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1.
塔里木河干流河道生态需水量研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于有序聚类法,在对1957-2006年塔里木河干流径流序列受人类活动显著影响突变点判别的基础上,对干流新渠满、乌斯满和恰拉3个水文断面河道逐月最小生态需水量和适宜需水量进行计算。结果表明：① 近50 a来,人类活动对干流水资源影响程度不断增大,1976年前的径流量可以近似看作自然状态;② 新渠满、乌斯满和恰拉河道年最小需水量分别为17.68×108 m3、10.02×108 m3和3.29×108 m3,年适宜需水量分别为35.65×108 m3、18.23×108 m3和7.00×108 m3;③一般用水期（10月至翌年3月）保证新渠满、乌斯满和恰拉河道最小需水量5.33×108 m3、3.77×108 m3和1.32×108 m3,用水敏感期（4-9月）保证适宜需水量28.99×108 m3、13.70×108 m3和5.09×108 m3即可确保干流河道生态系统健康。 相似文献
2.
根据《塔里木河流域近期综合治理规划》规定的水权分配方案,以保障干流天然植物正常生长所需水分和塔里木河下游不断流为前提,模拟计算了塔里木河干流现状灌溉需水的满足度。首先,采用定额法估算塔里木河干流天然植被需水量,选用90%保障率最枯月平均流量法,估算塔里木河干流最小河道内生态需水量,得出塔里木河干流不同保障率的水资源可利用量;其次,建立了塔里木河干流水资源评价和规划模型（WEAP）,估算了各灌区基准年的需水量;最后,模拟计算了不同保障率下各灌区逐月的需水满足度。结果表明：随着来水保障率的提高,除了塔里木河下游灌区需水得到满足外,其他各灌区各月需水满足度出现不同程度的下降,生产用水与生态用水矛盾逐渐突出。在平水年、枯水年和特枯水年,灌溉总缺水量分别为0.43×108 m3、1.29×108 m3和2.44×108 m3,缺水最严重的月份主要集中在3月、11月,其次为4月和5月,缺水量最大的为塔里木河中游灌区。 相似文献
3.
通过1949-2010年塔里木河流域干旱灾害资料,研究了塔里木河流域干旱灾害的频次和旱情,采用波谱分析方法进行了周期分析。结果表明：1949-2010年,塔里木河流域有记载的干旱灾害共59次,平均每1.04 a发生1次。在59次的灾害中,特大旱灾、重大旱灾、中度旱灾、轻度旱灾分别为10次、25次、11次、13次,分别占16.96%、42.37%、18.64 %和22.04%,3级以上大旱灾共发生35次,平均每1.75 a发生1次,占干旱灾害发生年总数的59.32%。塔里木河流域1990-2010年受旱率超过20% 的有14 a,受旱率和成灾率最高的年份为1993年,分别为37.5%和17.3%。受旱率超过 25%、成灾率超过15%的有3 a,分别是1993、2001年和2002年,平均7 a一遇;每5 a不同级别平均受旱面积依次为2.65×105、2.22×105、3.23×105 hm2和3.53×105 hm2; 平均成灾面积分别为1.22×105、1.05×105、1.78×105hm2和2.31×105hm2。塔里木河流域在1950-2010年存在准2 a、准3 a、准6 a、准13 a的周期,且准2 a、准3 a的周期相当显著,置信度分别达99%和95%。 相似文献
4.
大气降水是新疆一切水资源的根本来源,空中水资源是大气降水的物质基础,大气降水在当地形成地表水资源。水资源短缺是制约新疆经济社会高质量发展和生态安全保障的最关键自然因素。本文分析新疆空中水资源和地表水资源的变化特征,对新疆水资源系统规划和高效利用具有重要的科学意义。结果显示：1961—2022年新疆年降水资源量为2717.12×108m3,水汽输入量为21115×108m3,水汽净收支量为347.5×108m3,水汽降水效率为12.5%;2001—2021年新疆平均水资源总量为912.3×108m3,其中地表水资源量为864.1×108m3,产水系数为0.32。从变化趋势来看,1961—2022年新疆年降水量明显增加,新疆上空水汽总输入量和总输出量微弱减少,水汽净收支量微弱增加,水汽降水效率明显增加;2001—2021年新疆地表水资源处于丰水阶段,但产水系数有微弱的波动减小趋势。新疆水资源问题依然突出,在不同水资源精细化特征、不同相态水体转化关系等方面研究不足,未来需要加强研究以... 相似文献
5.
