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1.
覆草旱作对水稻主要农艺性状的影响及节水效应 总被引：16，自引：2，他引：14
为减小南方季节性干旱对水稻生长的影响,提高水分利用效率,于2003年在江西省余江县进行了水稻覆盖旱作的田间试验。大田条件下对比研究了裸地旱作、稻草覆盖旱作和常规水作下水稻大田生长期内的水分利用效率和作物主要农艺性状。结果表明,常规水作处理的灌溉水总量分别是裸地旱作和稻草覆盖旱作灌水量的2.42 和3.31倍。旱作处理下水稻的淹水时间明显减少,只有常规淹水处理的1/10左右。由于淹水时间的减少,水分渗漏量和田面蒸发损失也大大降低。旱作条件下,稻草覆盖旱作的水稻分蘖数、叶面积、根系生长明显优于裸地旱作。覆盖旱作产量最高可达6 747 kg/hm2,接近于常规水作对照的6 811.5 kg/hm2,两者无显著差异。而裸地旱作处理的水稻产量仅为4 716 kg/ hm2,显著低于常规水作和稻草覆盖旱作处理。水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率均为稻草覆盖旱作>裸地旱作>常规水作。 相似文献
2.
Yield, grain quality and water use efficiency of rice under non-flooded mulching cultivation 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Plastic film or straw mulching cultivation under non-flooded condition has been considered as a new water-saving technique in rice production. This study aimed to investigate the yield performance in terms of quality and quantity and water use efficiency (WUE) under such practices. A field experiment across 3 years was conducted with two high-yielding rice cultivars, Zhendao 88 (a japonica cultivar) and Shanyou 63 (an indica hybrid cultivar) and four cultivation treatments imposed from transplanting to maturity: traditional flooding as control (TF), non-flooded plastic film mulching (PM), non-flooded wheat straw mulching (SM), and non-flooded no mulching (NM). Compared with those under the TF, root oxidation activity, photosynthetic rate, and activities of key enzymes in sucrose-to-starch conversion in grains during the grain filling period were significantly increased under the SM, whereas they were significantly reduced under the PM and NM treatments. Grain yield showed some reduction under all the non-flooded cultivations but differed largely among the treatments. The reduction in yield was 7.3–17.5% under the PM, 2.8–6.3% under the SM, and 39–49% under the NM. The difference in grain yield was not significant between TF and SM treatments. WUE for irrigation was increased by 314–367% under the PM, 307–321% under the SM, and 98–138% under the NM. Under the same treatment especially under non-flooded conditions, the indica hybrid cultivar showed a higher grain yield and higher WUE than the japonica cultivar. The SM significantly improved milling, appearance, and cooking qualities, whereas the PM or the NM decreased these qualities. We conclude that both PM and SM could significantly increase WUE, while the SM could also maintain a high grain yield and improve quality of rice. The SM would be a better practice than the PM in areas where water is scarce while temperature is favorable to rice growth, such as in Southeast China. 相似文献
3.
Growth Characteristics and Yield of Late-Season Rice under No-tillage and Non-flooded Cultivation with Straw Mulching 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A long-term field experiment(started at 2003)was conducted to determine the effects of different rice cultivation methods on growth characteristics and grain yield of late-season rice under double-rice cropping system in seasonal drought region of southeast China(Yujiang County,Jiangxi Province).The rice cultivation methods included no-tillage and flooded rice cultivation(N-F),no-tillage and non-flooded rice cultivation with straw mulching(N-SM),and no-tillage and non-flooded rice cultivation without straw ... 相似文献
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在夏玉米生育期间设75%、65%、55%田间持水量3个灌水控制下限,研究地膜覆盖和不同秸秆覆盖量对喷灌夏玉米生长发育、产量、耗水量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,地膜覆盖能明显促进植株的生长,地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖量大于7 500 kg/hm2处理的增产效果相当,覆盖增产效果均随着土壤水分的降低而增加。地膜覆盖处理耗水量最小,无覆盖的最大;秸秆覆盖处理的耗水量随着覆盖量的增加呈减少趋势,土壤水分越高的处理,覆盖节水量越多。地膜覆盖处理的水分利用效率(WUE)最高,比不覆盖处理提高50%以上;秸秆覆盖处理的WUE随着覆盖量的增加而增加,当覆盖量达到7 500 kg/hm2时,WUE的增加幅度变小。 相似文献
6.
