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1.
真空冷却预处理在微波冻干胡萝卜片中的应用   总被引：7，自引：5，他引：2  
为了探讨真空冷却预处理在微波冻干工艺中应用的可行性,该文以WDG-5型微波冻干设备为平台,以胡萝卜为试验原料,开展真空冷却预处理工艺试验以及3组不同工艺方法包括真空冷却后无冷库冻结、真空冷却后再冷库冻结、无真空冷却处理对微波冻干的影响研究。真空冷却工艺试验中,在真空泵和冷阱制冷机组满负荷运转的工况下,预处理22 min后胡萝卜片达到冰点,物料失水16.5%,在预处理60 min后,物料表层和芯部温度分别为-41.2、-29.5℃,物料总失水20%。3组冻干试验中,与无真空冷却处理组相比,真空冷却后无冷库冻结组、真空冷却后再冷库冻结组的干燥初期微波安全加载功率相对较高,冷冻干燥时间缩短了2 h,总耗电分别节省了17.3%、19.9%;3组试验的冻干胡萝卜片在含水率、复水率、颜色等指标方面均无显著差异,真空冷却后无冷库冻结组、真空冷却后再冷库冻结组的胡萝卜片维生素C保存率均超过80%,而无真空冷却处理组维生素Ｃ保存率为68%。结果表明,在胡萝卜片微波冻干工艺中应用真空冷却预处理技术,有效改善了冻干初期的微波低压放电问题,缩短干燥时间,降低能耗,并提高维生素Ｃ保存率。  相似文献   

2.
脉冲电场预处理胡萝卜片微波干燥试验   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
为考察脉冲电场预处理对胡萝卜片微波干燥特性的影响,以胡萝卜片微波干燥单位时间降水率和复水率作为试验指标,设计了4因素（脉冲频率、电场强度、微波功率密度和切片厚度）二次回归正交组合试验,得出经预处理后胡萝卜片微波干燥失水速率曲线。用SPSS软件进行回归分析,得到预处理后胡萝卜片微波干燥动力学方程和各指标回归方程,并对指标进行了综合优化。结果表明：经脉冲电场预处理后胡萝卜片微波干燥动力学方程分段适用Page模型;脉冲频率和电场强度对胡萝卜片微波干燥单位时间降水率影响显著;脉冲频率对复水率影响显著,电场强度对复水率影响不显著;最优工艺组合为脉冲频率30 Hz、电场强度2.0 kV/cm、微波功率密度1.0 W/g和切片厚度4.0 mm;在最优工艺条件下,胡萝卜片单位时间降水率和复水率均得到提高。  相似文献   

3.
真空微波和冷冻干燥组合降低胡萝卜片的干燥能耗   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
为减少脱水蔬菜冷冻干燥过程的能耗,以胡萝卜片为试材,采用真空微波和冷冻干燥组合的工艺,即先微波真空后冻干（组合Ⅰ）和先冻干后微波真空干燥（组合Ⅱ）。组合Ⅰ的优化参数为：真空微波阶段微波功率密度1.6 w/g,脱去40个百分点的湿基水,冻干阶段升华干燥4 h,解析干燥3 h;组合Ⅱ的优化参数为：冻干阶段升华干燥7 h;真空微波干燥功率密度选1.0 w/g以下,采用温度控制模式。所干燥胡萝卜片的β-胡萝卜素保留率和复水率等与纯冻干产品接近,体积保留率比纯冻干稍小,但仍能保持平直的外形;2种组合干燥工艺比纯冻干分别节能47.0%和54.2%,且干燥时间可缩短一半。  相似文献   

4.
为减少脱水蔬菜冷冻干燥过程的能耗,以胡萝卜片为试材,采用真空微波和冷冻干燥组合的工艺,即先微波真空后冻干（组合Ⅰ）和先冻干后微波真空干燥（组合Ⅱ）。组合Ⅰ的优化参数为：真空微波阶段微波功率密度1.6w/g,脱去40个百分点的湿基水,冻干阶段升华干燥4 h,解析干燥3 h;组合Ⅱ的优化参数为：冻干阶段升华干燥7 h;真空微波干燥功率密度选1.0w/g以下,采用温度控制模式。所干燥胡萝卜片的β-胡萝卜素保留率和复水率等与纯冻干产品接近,体积保留率比纯冻干稍小,但仍能保持平直的外形;两种组合干燥工艺比纯冻干分别节能47.0%和54.2%,且干燥时间可缩短一半。  相似文献   