基于遥感和GIS的农牧交错带生态资产定量评估——以宁夏盐池县为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
自2003年宁夏全境实行禁牧政策以来,处于农牧交错带的盐池县生态与环境变化受到广泛关注。利用2000年、2005年、2010年TM/ETM+和MODIS NDVI数据,定量反演生态参数,计算3个时点的生态资产,评估禁牧政策的环境影响。结果表明：盐池县生态资产总值分别为1.62×108、2.15×108、2.70×108元;生态系统服务功能中水土保持价值比重最大,其中贡献最大的土地利用/覆盖类型为占研究区总面积最大的草地;单位面积生态资产价值最高的为旱地,10 a间生态资产总体呈递增趋势,东南部黄土丘陵区增幅明显,说明过去10 a来禁牧政策有助于生态资产的增加,环境质量总体趋好。 相似文献
6.
选择干旱区典型绿洲城市乌鲁木齐,构建系统仿真模型对未来城市发展与水资源开发利用进行预警分析,并在既定经济增速与基本稳定的用水总量控制下,探讨乌鲁木齐产业结构调整与水资源调配的优化模式。研究结果表明:1)不同供用水方案下水资源对城市发展的支撑能力有明显差异,水资源短缺将较大程度限制城市健康发展;2)在供水总量基本稳定状况下,乌鲁木齐市用水结构的调整方向在于生产用水结构,工业需水比例大幅上升,农业需水比例迅速下降;3)未来乌鲁木齐市应重点发展第二产业,农业生产应以满足城市居民的蔬菜需求为主,工业上应限制高耗水产业发展,提高低、中耗水行业产值比重。 相似文献
7.
探讨区域农作物水足迹与其时空分布规律及驱动因素,可以提高农业生产效率和水资源利用效益。本研究量化并分析关中地区54个县(区)2000—2020年冬小麦和夏玉米水足迹,并借助通径分析方法探究影响其绿水足迹、蓝水足迹及灰水足迹时空变化的驱动因素。结果表明：(1)关中地区农作物总水足迹从2000年2.232×108m3下降到2020年2.003×108m3,其中,蓝水是最主要的水资源使用形式,其次是灰水,绿水使用量最少,三者占比分别为37.261%、36.254%和26.485%;(2)农作物总水足迹空间上差异显著,呈现出东高西低和相似地区(高-高、低-低)集聚分布的特征;(3)单位面积产量、平均风速和化肥施用量分别为影响绿水足迹、蓝水足迹和灰水足迹最显著的因素。本研究的结果有利于帮助关中地区节约水资源和提高用水效率,拓展农业水资源可持续利用思路。 相似文献
8.
运用水生态足迹及其深度与广度评价方法，对2000—2019年陕西省水生态足迹、承载力、深度与广度时空格局进行研究。从经济、人口、环境、农业和水利5个方面，构建水生态足迹影响因素指标体系，采用CFEM模型对水生态足迹成因进行分析。结果表明：(1)陕西省水生态足迹总体呈波动上升趋势，多年均值为1403×104 hm2，其中，农业水生态足迹占比最高，多年平均占比为66.65%，工业和居民生活水生态足迹占比分别为15.84%和13.39%;(2)陕西省水生态承载力年际分配不均衡，在603.5×104 hm2～3741×104 hm2间波动，多年均值为1632.9×104 hm2，高于水生态足迹，处于水生态盈余状态；(3)近10 a，陕西省主要以消耗水资源流量资本为主，水生态足迹广度处于较高水平，但2001年和2016年，水资源存量资本消耗量大；(4)陕西省水生态承载力与水生态足迹区域差异大，但年际变化相对较小；(5)经济... 相似文献
9.
利用GRACE重力卫星监测新疆天山山区水储量时空变化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用经过高斯平滑滤波处理的2003年1月至2010年12月逐月的GRACE卫星时变重力场数据,反演得到新疆天山山区水储量变化,其空间分辨率为1°×1°,结合同时间段该区域31个国家气象台站逐月降水资料,采用趋势分析方法,研究天山山区近8 a来的水储量时空变化特征。结果表明：天山山区水储量变化具有明显的空间差异性,总体表现为东、西部多,中部少的空间分布格局。在时间上,水储量变化与降水具有明显的季节性变化规律,两者变化过程基本一致。天山山区平均水储量变化趋势的年内分布总体上1-12月呈递增变化;1-3月为负增长,最大负增长为21.7 mm•a-1,出现在2月;4-12月呈正增长,最大月份出现在11月,增长趋势达到29.9 mm•a-1。水储量变化增加的主要原因是天山山区近几年夏季降水有所增加造成的。2003-2010年天山山区水储量变化总体上呈逐年下降趋势,平均每月下降速度为4.8 mm,8 a间水储量变化减少约13×108 m3,其主要原因是由于气候转暖、冰川消融加速、山前绿洲灌溉及生活用水量增加,导致山区水储量变化减少。 相似文献
10.