陇中旱塬不同覆盖集雨种植方式对春玉米生长特性和产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以春玉米"金凯3号"为供试材料,2015年和2016年开展两年6个不同处理大田试验,设置平地全膜覆盖(WM)、平地半膜覆盖(HM)、隔沟覆膜垄播(MRM)、全膜双垄沟播(WRF)、垄沟秸秆覆盖(SM)和露地平播(CK)6个处理,测定春玉米不同生育阶段生长特性、收获后产量、水分利用效率(WUE)及经济效益等指标。结果表明,覆盖集雨种植方式均能显著促进春玉米生长和干物质积累,提高产量、水分利用效率和经济效益。较露地平作(CK),WRF和MRM处理玉米产量和WUE分别提高了4 561.34、4 126.31 kg/hm2和14.48、12.72 kg/(hm2·mm),以全膜双垄沟播种植方式增幅最显著。试验结果表明,WRF处理纯收益最高,达5 878.26元/hm2,WM处理次之,为4 599.18元/hm2,分别较CK处理增加5 113.3 1和3 834.23元/hm2,可显著提高投入产出比。全膜双垄沟播春玉米种植由于其良好耕作生产特性,是陇中旱塬春玉米高产、稳产的优势选择。 相似文献
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《Field Crops Research》2005,91(2-3):307-318
A 3-year field experiment examined the effects of non-flooded mulching cultivation and traditional flooding and four fertilizer N application rates (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha−1 for rice and 0, 60,120, and 180 kg N ha−1 for wheat) on grain yield, N uptake, residual soil Nmin and the net N balance in a rice–wheat rotation on Chengdu flood plain, southwest China. There were significant grain yield responses to N fertilizer. Nitrogen applications of >150 kg ha−1 for rice and >120 kg ha−1 for wheat gave no increase in crop yield but increased crop N uptake and N balance surplus in both water regimes. Average rice grain yield increased by 14% with plastic film mulching and decreased by 16% with wheat straw mulching at lower N inputs compared with traditional flooding. Rice grain yields under SM were comparable to those under PM and TF at higher N inputs. Plastic film mulching of preceding rice did not affect the yield of succeeding wheat but straw mulching had a residual effect on succeeding wheat. As a result, there was 17–18% higher wheat yield under N0 in SM than those in PM and TF. Combined rice and wheat grain yields under plastic mulching was similar to that of flooding and higher than that of straw mulching across N treatments. Soil mineral N (top 60 cm) after the rice harvest ranged from 50 to 65 kg ha−1 and was unaffected by non-flooded mulching cultivation and N rate. After the wheat harvest, soil Nmin ranged from 66 to 88 kg N ha−1 and increased with increasing fertilizer N rate. High N inputs led to a positive N balance (160–621 kg ha−1), but low N inputs resulted in a negative balance (−85 to −360 kg ha−1). Across N treatments, the net N balances of SM were highest among the three cultivations systems, resulting from additional applied wheat straw (79 kg ha−1) as mulching materials. There was not clear trend found in net N balance between PM and TF. Results from this study indicate non-flooded mulching cultivation may be utilized as an alternative option for saving water, using efficiently straw and maintaining or improving crop yield in rice–wheat rotation systems. There is the need to evaluate the long-term environmental risks of non-flooded mulching cultivation and improve system productivity (especially with straw mulching) by integrated resource management. 相似文献
