joints.  相似文献   

8.
A 4.5-month-old quarter horse colt was presented with severe right hind metatarsophalangeal varus, present since birth. On radiographs, it was determined that there was a 16 degree deviation with the pivot point at the distal physis of the 3rd metatarsal bone. A step ostectomy in the sagittal plane corrected the deformity.  相似文献   

9.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the morphologic and biochemical characteristics of hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in llamas. ANIMALS: 12 adult llamas (6 with bilateral hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joints and 6 age- and sex-matched control llamas). PROCEDURES: Llamas were evaluated by use of lameness examination, ultrasonography, and radiography. A CBC, serum biochemical analysis, and determination of concentrations of trace minerals in serum and liver samples were performed. Llamas were euthanized, and samples of the superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon, and suspensory ligament were obtained from 4 areas and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen or suspended in neutral-buffered 10% formalin. Immunohistochemical evaluation of collagen types I and III and assays for measurement of lysyl oxidase activity were performed. RESULTS: 2 affected llamas had a visible gait deficit associated with metacarpophalangeal joint hyperextension. Radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis was detected in 1 severely affected llama, and ultrasonographic changes of soft tissue mineralization and suspensory desmitis were observed in 2 llamas. Liver concentrations of copper were lower and serum concentrations of zinc higher in affected llamas, compared with values in control llamas. Lysyl oxidase activity and collagen distribution did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joints in llamas does not appear to be the result of injury or degeneration of the suspensory ligament or flexor tendons. Lower copper concentrations coupled with higher zinc concentrations in affected llamas may be indicative of secondary copper deficiency.  相似文献   

10.
The aim of the study was to use parameters determined during the first year of life in order to predict risk of lameness at three years of age. A total of 265 Standardbred trotters with previously recorded radiographic changes of the tarsocrural, metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints were randomly examined as three-year-olds for an epidemiologic study of lameness. Eighty horses were classified as sound and 185 horses as lame with moderate and severe symptoms in 138 and 47 horses, respectively. The variables included in the study were gender, radiographic groups, period of birth, feeding rations in the first winter and sire index calculated as the frequency of lame horses in each progeny group.A significant difference in sire index and period of birth was found in the initial statistical analysis between sound, moderately and severely lame horses. All the variables were entered in a multivariate logistic regression model. A stepwise procedure was performed and resulted in contribution of the sire index (p<0.01) and group 2 (p=0.05) (presence of radiographic changes other than palmar/plantar bony fragments in the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints). The risk of lameness increased with approximately a factor of 2.0 for every 10% increase in sire index for the presence of the actual radiographic change. At a given value of sire index, the risk of lameness increased with a factor of 5.3 if radiographic changes other than palmar/plantar bony fragments in the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints were present. Normal findings or other radiographic changes, gender, feeding rations and period of birth did not influence the risk of lameness.  相似文献   

11.
Four methods of treating granulating wounds on the dorsal aspect of the metacar-pophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of ponies were evaluated. The following treatments were used: Group 1—excision of the granulation tissue with no further treatment; Group 2—cryosurgery; Group 3—excision of the granulation tissue and pressure bandage; and Group 4—excision of the granulation tissue and immobilization of the limb with a plaster cast. The wounds in Group 1 healed fastest, without producing exuberant granulation tissue and with only moderate scar fibrosis. The wounds in Group 2 healed without producing exuberant granulation tissue but with marked scarring. Wounds in Groups 3 and 4 took longer (p < 0.001) to heal compared to wounds in Groups 1 and 2. Wounds in Groups 3 and 4 produced exuberant granulation tissue, but the resultant scars were the least fibrotic.  相似文献   

12.
Reasons for performing study: Lightweight tactile stimulators attached to the hind pasterns increase the height of the hind hoof flight arc but details of the induced changes in swing phase kinematics and kinetics have not been investigated. Hypotheses: Stimulators on the hind pasterns are associated with increased hindlimb joint flexions and increased positive work performed by the hip and tarsal musculature. Materials and methods: Nine nonlame horses trotted 4 times with and without 55 g tactile stimulators loosely attached around the hind pasterns. Height of the flight arc and peak flexion angles of the hindlimb joints were measured and net positive and negative work performed across each joint during the swing phase were calculated using inverse dynamics analysis and compared across paired conditions. Results: Speed and stride duration did not change but stimulators were associated with a reduction in hind stance duration. The flight arc was higher with stimulators due to increased flexions of the stifle, tarsal, metatarsophalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints. Positive work increased in the tarsal musculature, but not in the hip musculature, and negative work increased across the stifle, metatarsophalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints. Potential relevance: The effects of tactile stimulation of the hind pasterns on joint motion and muscle activation may be used in physiotherapy and rehabilitation to restore or increase flexion of the hindlimb joints with the exception of the hip joint. The ability to stimulate concentric activity of the tarsal musculature may have therapeutic applications in conditions such as toe dragging.  相似文献   