基于新疆8个城市连续50 a（1961-2010年）的太阳辐射及气象数据,结合中国辐射光当量模型,获取各城市天然光年总照度值。应用Mann Kendall 检验方法,分析各城市天然光年总照度变化趋势及年际变化趋势。结果表明：年总照度变化幅度最大的城市为喀什,其年总照度降低2.4×108 lx•（10a）-1;年总照度变化幅度最小的城市为若羌,其年总照度降低1.1×108 lx•（10a）-1。城市年总照度年际变化趋势为喀什逐年递减;阿勒泰、乌鲁木齐、伊宁、哈密、吐鲁番及和田为先波动后下降,且下降趋势显著,若羌为先波动后下降,但下降趋势不显著。 相似文献
11.
Qinghai Lake is the largest saline lake in China.The change in the lake volume is an indicator of the variation in water resources and their response to climate change on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP)in China.The present study quantitatively evaluated the effects of climate change and land use/cover change(LUCC)on the lake volume of the Qinghai Lake in China from 1958 to 2018,which is crucial for water resources management in the Qinghai Lake Basin.To explore the effects of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume,we analyzed the lake level observation data and multi-period land use/land cover(LULC)data by using an improved lake volume estimation method and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.Our results showed that the lake level decreased at the rate of 0.08 m/a from 1958 to 2004 and increased at the rate of 0.16 m/a from 2004 to 2018.The lake volume decreased by 105.40×108 m3 from 1958 to 2004,with the rate of 2.24×108 m3/a,whereas it increased by 74.02×108 m3 from 2004 to 2018,with the rate of 4.66×108 m3/a.Further,the climate of the Qinghai Lake Basin changed from warm-dry to warm-humid.From 1958 to 2018,the increase in precipitation and the decrease in evaporation controlled the change of the lake volume,which were the main climatic factors affecting the lake volume change.From 1977 to 2018,the measured water yield showed an"increase-decrease-increase"fluctuation in the Qinghai Lake Basin.The effects of climate change and LUCC on the measured water yield were obviously different.From 1977 to 2018,the contribution rate of LUCC was -0.76% and that of climate change was 100.76%;the corresponding rates were 8.57% and 91.43% from 1977 to 2004,respectively,and -4.25% and 104.25% from 2004 to 2018,respectively.Quantitative analysis of the effects and contribution rates of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume revealed the scientific significance of climate change and LUCC,as well as their individual and combined effects in the Qinghai Lake Basin and on the QTP.This study can contribute to the water resources management and regional sustainable development of the Qinghai Lake Basin. 相似文献
12.
水土保持价值的计算,对土地的可持续利用以及生态与环境的协调发展具有重要意义。利用遥感数据、DEM数据和统计数据,应用遥感与地理信息系统技术,以关中-天水经济区为研究对象,对该区域1980年、2000年、2005年和2010年的水土保持价值进行了测算。结果表明：关中-天水经济区的水土保持价值是逐年上升的,且涨幅不断增大,从1980-2000年增加了2.54×1010元,2000-2005年增加了1.56×1010元,2005-2010年增加了3.59×1010元,其中耕地、林地和草地的水土保持价值较大,水域、城乡居民建设用地和未利用地的水土保持价值较小。此外,水土保持价值的分布与植被覆盖度呈正相关。若要提高全区的水土保持价值,需要加强基本农田保护措施和林地、草地建设,提高林地、草地覆盖度。 相似文献
13.
乌鲁木齐市生态足迹分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于传统生态足迹模型改进的“本地生态足迹”模型,引入热值概念,以新疆土地平均生产力为核算标准,调整乌鲁木齐市生态足迹模型中的3大核心参数,测算了乌鲁木齐市2000-2010年各类型土地实际发生的生态足迹、生态承载力和生态盈余。结果表明：乌鲁木齐市人均生态足迹从2000年的每人5.63 hm2增加到2010年的24.0 hm2,而人均生态承载力从2000年的0.84 hm2下降到2010年的0.57 hm2,人均生态赤字从2000年的4.54 hm2增加到2010年的23.04 hm2。2000年以来,除了牧草地以外,其他类型土地均是生态赤字,建设用地是乌鲁木齐市生态足迹和生态赤字的最大贡献者,2010年对生态赤字的贡献达到了93.04%。牧草地则是生态承载力的最大供给者,但自2004年以来其生态盈余呈不断下降趋势,表明乌鲁木齐市土地生态系统处于超负荷利用状态。应通过减少人口压力、提高耕地、牧草地等的平均生产力,大力实施循环经济等措施来减少乌鲁木齐市生态足迹,增加生态承载力,以实现土地的可持续利用。 相似文献
14.