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采用常规耕作（T1）、秸秆覆盖（T2）、起垄覆膜膜侧种植（T3）、起垄无膜（T4）、无垄覆膜（T5）对玉米叶片光合作用和叶片水平上的水分利用效率以及产量和产量构成因素方面进行分析研究。结果表明,玉米叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Cond）、胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）和水分利用效率（WUE）在不同覆盖模式下均存在显著差异,且起垄覆膜膜侧种植模式下的Pn、Cond和WUE为最大,Tr和 Ci较低。叶片水分利用效率与净光合速率和气孔导度呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.94、0.98;与蒸腾速率和胞间二氧化碳浓度呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为0.92、0.96。 2018 年 T3 处理产量最高,达 10 095 kg/hm2,较 T1、T2、T4、T5 处理分别高 23.18%、0.55%、19.32 %、3.71%;2019年T3处理产量最高,达10 248 kg/hm2,较T1、T2、T4、T5处理分别高21.84 %、12.47%、15.69%、6.03%。 相似文献
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地膜覆盖技术的推广应用造成了土壤与环境的污染,对旱作农业的可持续性发展带来严重挑战。为了降低农业生产对土壤、环境的污染,探索寻求新型的绿色环保覆盖高效模式,通过运用粉碎秸秆来代替地膜,设置秸秆粉碎覆盖垄作侧播处理,与当地常规种植模式对比,研究了秸秆粉碎覆盖栽培对马铃薯产量及经济性状的影响。结果表明,玉米秸秆粉碎覆盖栽培处理的保温保墒效果不及黑色全膜双垄侧播处理,但能明显提高马铃薯单株粒数和单株粒重,单株粒数提高0.4个/株,单株粒重提高0.05 kg/粒,从而明显提高大薯率,大薯率相比黑色全膜双垄侧播栽培模式提高6.0个百分点,进而提高马铃薯产量。秸秆粉碎覆盖栽培处理下产量最高,达到41339 kg/hm^2,较黑色全膜双垄侧播处理增产14.3%,较黑色半膜覆盖侧播处理增产28.1%,较露地穴播增产43.5%。因此,秸秆粉碎覆盖栽培是一项适宜半干旱区马铃薯生产种植的绿色环保覆盖高效栽培模式。 相似文献
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Hiroyuki Ikeda Akihiko Kamoshita Junko Yamagishi Makara Ouk Bunna Lor 《Paddy and Water Environment》2008,6(1):91-103
In order to assess direct seeding of rice technology to cope with future agricultural labor shortage in Cambodia, agronomic
experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 to compare direct seeding with transplanting under three water conditions (non-flooded,
shallow flooded, and deep flooded conditions) with/without weed control by herbicides (bentazone and cyhalofop-butyl) for
two Cambodian rice varieties (shorter stature and early maturity Sen Pidao, taller stature and longer maturity Phka Rumduol).
Average rice yield in 2 years was lower in direct seeding (341 g m−2) than transplanting (404 g m−2), but interaction components with year, varieties, water conditions, and weed management were significant, and the attained
maximum yield of direct seeding (510 and 464 g m−2 for Phka Rumduol variety in shallow flooded condition with weeding in 2005 and 2006, respectively) was similar to that of
transplanting. Plant length and dry weight of rice were reduced in non-flooded and deep flooded conditions compared with shallow
flooded condition, and grain yield was the highest in shallow flooded condition. Yield advantage of Phka Rumduol over Sen
