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1.
海参最佳对流干燥温度的研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
该文对海参在不同温度(30、45、60、75、90℃)下的对流干燥过程及特性进行了研究，并对干燥完成后复水海参的流变学性质进行了分析，以得出干燥效率高、干燥后复水品质均较优的海参干燥条件。结果表明：海参干燥过程中水分扩散起主导作用，因此干燥过程仅经历降速阶段；30℃条件下海参干燥效率最低，消耗时间最长；在45～90℃之间，海参干燥速率较高，完成干燥所需的时间较短且相差不大。从干燥后海参的复水效果、流变学性质及感官评价的结果分析，温度高于45℃，海参复水倍数相对较高，且45～75℃条件下得到的海参感官评价结果较佳。综合考虑到海参品质及能耗的要求，以45℃为最佳的干燥条件。 相似文献
2.
为探讨不同加热方式对南美白对虾营养品质的影响,以南美白对虾为原料,采用微波、蒸汽、沸水3种加热方式对其进行处理,并对其质构、色泽及蛋白成分的变化进行分析。结果表明,南美白对虾的最适加热时间为90 s,此条件下微波加热组对虾失水率分别是蒸汽加热组、沸水加热组的1.55倍和1.48倍;微波加热组和蒸汽加热组对虾的硬度相近且均显著高于沸水加热组(P<0.05);微波加热组对虾的弹性和咀嚼性均显著高于其他2种加热方式;微波加热组和沸水加热组对虾的呈色特征值均显著高于蒸汽加热组(P <0.05),但3种加热处理组对虾的内聚性无显著差异。微波加热组对虾的盐溶性蛋白损失较其他2种加热方式小,但水溶性蛋白含量低于其他加热组;微波加热组对虾的碱溶性蛋白含量最高,其次为沸水加热组。本研究结果为南美白对虾热加工方式提供了一定的技术指导。 相似文献
3.
神经网络优化牡蛎的高密度CO2杀菌工艺 总被引：10，自引：6，他引：4
为了研究高密度二氧化碳(DPCD)对牡蛎的杀菌效果,利用神经网络对DPCD杀菌工艺参数进行优化,建立了杀菌工艺的神经网络模型.研究结果表明:当温度在(50-5)℃时,压力和时间相应调整,即可在低压短时间内达到较好的杀菌效果;在低于45℃条件下,温度和压力对DPCD杀菌效果影响较大;在高于45℃条件下,温度、压力和处理时间对DPCD杀菌效果的影响较小;在45或55℃和15 MPa条件下,DPCD直接对牡蛎肉处理30 min,其杀菌效果与100℃沸水煮2 min相当,菌落总数下降了3.0个对数以上,达到了水产熟制品卫生标准.该研究为牡蛎DPCD杀菌提供了理论依据. 相似文献
4.
5.
罗非鱼片热泵-微波联合干燥工艺 总被引：11，自引：6，他引：5
采用响应面分析法优化罗非鱼片热泵-微波联合干燥工艺参数。分别以干燥能耗和产品复水率为试验指标,以热泵干燥温度、转换点含水率、微波功率3因素为自变量,设计3因素3水平组合响应面分析试验,得出干燥能耗和产品复水率随热泵干燥温度、联合干燥转换点含水率和微波干燥功率变化的回归模型。三组验证试验的试验值与相应模型预测值的误差绝对值均小于5%。基于能耗最小的优化参数为:热泵干燥温度为34.34℃,转换点含水率为42.12%,微波功率为131.69 W;基于复水率最大的优化参数为:热泵干燥温度为33.87℃,转换点含水率为30%,微波功率为201.43 W。以热泵-微波联合干燥工艺参数组合(干燥温度为35℃,转换点含水率为39%,微波干燥功率取微波炉功率档252 W)进行试验,并与相同工况(温度和风速)热泵干燥试验值进行比较,结果表明,热泵-微波联合干燥时间比热泵干燥时间缩短了2/3;热泵-微波联合干燥罗非鱼片复水40 min,复水率达到57.40%,比热泵干燥的复水率(39.16%)增加46.5%。该文为热泵—微波联合干燥罗非鱼提供参考。 相似文献
6.
