共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
基于USLE的广东省山区土壤侵蚀量估算及特征分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
基于通用土壤流失方程(universal soil loss equation,USLE)、遥感和ArcGIS空间分析技术,通过合理选择USLE模型中各土壤侵蚀因子的计算方法,对广东省山区土壤侵蚀量进行了估算,并对山区土壤侵蚀随土地利用类型、土壤类型、坡度及海拔高度的分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,广东省山区2000年土壤侵蚀总量为1.23×108 t,年均侵蚀模数为1 080t/(km2·a),侵蚀强度为轻度。不同土地利用类型中,旱地的侵蚀强度最高,达2 055t/(km2·a),林地和草地的侵蚀模数较小,分别为908和932t/(km2·a)。不同坡度等级的土壤侵蚀特征表现为坡度越陡,侵蚀强度越大。不同海拔高度的侵蚀特征表现为在0~1 600m高度,侵蚀强度随海拔高度的升高而增大;海拔高于1 600m时,侵蚀强度随海拔高度的升高而下降。 相似文献
2.
耕作及轮作对土壤氮素径流流失的影响 总被引：17，自引：2，他引：17
5年轮作和1年水平沟耕作试验表明:在不同的坡度上,与传统耕作法相比,水平沟减少产流7%,径流液铵态氮浓度提高19%,流失量达到13.01kg/(km2·a),比传统耕作多流失1.11kg/(km2·a);径流硝态氮浓度减少27%,比传统耕作减少7.68kg/(km2·a);径流硝态氮流失减少量和铵态氮增加量相差6倍,水平沟可减少6.57kg/(km2·a)矿质氮流失;水平沟拦截泥沙25%左右,泥沙中全氮富集率提高13%,土壤全氮流失457kg/(km2·a),平均减少18%;一季黑豆和一季黄豆及两季黑豆和一季黄豆参与的5年轮作周期,土壤侵蚀量仅为896t/(km2·a)和984t/(km2·a),不及糜子和土豆参与轮作周期的1/2. 相似文献
3.
[目的] 将生态效益纳入成本效益分析,从生态和经济的角度研究退耕还林生态产品价值,为相关地区生态扶贫工作的顺利开展提供决策依据。 [方法] 分别以安徽省和四川省的退耕还茶树林和核桃林为研究对象,将水土保持作为退耕还林的主要生态产品,利用通用土壤流失方程计算其实物量和价值量,并将价值量作为收益的一部分纳入经济分析。 [结果] ①与裸地相比,研究区茶树林和核桃林均可有效减少土壤侵蚀,20 a累计减少侵蚀量分别为3.06×104 t和2.12×105 t。 ②茶树林和核桃林的单位面积水土保持价值分别为681.0和1 285.5元/(hm2·a)。将该价值纳入经济分析后,平均净收益分别为61.3和129.3万元/a,单位面积年均净收益分别为18.43和9.75万元/hm2。 ③退耕还林补助标准对净收益影响较小。标准提高1倍后,预期净收益分别下降2.1%和4.6%。林产品价格减半后,预期净收益分别下降68.1%和77.1%。 ④茶树林和核桃林的生态效益分别占成本的4.4%和6.8%,最高比例达11.9%。 [结论] 经济林的生态效益可以抵消部分成本,应纳入经济分析净收益计算,实现生态产品价值。 相似文献
4.
南方稻区绿肥生态服务功能及生态价值评估研究 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5
为探究我国南方稻区绿肥种植的生态服务价值,本文以我国南方稻区农田引入绿肥紫云英为例,界定了稻田种植紫云英的生态服务功能,并运用实际市场法、替代市场法和虚拟市场法等研究方法,构建了绿肥生态价值评估的理论模型,核算了绿肥的生态服务价值,得到了以下研究结论：1）南方稻区绿肥生态服务功能主要涉及调节和支持两类,调节服务包括气体调节、水分涵养和土壤保持3种功能,支持服务则包括土壤有机质累积和土壤营养物质循环两种功能;对应地,南方稻区农田轮作冬绿肥紫云英的生态价值也被界定为以上5种。2）南方稻区冬闲田种植紫云英在一个轮作周期中能够产生1.125万元·hm-2的生态价值,其中,气体调节价值最大,为0.380万元·hm-2,其次是土壤有机质累积价值,为0.279万元·hm-2,营养物质循环价值和土壤保持价值分别为0.204万元·hm-2和0.214万元·hm-2,土壤水分涵养价值最小,为0.048万元·hm-2。3）南方稻区绿肥种植投入成本为0.173万元·hm-2,绿肥种植所产生的生态价值是种植投入成本的6.5倍。研究表明农田冬种绿肥紫云英的生态服务价值是客观存在的。该研究为南方稻区绿肥引入冬闲田后生态价值的评估提供了较为科学的研究方法和基础参数,同时,也为未来政府制定绿肥种植的生态补偿机制提供了理论依据。 相似文献
5.