13.
When medical therapy and surgical treatments of an injured joint fail to return the animal to athletic performance or comfortable use of the limb, arthrodes is is a final option for some joints.Arthrodesis refers to the surgical fusion of a joint, resulting in bony ankylosis. Successful arthrodesis requires debridement of the articular cartilage through the calcified cartilage layer, exposing the subchondral bone; alignment of the joint into a weight-bearing position; and stabilization. The methods by which these steps are accomplished are variable, depending on the individual joint.There are currently accepted methods for arthrodesis of several joints in the horse; however, not all joints are amenable to arthrodesis. Case selection is an important aspect of performing arthrodesis procedures in horses.  相似文献   

14.
A male deformed Korean native calf was examined macroscopically. The deformed calf had no caudal vertebral columns from 5th lumbar vertebra, sacrum and coccygeal vertebrae. The spinal cord was terminated in the vertebral foramen of the 3rd lumbar vertebra. The cervical vertebrae had scoliosis and the 3rd and 4th cervical vertebrae were fused. The 2nd and 3rd lumbar vertebrae were fused and the left and right transverse processes of the 4th lumbar vertebra articulated with ala of the ilium. The rectum was greatly expanded by the imperforate anus and a rectourethral fistula was formed between the rectum and urethra. The deformed calf was recorded as a first documentation of sacrocaudal agenesis confirmed in a Korean native calf.  相似文献   

15.
Low energy helium-neon laser irradiation was administered to full thickness skin wounds (3 cm × 3 cm) on the dorsal surface of the metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joints and cranial surface of the tarsocrural joints of eight horses. The effects on wound healing were analyzed statistically. There were no differences (p > 0.55) observed in the rate of wound healing between the low energy laser irradiated wounds and the control wounds. There was a significant difference (p < 0.006) observed in the rate of healing between the anatomical sites. Tarsal wounds healed more rapidly than fetlock wounds.  相似文献   

16.
DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND IMAGING OF SOFT TISSUES IN THE BOVINE DISTAL LIMB   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
In this study sonographic images of healthy flexor tendons, digital flexor tendon sheaths, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of the bovine limb were made. Then, synovial cavities in cadavers were filled with the necessary amount of fluid to make the lumina visible sonographically. After injecting 30–40 ml of saline solution into the digital flexor tendon sheath and into the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, or 8 ml in the proximal interphalangeal joint and 10 ml in the distal interphalangeal joint, the pouches of these synovial cavities were clearly demarcated. Afterwards, the sonographic image of synovial cavities distended by various inflammatory content were described. When the sonographic findings were compared to the findings in clinical patients, centesis and intraoperative procedures, there appeared to be a relationship as to the extent and location of the disorders as well as to the nature of the synovial effusion. Finally, we identified which planes on diseased bovine distal limbs were appropriate for obtaining optimal sonographic images.  相似文献   