5.
不同预处理对杏鲍菇片真空冻结品质的影响   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  
为探索切片厚度、烫漂处理、外源水添加量等不同预处理条件对真空冻结杏鲍菇品质的影响,分析切片厚度与真空冻结失水率的关系,对烫漂、不烫漂两组物料添加不同比例的外源水后进行真空冻结对比试验。结果表明,随着切片厚度增加,杏鲍菇片真空冻结失水率呈递减趋势,为保证物料不失水而所需的外源水添加量与切片厚度之间呈现极显著的负线性关系(R2=0.98,P0.01)。不烫漂组杏鲍菇片解冻汁液流失率均显著高于烫漂组(P0.01),主要是由于其解冻前相对较高的含水率所致。烫漂组杏鲍菇片总损失率和相对电导率均显著高于不烫漂组,且均整体上随外源水添加量的增加而逐渐减小。外源水添加量可显著降低杏鲍菇片真空冻结失水率(P0.05),当外源水添加量低于20%时,不烫漂组杏鲍菇片真空冻结失水率显著高于烫漂组(P0.05),当外源水添加量高于25%时则相反。随着外源水添加量的增加,不烫漂组杏鲍菇片解冻汁液流失率整体呈增加趋势,而烫漂组解冻汁液流失率当外源水添加量高于10%时无显著性差异(P0.01)。显微结构观察表明,烫漂处理对杏鲍菇细胞网络结构产生一定破坏作用,而真空冻结前添加外源水可不同程度上降低物料组织内部水分蒸腾作用,减少对细胞组织结构的破坏。生产真空速冻杏鲍菇片时,推荐预处理条件为:切片厚度3 mm,90℃热水烫漂1 min,冻结前外源水添加量为30%。该研究结果可为食品真空冻结技术实践应用提供参考。  相似文献   

6.
山核桃坚果分段变功率微波干燥工艺参数优化   总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1  
为了提高山核桃干果品质、缩短干燥时间和降低干燥能耗,以前期微波功率密度、转换点含水率和后期微波功率密度为试验因素,对山核桃坚果分段变功率微波干燥工艺进行了试验研究。通过单因素试验,研究了山核桃坚果微波干燥特性,确定了山核桃坚果微波干燥各因素合适范围。通过三因素五水平的二次回归正交试验,建立了三因素与失水速率、单位质量干燥能耗以及干燥后物料蛋白质保存率、不饱和脂肪酸保存率、感官品质指标综合分值的二次回归数学模型,分析了三因素对各指标影响的显著性。利用多目标非线性优化方法,确定了山核桃坚果分段变功率微波干燥的最佳工艺参数组合,即前期干燥微波功率密度为6.5 k W/kg,转换点含水率为23.4%(干基),后期干燥微波功率密度为3.3 k W/kg。在此条件下,山核桃坚果失水速率为4.072%/min、单位质量干燥能耗为3.467 k W·h/kg、蛋白质保存率为92.15%、不饱和脂肪酸保存率为91.63%、感官品质指标综合分值为35.28分。研究结果为山核桃坚果干燥加工生产提供一定的理论依据。  相似文献   