Pidao increased under direct seeding, particularly under non-flooded conditions in 2005 because weed infestation was more
suppressed in Phka Rumduol even without weeding. Increase in 100 g m−2 of weed infestation prior to heading (dry weight basis) reduced about 20% of attainable yield with weed control. This study
identified importance of stature and growth duration of rice varieties and presence of standing water as well as the weed
control, in order to develop and extend direct seeding in the Cambodia. 相似文献
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水分管理方式对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响 总被引：17，自引：1，他引：16
以杂交籼稻汕优63和丰优香占及粳稻武育粳3号和9516为材料,研究了中期搁田、结实期干湿交替灌溉以及旱作对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,与水层灌溉相比,搁田处理显著提高了水稻产量。结实期干湿交替灌溉对水稻产量的影响因施氮量不同而有所差异。在常规施氮量（240 kg/hm2）下,干湿交替灌溉对水稻产量无显著影响,而在高氮（300 kg/hm2）条件下,干湿交替灌溉显著提高了水稻产量。水稻旱作与常规水作产量无明显差异。除武育粳3号外,中期搁田处理显著提高了汕优63和丰优香占的氮肥利用率;结实期干湿交替灌溉提高了高施氮量处理氮肥的农学利用率和生理利用率;水稻旱作有利于提高氮肥吸收利用率。 相似文献
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秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量及土壤水分的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为探讨西北半干旱雨养条件下秸秆带状覆盖麦田水分利用特征和增产效果,通过田间试验,以露地条播为对照(CK),研究了3种不同覆盖处理[秸秆带状覆盖常规条播(SM1)、秸秆带状覆盖宽幅条播(SM2)和全膜覆土穴播(PM)]对旱地冬小麦田土壤含水量、小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,秸秆带状覆盖和全膜覆土穴播均可显著改善小麦全生育期0~20cm以及开花前20~90cm土壤墒情,但开花后20~90cm以及全生育期90~200cm土壤墒情普遍不如CK。3种覆盖处理均能促进冬小麦对土壤贮水的利用,显著提高开花至成熟阶段的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例。秸秆带状覆盖和全膜覆土穴播生育期耗水量分别比CK增加4.6%和7.6%。秸秆带状覆盖在孕穗前0~200cm土壤墒情与全膜覆土穴播无显著差异,孕穗期开始则好于全膜覆土穴播;全膜覆土穴播0~200cm土壤贮水消耗量显著高于秸秆带状覆盖,而开花至成熟阶段的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例则略低于秸秆带状覆盖。3种覆盖处理均显著提高产量和水分利用效率,PM、SM1和SM2较CK分别增产36.8%、29.7%和27.5%,水分利用效率分别提高27.3%、23.9%和22.7%。产量与生育期耗水量呈显著正相关(r=0.97*)。覆盖处理中,全膜覆土穴播产量虽最高,但从产量、水分利用效率和经济效益角度综合考虑,秸秆带状覆盖优于全膜覆土穴播。因此认为,秸秆带状覆盖是一种更加高产高效、适宜在西北半干旱雨养区推广的覆盖种植方式。 相似文献
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土壤水分与覆盖对夏玉米生长及水分利用效率的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
在防雨棚下的测坑中,采用裂区试验设计,研究土壤高水分(75%田间持水量,下同)、中水分(65%)和低水分(55%)条件下地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和不覆盖对夏玉米生长发育、产量性状和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,在不同土壤水分条件下,地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖处理的株高和叶面积指数均高于不覆盖的处理;在玉米生长前期地膜覆盖处理的株高和叶面积指数最高,在玉米生长的中后期秸秆覆盖处理的株高和叶面积指数最高。地膜和秸秆覆盖均具有显著的增产作用,与不覆盖相比,平均分别增产8.89%和22.26%。水分利用效率(WUE)随着土壤水分的降低而增加;在相同的土壤水分条件下,秸秆覆盖处理的WUE最高,地膜覆盖的次之,不覆盖的最低;当土壤水分控制下限为田间持水量的65%时,覆盖处理的节水增产效果最好,其中地膜和秸秆覆盖处理产量比不覆盖处理分别增加12.69%和28.47%,WUE分别提高21.78%和34.65%。 相似文献