17.
Gnotobiotical one-day-old piglets were infected with 100,000 Isospora suis coccidia oocysts, and were immediately killed. In piglets killed on the 3rd to 11th day after infection (DAI), the morphometric analysis of alkaline phosphatase activity was performed in the area of the microvillus zone of small intestine. In the control 2-7 days old animals, the small intestine was not equally supplied with alkaline phosphatase. In duodenum the activity reached 88.37 per cent of the active length of absorbent surface (% LAac), in the middle jejunum 95.98 per cent LAac, in the dorsal jejunum 78.63% LAac and the ileum 90.55 % LAac. The width of the active area was more balanced and ranged from 5.003 microM in the ileum to 6.129 microM in the dorsal jejunum. In infected gnotobiotical piglets the lowest activity was found out on the 3rd to 4th DAI, with a greater decline on the 9th day after infection. The range from 25.99 to 40.50 per cent LAac with minimum in the duodenum and maximum in the ileum was observed on the 3rd DAI. In the middle and dorsal ileum the activity was nearly equal (28.34 and 27.69 per cent LAac). nI the dorsal jejunum a moderate increasing was up to 47.13% LAac on the 4th DAI, with the exception of the ileum, where the activity of alkaline phosphatase decreased to 24.96% LAac. On the 9th DAI the activity of alkaline phosphatase was nearly equal in the whole small intestine (from 55.70 to 60.01% LAac) with the maximum in the middle jejunum. In the width of the reaction product a direct dependence on the total activity of alkaline phosphatase was evident only in the segment of the middle and dorsal jejunum and ileum, but merely on the period of the 3rd to 4th DAI. The lowest values were measured in the middle jejunum (0.982 micron on the 3rd DAI and 0.709 micron on the 4th DAI). No dependence was observed between the total activity and the reaction product in the middle jejunum (0.982 micron on the 3rd DAI and 0.709 micron on the 4th DAI), there was no general stabilisation of the activity of alkaline phosphatase.  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of radiation synovectomy (RSYN) with holmium-166 ferric hydroxide macroaggregate (Ho-166 FHMA) on synovium and synovial fluid in normal metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints of horses and to determine intraarticular distribution of radioactivity after Ho-166 FHMA treatment. STUDY DESIGN: Either Ho-166 FHMA or nonradioactive Ho-165 FHMA was injected into metacarpo- or metatarsophalangeal joints. ANIMALS: Six adult mixed-breed horses without any clinical evidence of metacarpo- or metatarsophalangeal joint disease. METHODS: Joints were injected with a single high dose of Ho-166 FHMA (mean, 1,000 MBq/joint) or a nonradioactive Ho-165 FHMA preparation (controls). Clinical examination, arthroscopy, synovial fluid analyses, and histologic studies were performed to detect effects of RSYN. Scintigraphy was used to localize intraarticular distribution of Ho-166 FHMA. RESULTS: Ho-166 FHMA treatment induced joint inflammation leading to regional edema, effusion, and scar tissue formation. Scintigraphy revealed the highest intensity of radioactivity in the proximal plantar joint pouch, at which the Ho-166 FHMA treatment caused multifocal necrosis. In the dorsal joint pouch, however, arthroscopic study and histologic analysis showed very little effect of RSYN. There was no regeneration of synovium evident within 2 months. Synovial fluid protein concentration was significantly (P <.01) elevated, and some residual radioactivity remained for 5 days after Ho-166 FHMA injection. CONCLUSIONS: Injection of a single high dose of Ho-166 FHMA caused multifocal necrosis of synovium and deep, soft-tissue injury in equine fetlock joints. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Inflamed equine joints with synovial lining hyperplasia could benefit from Ho-166 FHMA-induced radiation synovectomy if excessive scar tissue formation can be avoided.  相似文献   

19.
紫花苜蓿不同茬次及年际间生产性能的动态规律   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
在海河平原区,先后选取22个、14个苜蓿（Medicago Stiva）品种,雨养条件下通过7年和4年的试验结果表明：不同茬次干草产量表现为逐渐降低的趋势,每年刈割4次：第1茬 > 第2、3茬 > 第4茬;刈割5次：第1茬 > 第2茬 > 第4茬 > 第3茬 > 第5茬;前2茬苜蓿年平均干草产量均占全年总产量的52%以上,第3茬干草占全年总产量的25%以下;随茬次的增加,株高总体上表现为逐渐下降的趋势;第2茬草的叶茎比极显著高于第3、4茬（P<0.01）,第4茬草的叶茎比最低;粗蛋白含量为第2、3茬>第1、4茬,并且差异极显著（P<0.01）。苜蓿在海河平原区存在明显的“夏眠”现象,造成了光、温、水资源的浪费。7年连续测定结果表明,在海河平原区紫花苜蓿适宜的利用年限为4~5年。  相似文献   

20.
OBJECTIVE: To quantify the effects of trotting velocity on joint angular excursions, net joint moments, and powers across the hind limb joints in Greyhounds. ANIMALS: 5 healthy Greyhounds with no history of lameness of the hind limbs. PROCEDURES: Small reflective markers were applied to the skin over the joints of the hind limbs, and a 4-camera kinematic system was used to record positional data at 200 Hz in tandem with force platform data while the dogs trotted on a runway at slow, medium, and fast velocities. Breed-specific morphometric data were combined with kinematic and force data in an inverse-dynamics solution for net joint moments and powers at the hip, stifle, tarsal, and metatarsophalangeal joints. RESULTS: Angle, moment, and power patterns at the various joints were conserved among the 3 velocities. With increasing velocity, moments and powers at the tarsal, stifle, and hip joints during the stance phase were increased in amplitude, whereas amplitudes during the swing phase were not. The main contributors to increased velocity were the hip extensors and stifle flexors during the early part of the stance phase and the tarsal extensors during the late part of the stance phase. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Increases in trotting velocity in Greyhounds do not alter the basic patterns of work and power for various joints of the hind limbs, but local burst amplitudes during the stance phase increase incrementally.  相似文献   

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