PENG Jiajia 《干旱区科学》2022,14(4):455-472
Glaciers are known as natural 'solid reservoirs', and they play a dual role between the composition of water resources and the river runoff regulation in arid and semi-arid areas of China. In this study, we used in situ observation data from Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, in combination with meteorological data from stations and a digital elevation model, to develop a distributed degree-day model for glaciers in the Urumqi River Basin to simulate glacier mass balance processes and quantify their effect on streamflow during 1980-2020. The results indicate that the mass loss and the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of glaciers in the last 41 years had an increasing trend, with the average mass balance and ELA being -0.85 (±0.32) m w.e./a (meter water-equivalent per year) and 4188 m a.s.l., respectively. The glacier mass loss has increased significantly during 1999-2020, mostly due to the increase in temperature and the extension of ablation season. During 1980-2011, the average annual glacier meltwater runoff in the Urumqi River Basin was 0.48×108 m3, accounting for 18.56% of the total streamflow. We found that the annual streamflow in different catchments in the Urumqi River Basin had a strong response to the changes in glacier mass balance, especially from July to August, and the glacier meltwater runoff increased significantly. In summary, it is quite possible that the results of this research can provide a reference for the study of glacier water resources in glacier-recharged basins in arid and semi-arid areas. 相似文献
15.
WANG Shanshan 《干旱区科学》2021,13(12):1274-1286
The Tarim River is the longest inland river in China and is considered as an important river to protect the oasis economy and environment of the Tarim Basin. However, excessive exploitation and over-utilization of natural resources, particularly water resources, have triggered a series of ecological and environmental problems, such as the reduction in the volume of water in the main river, deterioration of water quality, drying up of downstream rivers, degradation of vegetation, and land desertification. In this study, the land use/land cover change (LUCC) responses to ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River were investigated using ENVI (Environment for Visualizing Images) and GIS (Geographic Information System) data analysis software for the period of 1990-2018. Multi-temporal remote sensing images and ecological water conveyance data from 1990 to 2018 were used. The results indicate that LUCC covered an area of 2644.34 km2 during this period, accounting for 15.79% of the total study area. From 1990 to 2018, wetland, farmland, forestland, and artificial surfaces increased by 533.42 km2 (216.77%), 446.68 km2 (123.66%), 284.55 km2 (5.67%), and 57.51 km2 (217.96%), respectively, whereas areas covered by grassland and other land use/land cover types, such as Gobi, bare soil, and deserts, decreased by 103.34 km2 (14.31%) and 1218.83 km2 (11.75%), respectively. Vegetation area decreased first and then increased, with the order of 2010<2000<1990<2018. LUCC in the overflow and stagnant areas in the lower reaches of the Tarim River was mainly characterized by fragmentation, irregularity, and complexity. By analyzing the LUCC responses to 19 rounds of ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River from 2000 to the end of 2018, we proposed guidelines for the rational development and utilization of water and soil resources and formulation of strategies for the sustainable development of the lower reaches of the Tarim River. This study provides scientific guidance for optimal scheduling of water resources in the region. 相似文献
16.
Water shortage is one bottleneck that limits economic and social developments in arid and semi-arid areas.As the impacts of climate change and human disturbance intensify across time,uncertainties in both water resource supplies and demands increase in arid and semi-arid areas.Taking a typical arid region in China,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,as an example,water yield depth(WYD)and water utilization depth(WUD)from 2002 to 2018 were simulated using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model and socioeconomic data.The supply-demand relationships of water resources were analyzed using the ecosystem service indices including water supply-demand difference(WSDD)and water supply rate(WSR).The internal factors in changes of WYD and WUD were explored using the controlled variable method.The results show that the supplydemand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang were in a slight deficit,but the deficit was alleviated due to increased precipitation and decreased WUD of irrigation.WYD generally experienced an increasing trend,and significant increase mainly occurred in the oasis areas surrounding both the Junggar Basin and Tarim Basin.WUD had a downward trend with a decline of 20.70%,especially in oasis areas.Water resources in most areas of Xinjiang were fully utilized and the utilization efficiency of water resources increased.The water yield module in the InVEST model was calibrated and validated using gauging station data in Xinjiang,and the result shows that the use of satellite-based water storage data helped to decrease the bias error of the InVEST model by 0.69×108m3.This study analyzed water resource supplies and demands from a perspective of ecosystem services,which expanded the scope of the application of ecosystem services and increased the research perspective of water resource evaluation.The results could provide guidance for water resource management such as spatial allocation and structural optimization of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas. 相似文献
17.