南水北调中线水源地土壤侵蚀经济损失估算 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在GIS的支持下,通过气象数据分析、实地调查、野外采样及室内分析、DEM计算、遥感解译等,构建了南水北调中线水源地丹江口水库库区流域地理信息数据库,并利用USLE估算了研究区的土壤侵蚀量。以1990年的价格为基准,利用市场价格法、机会成本法和影子工程法估算了水源区年均土壤侵蚀带来的经济损失。结果表明,水源区的年均土壤侵蚀模数为2394 t/(km2·a)。研究区表土流失造成的全氮、全磷、全钾和有机质损失量在分别换算成标准化肥磷酸二铵、氯化钾及薪柴后的经济损失分别为1.64×108,7.25×107,1.17×109和2.97×107元;年均侵蚀的土壤相当于61.94 km2的土地被废弃,经济损失为3.71×107元。土壤侵蚀导致的涵养水分、泥沙淤积和泥沙滞留方面的经济损失分别为3.22×105,1.88×107和1.95×106元。水源区年均土壤侵蚀总经济损失达1.50×109元,其中养分损失占96.11%。 相似文献
6.
广西石灰岩分布较广,喀斯特现象发育,山多石头多,土地零散坡地多,成土缓慢,土层薄。石灰岩地区土壤允许流失量仅为68t/(km2·a),而现在该区土壤流失量一般为100～200t/(k2m·a),大大超过允许流失量。作者针对广西实际情况提出并论述了:1.造林绿化;2.封育恢复植被;3.修筑石坎梯田;4.增施肥料,深翻改土;5.建立生态目标责任制等水土保持措施。 相似文献
7.
运用静态箱/红外气体分析仪法(static chamber/IRGA),研究了太湖流域茶园、油菜地、小麦地和撂荒地4种不同土地利用类型春季蒸散速率的变化特征,分别对3-5月不同生育期以及6：00-15：00不同时段4种土地利用类型蒸散速率进行了比较。结果表明,太湖流域春季不同土地利用类型蒸散速率总体呈现逐渐增大的趋势,但茶园修剪后蒸散速率大幅下降(36.73%),油菜地在始花期亦突现一峰值〔2.14mmol/(m2·s)〕;4种土地利用类型蒸散速率的日变化呈以12：00-15：00为峰值的单峰曲线,但茶园修剪后蒸散速率的日变化平缓,油菜地和小麦地蒸散速率的日变化幅逐渐增大。4种土地利用类型3-5月蒸散速率日均值从大到小依次为：茶园〔2.24mmol/(m2·s)〕 > 油菜地〔1.48mmol/(m2·s)〕 > 小麦地〔1.28mmol/(m2·s)〕 > 撂荒地〔1.16mmol/(m2·s)〕;3月下旬12：00-15：00,以及4月中旬9：00-15：00为茶园蒸散速率极显著高于油菜地、小麦地和撂荒地的关键时期,差异最大。 相似文献
8.
基于GIS与RUSLE的榆林市土壤侵蚀空间分布研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用3S技术,采用美国通用的水土流失方程(RUSLE),对榆林市2001和2010年的土壤侵蚀状况及其空间分布特征进行了计算分析。结果表明,榆林市2001年平均土壤侵蚀模数为4411 t/(km2·a),年均侵蚀总量为1.93×108t;2010年的平均土壤侵蚀模数为6237 t/(km2·a),年均侵蚀总量为2.72×108t。2001-2010年榆林市各区县的土壤侵蚀变化状况有着明显的空间差异,府谷、神木、榆阳、横山、靖边、佳县和子洲7个区县的土壤侵蚀类型发生了由中强度向高强度侵蚀的转化,土壤状况不断恶化。而定边、米脂、吴堡、绥德和清涧5县的土壤侵蚀类型由高强度向低强度侵蚀转变,水土流失状况得到有效遏制。 相似文献
9.
[目的] 对福建省水土保持功能重要性进行评价,为该省生态保护红线划定提供科学参考。[方法] 基于GIS技术,利用降水、土壤、数字高程和植被指数等数据,采用修正通用水土流失方程（RUSLE）,估算福建省土壤保持量,并对其分级。[结果] 全省土壤保持总量为2.65×109 t/a,平均土壤保持模数为20 789.82 t/（km2·a）。水土保持功能极其重要区、高度重要区、中等重要区、较为重要区和一般重要区面积分别为3 192.54,8 205.54,15 547.71,21 519.81,74 000.20 km2,分别占全省面积的2.61%,6.70%,12.70%,17.57%和60.42%。[结论] 福建省水土保持功能极其重要区、高度重要区和中等重要区主要分布在闽西和闽中2大山带及其周边丘陵山地区。 相似文献
10.
为详细了解干热河谷地区的土壤侵蚀状况,通过对径流小区资料的广泛收集、整理和标准化分析,对干热河谷主要土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀模数和水土保持措施效益进行定量评价,并将当地主要土地利用类型平均坡度下的土壤侵蚀模数与容许土壤流失量进行对比分析。结果表明:(1)灌草地、农地、园地和裸地等主要土地利用类型标准坡长坡度条件下的土壤侵蚀模数分别为110.88,389.58,320.66,507.87 t/(km2·a),呈现出裸地最大,农地和园地次之,灌草地最低的特点。(2)封禁、水平阶整地、梯田和植物篱等水土保持措施均能较好地发挥水土保持效益,平均可以减少72%的土壤侵蚀量。(3)各流域主要土地利用类型,特别是农地和园地在当地平均坡度下的土壤侵蚀模数明显高于容许土壤流失量,说明该地区土壤侵蚀状况仍相当严峻。研究结果将有助于进一步深化对干热河谷地区土壤侵蚀规律的认识,并为后续水土流失治理和水土保持措施优化配置提供技术支撑。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献