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为探讨适宜河北山前平原高产限水区冬小麦节水稳产的种植模式,于2014-2015年研究了不同种植模式对最大叶面积指数、群体变化、表层土壤水分含量、耗水特性、产量及水分利用效率的影响。试验设秸秆覆盖(微喷灌)、全膜覆土穴播(不灌水)、垄上覆膜(膜侧条播,淋灌)、免耕沟播(每沟淋灌)、免耕沟播(隔沟淋灌)、微喷灌对照、畦灌对照共7个处理,畦灌对照灌水量为150mm(越冬水和拔节水各75mm),各微灌处理灌水量均为30mm(拔节水)。结果表明,秸秆覆盖处理较微喷灌对照增产2.1%,差异不显著,水分利用效率二者相同;秸秆覆盖处理冬前、返青期、拔节期表层土壤水分含量均高于微喷灌对照。秸秆覆盖处理、微喷灌对照较畦灌对照分别减产0.6%和2.6%,差异不显著,而水分利用效率同为31.7kg·hm-2·mm-1,较畦灌对照增加32.1%,差异极显著。秸秆覆盖处理成穗率显著高于微喷灌对照,微喷灌对照成穗率显著高于畦灌对照;秸秆覆盖处理冬前0~20cm土层含水量较微喷灌对照、畦灌对照分别增加6.36%和5.92%,差异均显著。秸秆覆盖处理下冬小麦生育期土壤水消耗量略低于膜侧条播处理,而高于其他微灌处理,说明秸秆覆盖模式在降水量偏少的年份有利于冬小麦利用0~2m土壤贮水。 相似文献
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高海拔(西藏)半干旱地区玉米全膜双垄沟播栽培技术探析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用田间试验,设全膜双垄沟播、全膜平作和裸地平作3种种植方式,测定玉米各生育时期的土壤含水量、干物质量、光和速率、产量和产量构成因子,分析不同处理的土壤耗水量、贮水量、含水量垂直变化以及水分利用效率,探讨全膜双垄沟播下玉米土壤水分的动态变化和利用效率。结果表明,覆膜可使玉米出苗提前2 d,促进玉米前期营养生长并提前灌浆5 d,覆膜处理的整个生育期缩短8 d。全膜双垄沟播处理的产量和水分利用效率最高,分别为27 309 kg/hm~2、69.2 kg/(hm~2·mm),同时生育期耗水量最小(394.5 mm),能够提前灌浆,减少灌浆时期耗水量。收获后,全膜平作和裸地平作处理的土壤水分出现亏缺,各土层贮水量均减少,全膜双垄沟播处理的各土层土壤含水量均高于播前。全膜双垄沟播处理的玉米净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)显著高于其他处理,收获时各处理的子粒和秸秆干物质累积量均表现为全膜双垄沟播全膜平作裸地平作。 相似文献
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以郑单958(耐旱性强)和驻玉309(耐旱性弱)为供试材料,通过池栽试验研究水分胁迫对两个玉米品种的吐丝前后土壤水消耗、水分利用和子粒产量的影响。正常供水下,两个品种吐丝前和吐丝后土壤水消耗量、生育期耗水量、水分利用效率和子粒产量均无显著差异。水分胁迫下,全生育期各土层(0.2～1.6 m)水分消耗量均为郑单958少于驻玉309,吐丝前和吐丝后郑单958土壤水消耗量分别比驻玉309少12 mm和21mm,且分别以0.2～0.4 m(吐丝前)和0.8～1.0 m(吐丝后)土层品种间差异最大。水分胁迫下,郑单958和驻玉309的生育期耗水量分别为454 mm和487 mm,子粒产量分别为8 320 kg/hm~2和7 290 kg/hm~2,表明水分胁迫条件下,耐旱品种郑单958以较少的水分消耗生产更多子粒,表现出较高的水分利用效率。 相似文献
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氮肥运筹对华北平原限水灌溉冬小麦产量和水氮利用效率的影响 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
为了解不同氮肥运筹处理对华北平原限水灌溉条件下冬小麦产量、水分和氮素利用效率的影响,在中国农业大学吴桥试验站限水灌溉(播种前灌充足底墒水,春浇拔节水和开花水)条件下,开展了6个不同氮肥运筹处理(157.5 kg N/ha全部做基肥;基肥88.5 kg N/ha 追肥69 kg N/ha;基肥157.5 kg N/ha 追肥69 kg N/ha;基施88.5 kg N/ha 追施138 kg/ha;226.5 kg N/ha全部做基肥;基肥157.5 kg N/ha 追肥138 kg N/ha)的大田试验。结果表明,限水灌溉条件下,不同氮肥运筹处理的冬小麦经济产量和产量构成因素(有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重)间无显著差异。冬小麦水分利用效率(1.78~1.87 kg/m3)和氮素生理利用效率(39.65~44.42 kg/kgN)随氮肥施用量加大呈下降趋势,而氮肥生产力则随施氮量增加而显著降低。冬小麦氮素转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率(%)均表现为叶片>茎鞘>穗颖。氮肥一次性基施处理的氮素转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率(%)在各氮肥运筹处理中均较高。在华北平原地区,施氮水平在157.5 kg N/ha且一次性基施,是限水灌溉冬小麦高产、高效、简化的适宜施肥方式。 相似文献
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覆盖方式对旱作水稻干物质积累的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以品种P 88S/1128为材料,设置地膜覆盖和稻草覆盖2个处理,以裸地旱作为对照,研究了不同覆盖栽培方式对旱作水稻光合产物积累的影响。试验结果表明,覆盖方式对旱作水稻的干物质积累有显著的影响,整个生育期的干物质积累以地膜覆盖处理最高,为136.31 g/穴,稻草覆盖处理为123.69 g/穴,均显著高于对照;成熟期地膜和稻草覆盖的穗部干物质积累显著提高,分别比对照提高26.46%和14.49%;另外,覆盖有效提高了叶片叶绿素含量,其产量也显著高于对照。 相似文献