利用GFP标记和平板分离法研究了拮抗内生细菌Bacillus mojavensisZA1在马铃薯根内及根际的定殖动态及其对土著微生物的影响。结果表明,标记菌株ZA1-gfp在土壤中定殖数量为3.7×104~7.3×104cfu/g;马铃薯根际为3.0×103~1.5×105cfu/g,根内为49~630cfu/g;马铃薯的根部横切面、根毛和根表皮等部位均观察到发绿色荧光的菌株ZA1-gfp菌体或聚集菌落。利用灌根法施入生防菌后,土壤中细菌、放射菌数量显著增加(P<0.05),土壤真菌数量在中期下降;土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量分别在相对稳定范围内(数据之间差异不显著)消长。该结果说明菌株ZA1-gfp能够在马铃薯根内及根际定殖且不影响土壤中土著微生物的群落稳定性。 相似文献
18.
Xifeng ZHANG 《干旱区科学》2019,11(5):713-728
Water resources are critical for the existence and development of oases in endorheic basins. Thus, to enable sustainable development, it is fundamentally important to understand how to allocate and use these resources in a reasonable way. We therefore simulated and analyzed changes in water consumption pattern within the Dunhuang Oasis of China under three scenarios using a system dynamic model that corresponds to different water consumption pattern. This was done to assess the impacts of regional water resource planning (comprehensive planning of the rational use of water resource and protection of ecosystem services in the Dunhuang Basin) on water consumption pattern within the Dunhuang Oasis. The first of these, Scenario 1, is a baseline in which the status quo is maintained, while Scenario 2 incorporates the comprehensive effects of agricultural water-saving irrigation measures with an inter-basin water diversion project, and Scenario 3 focuses on ecological rehabilitation. In the baseline Scenario 1, the total water consumption within the Dunhuang Oasis increased progressively while agricultural water consumption remained extremely high and threatened overall ecological security. In contrast, Scenario 2 would decrease agricultural water consumption by almost 5.30×107 m3 following the implementation of water-saving practices. The additional water allocated from an inter-basin water diversion project would play an important role in alleviating ecological strain on the oasis. Finally, in Scenario 3, the total irrigated land must be decreased to 20.6×103 hm2 by 2025 assuming that water supply for ecosystem restoration would be at least 50% of the total consumption. Although water resource planning plays a very important role in alleviating the ecological water crisis within the oasis, it is necessary to consider the suitable scale of oasis with regard to current water consumption pattern. 相似文献
19.
Snow resisting capacity of vegetation is important for secondary distribution of water resources in seasonal snow areas of grassland because it affects the regeneration,growth and nutrient circulation of vegetation in grassland.This study investigated vegetation characteristics(canopy height,canopy length and crown width)of Caragana microphylla Lam.(shrub)and Achnatherum splendens(Trin.)Nevski.(herb),and snow morphologies(snow depth,snow width and snow braid length)in a typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia,China in 2017.And the influence of vegetation characteristic on snow resisting capacity(the indices of bottom area of snow and snow volume reflect snow resisting capacity)was analyzed.The results showed that snow morphology depends on vegetation characteristics of shrub and herb.The canopy height was found to have the greatest influence on snow depth and the crown width had the greatest influence on snow width.The canopy length was found to have little influence on morphological parameters of snow.When the windward areas of C.microphylla and A.splendens were within the ranges of 0.0-0.5 m2 and 0.0-8.0 m2,respectively,the variation of snow cover was large;however,beyond these areas,the variation of snow cover became gradually stable.The potential area of snow retardation for a single plant was 1.5-2.5 m2 and the amount of snow resistance was 0.15-0.20 m3.The bottom area of snow and snow volume(i.e.,snow resisting capacity)of clumped C.microphylla and A.splendens was found to be 4 and 25 times that of individual plant,respectively.The results could provide a theoretical basis both for the estimation of snow cover and the establishment of a plant-based technical system for the control of windblown snow in the typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia. 相似文献