7.
不同干燥方式对柠檬片干燥特性及品质的影响   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  
为探索不同干燥方式对柠檬片干燥特性及品质的影响,该研究采用真空冻结冷冻干燥、传统冷冻干燥、热风干燥3种方式进行对比干燥试验。结果表明,真空冻结冷冻干燥柠檬片工艺耗时比传统冷冻干燥节省5 h,但是热风干燥2倍以上;耗电量比传统冷冻干燥节省14.27%,但是热风干燥5倍以上;真空冻结冷冻干燥、传统冷冻干燥、热风干燥柠檬片维生素C保存率分别为66.03%、45.45%、19.14%,复水比分别为4.60、3.97、2.24,差异显著(P0.05);热风干燥柠檬片色差值显著(P0.05)高于两组冷冻干燥柠檬片,而两组冷冻干燥柠檬片色差值未见显著差异(P0.05);真空冻结冷冻干燥柠檬片中5种主要挥发性风味化合物保存率显著(P0.05)高于传统冷冻干燥柠檬片,热风干燥柠檬片保存率最低(P0.05)。3组干燥柠檬片残留水均呈现自由水、不易流动水、结合水3个横向弛豫时间峰位,干燥样品残留水分中结合水占比例最高,不易流动水和自由水占比例较小,热风干燥柠檬片横向弛豫时间峰位相对其他两组呈现小幅度的右移趋势;两组冷冻干燥柠檬片感官特征总评分差异不显著(P0.05),热风干燥柠檬片在色泽、质地、柠檬味上远不及两组冷冻干燥柠檬片感官特征丰富。真空冻结冷冻干燥是高附加值柠檬片的首选干燥方法。该研究结果为柠檬片干燥加工技术提升提供参考。  相似文献   

8.
陈仪男 《农业工程学报》2006,22(12):195-199
采用三因素二次正交回归组合设计试验方案，对绿豆芽真空冷冻干燥工艺的复合渗透液预处理效果进行试验，并建立相应的回归方程，优选复合渗透液配方并进行试验验证，同时考察优选的复合渗透液处理的冻干品相关品质指标，分析节能效果，显微观察冻干品细胞结构变化。结果表明：绿豆芽冻干工艺的预处理复合渗透液最优配方为麦芽糊精、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、淀粉的含量分别是21.2%、0.16%、2.5%，试验验证显示绿豆芽经优选的复合渗透液预处理后能明显地改善冻干效果，同未经处理的相比，产量与质量的综合指标提高18.3%，维生素C保存率提高25.9%，冻干时间缩短36.9%，耗电节省 19.9%；冻干品的安全水分可提高至10.0%，显微观察显示表皮细胞结构未受破坏。  相似文献   

9.
猕猴桃切片微波真空干燥工艺参数的优化   总被引：11，自引：4，他引：7  
为了提高水果干燥效率、干制品质量和降低干燥能耗,以猕猴桃切片为对象,进行了微波真空干燥试验。通过单因素试验,研究了微波功率、物料厚度、干燥室压力对猕猴桃切片干燥特性的影响。通过3因素5水平的二次回归正交试验,分析了微波功率、物料厚度、干燥室压力与猕猴桃切片干制品复水率、叶绿素含量、维生素C含量及单位耗电量的关系,建立了各指标与试验因素间的回归数学模型,并利用多目标非线性优化方法,确定了猕猴桃切片微波真空干燥最优工艺参数。结果表明：在微波功率为6.54 W/g、切片厚度为6.16 mm、干燥室压力为76.8 Pa的条件下,微波真空干燥猕猴桃切片的能耗最低,同时干制品质量也得到保证。  相似文献   

10.
龙眼真空冷冻干燥工艺优化   总被引：12，自引：3，他引：9  
为了确定龙眼真空冷冻干燥的工艺参数,以"乌龙岭"龙眼为材料,采用电阻法测量龙眼真空冷冻干燥的物料共晶点和共熔点温度,并应用单因素和正交试验,以冻干品形态保持、色泽、生产能耗等指标进行综合评定考察冻干效果,优化龙眼真空冷冻干燥工艺.结果表明:龙眼真空冷冻干燥物料的共晶点温度和共熔点温度分别为-26.0℃和一20.0℃;优化的技术工艺为龙眼果肉剪半或剪成片形,温度段设定为95℃(7 h)→85℃(1 h)→75℃(1.5 h)→65℃(3 h)→55℃(至结束),干燥仓真空值60～70 Pa,物料最高温度为50℃.应用该优化的技术工艺可达到最大限度地节省生产能耗,提高冻干品形态保持率的效果,冻干品外观色泽呈白色至微淡黄色.  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

14.
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.  相似文献   

15.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

16.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

18.
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.  相似文献   

19.
Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.  相似文献   

20.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

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