荷花粉真空脉动干燥特性和干燥品质 总被引：9，自引：8，他引：1
为了缩短花粉的干燥时间,保证干燥品质,将真空脉动干燥技术应用于干燥新鲜荷花粉,研究了真空保持时间(15、12、9、6和3 min)、干燥温度(45、50、55、60和65℃)对干燥动力学、水分有效扩散系数、干燥活化能的影响,并运用Weibull分布函数模拟了花粉真空脉动干燥特性曲线;此外还研究了真空保持时间、干燥温度对花粉蛋白质含量以及微观结构的影响,并对干燥前后的花粉进行了色差分析。试验结果表明:Weibull分布函数能够很好地描述花粉的真空脉动干燥过程,结合尺度参数、形状参数计算出花粉真空脉动干燥水分有效扩散系数在2.154 2×10-11~6.254 3×10-11 m2/s之间;干燥活化能为20.88 k J/mol,表明新鲜荷花粉干燥每脱除1 kg水所需要的启动能量为1 160.00 k J;试验参数范围内,随着真空保持时间的减少,干燥后花粉蛋白质质量分数呈现先增加后减少的趋势;当干燥温度为45℃,真空常压脉动比为12 min:3 min时花粉蛋白质质量分数最高,为18.43%;扫描电镜结果显示,随着干燥温度的升高,花粉颗粒间致密程度降低,形成孔隙结构,这有助于干燥中水分的扩散迁移,花粉颗粒微观结构的完整性随着干燥温度的升高而降低;干燥前后花粉未发生色泽劣变。荷花粉真空脉动干燥的较佳参数为真空常压脉动比为12 min:3 min,干燥温度为45℃。研究结果为花粉真空脉动干燥技术的应用提供了理论依据和技术支持。 相似文献
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8.
超声波十六烷基三甲基溴化铵改性斜发沸石的制备及其对水体中六六六的吸附 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用超声波对天然斜发沸石进行进行有机改性,提高了天然沸石对有机污染物六六六的吸附能力,在单因素实验的基础上对改性条件进行了优化,得出超声波十六烷基三甲基溴化铵有机改性天然斜发沸石的最优实验条件为:十六烷基三甲基溴化铵的浓度为55.1 mmol/L,沸石400℃培烧2 h,50℃超声波处理时间10 min.在此条件下改性的天然斜发沸石在水中加入2 g/L,对水中六六六的去除率达74.1%. 相似文献
9.
射频辅助提取香菇柄多糖 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
探讨射频技术在香菇柄多糖提取中的应用,优化了射频辅助提取香菇柄多糖的工艺,并与传统水提法、超声波辅助提取法和微波辅助提取法进行了比较。采用Draper-Lin中心组合设计和全因素中心组合设计对影响射频提取的处理时间、料液比、作用温度、预浸泡时间进行了筛选和优化。优化结果为:射频处理5.2min,作用温度(82.6±3)℃,料液比1:40(5g:200mL),预浸泡时间20min。在此条件下,香菇柄多糖提取率达到43.1mg/g。与传统水提法、超声波辅助提取法和微波辅助提取法相比,得率分别提高了94.1%,40.8%和5.38%;与传统水提法相比,多糖纯度有所提高(42.8%→46.7%),提取时间也大大缩短(6h→5.2min)。 相似文献
10.
青花椒真空脉动干燥特性及干燥品质工艺优化 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
为提升青花椒的干燥品质,减少其色泽褐变和风味物质流失等问题,该研究采用真空脉动干燥技术加工青花椒,并以热风干燥试验为对照组,研究了不同干燥温度、真空保持时间和常压保持时间对青花椒干燥特性及其品质的影响。在单因素试验基础上进行Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计,以青花椒的平均干燥速率、挥发油、酰胺含量、色差、开口率5个指标进行响应面优化分析。试验结果表明,Weibull模型可精确拟合青花椒真空脉动干燥曲线(R~20.99)。干燥温度升高可在一定程度上提高青花椒的干燥效率和开口率,减少褐变和挥发油损失,同时酰胺类含量随干燥温度上升而有所下降。根据响应面试验结果,各因素对青花椒干燥综合评分的影响效果由大到小顺序为:干燥温度、真空保持时间、常压保持时间。优化的工艺参数为真空脉动干燥温度61.4℃、真空保持时间5 min、常压保持时间5 min,综合评分值达8.06,验证试验结果偏差仅为2.6%。研究结果为青花椒真空脉动干燥应用提供参考。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献