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群体药动学及其在兽药监测和评价中的潜在应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文简要介绍了群体药动学的基本概念、群体药动学的各种参数及其意义。概述了群体药代动力学参数的估算方法，并详细描述其代表性方法一非线形混合效应模型（NONMEM）的药理统计学模型和试验设计及数据收集。最后对群体药动学应用于兽医药理学的各个领域的重要意义，包括指导兽医临床用药、监测动物性食品中的药物残留、新药的开发和评价及群体药动－药效同步模型研究等进行了阐述。 相似文献
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生理药动学模型作为一种数学机制模型,能够模拟药物在体内的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄过程,近年来在药物研发领域得到了越来越广泛的应用。文章主要对生理药动学模型的定义与分类、特征与意义、在兽医药学领域的应用3方面作一简要综述,以期更好地指导兽医临床合理用药。 相似文献
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为探讨抗生素联合用药的相互作用及其药效发生的变化,指导兽医临床合理应用抗生素防治家禽疾病,本文综述了近年来双萜半合成类、多肽类、林可胺类、酰胺醇类、大环内酯类、β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、四环素类等家禽常用抗生素临床联合应用的效果及其体外合用时抑菌试验的研究进展,并着重从药效学、药动学的相互作用及配伍禁忌3个方面分析了抗生素的联合用药是否合理。 相似文献
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3．1化药代谢动力学方面涉及药动学模型、动物或组织器官的药动学和群体药动学（药物代谢动力学）。刘雅红报告“群体药动学”进展并综述其具体流程和方案,评价群体药动学表达的（包括动物群体和个体及群体中不同患病个体的年龄、体重、性别、疾病与剂量状况及合并用药等因素）的平均参数,在优化给药方案、药物残留及新药研发中的重要意义。 相似文献
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我国兽药学10年进展要览 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
１９８８—１９９８年,我国兽药学有了迅速的发展。现根据中国畜牧兽医学会兽医药理学及毒理学分会第３～６届学术讨论会共５７８篇论文中有关药学部分内容,作如下综述。１ 药物代谢动力学促进兽用药剂的发展由冯淇辉主持多所院校学者合作对多种抗生素、抗菌药和抗寄生虫药在家畜和家禽体内的药代动力学作了系统研究,编著出版了《兽医药物代谢动力学》和《兽用抗菌药物代谢动力学研究》专著,其试验设计的方法,已由生理模型药动学,进展到病理模型药动学、比较药动学、联合用药药动学、组织器官药动学以及药动学－药效学同步模型等,填… 相似文献
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生理药动学模型是一种模拟机体循环系统的血液流向,将各器官或组织相互联结起来而建立的整体模型,和经典房室模型与统计矩原理相比,生理模型有其独特的优越性.建立药动学生理模型的主要步骤包括收集资料、设计血流图、建立物质平衡方程组、验证和修订模型.目前,国内外学者已开展了数十种化合物在动物或人体内的生理药动学模型研究.生理模型在开展兽医药动-药效模型研究、指导兽药临床合理应用、指导新兽药的研发、评估兽药残留风险等方面具有良好的应用前景. 相似文献
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1 群体药物动力学的基本概念长期以来 ,不论是临床医师还是药理研究工作者 ,多凭“经验”确定给药方案 ,缺少定量的依据。 60年代后 ,药物代谢动力学 (简称药动学 )的发展使临床用药有了理论依据 ,使给药方案的制定建立在科学基础上。同时 ,它对新药剂设计和临床前实验有了客观的评定标准 ,对一些老药的重新评价也有了准确的数据。但是 ,目前药动学研究的数据多来源于一组均匀的健康或患病个体 ,并在相同条件下 ,按设计好的时间与次数取样测定 ,从而得出药动学参数 ,制定给药方案 ;对食品动物亦依此制定休药期 ,以避免残留。但实际在临床上… 相似文献
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阐述了兽用抗菌药物群体药动学及药效学的研究历史及现状,并在此基础上提出群体药动-群体药效同步关系正成为兽医药理学研究的一个新方向。 相似文献
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Martinez M Modric S Sharkey M Troutman L Walker L Mealey K 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2008,31(4):285-300
Despite advancements in pharmacogenetics in human medicine, the incorporation of pharmacogenetics into veterinary medicine is still in its early stages of development. To date, efforts to understand the pharmacologic impact of genetic variation in veterinary species have largely focused on genes encoding for the membrane transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The emphasis on the role of P-gp is largely because of safety concerns associated with the use of some macrocyclic lactones in dogs. Because of the body of information available on this topic, we use P-gp as a platform for understanding the importance of population diversity in veterinary medicine. The impact of P-gp on drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is considered, along with endogenous and exogenous factors that can modulate P-gp activity. The review includes discussion of how population diversity in P-gp activity can lead to susceptibility to certain diseases or alter patient response to environmental stress or pharmaceutical intervention. In addition, phenotypic diversity also needs to be considered, as demonstrated by the impact of P-gp up-regulation and drug resistance. The aim of this review was to set the stage for further exploration into the impact of genetic and phenotypic variability on drug pharmacokinetics, disease propensity, product formulation and drug response in both companion and food-producing animals. 相似文献
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兽用头孢菌素类抗生素研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
头孢菌素类抗生素具有抗菌谱广、抗菌活性强等特点,在人类医学领域应用十分广泛。在兽医临床中,由于药物种类较少及不规范使用而易使细菌产生交叉耐药性,头孢菌素的应用受到一定程度的限制。文章围绕兽用头孢菌素的发展历程、作用机制、药物代谢动力学与安全性等方面,总结了畜禽专用头孢菌素主要种类、抗菌活性及其在动物体内的药动学参数,比较了兽用头孢菌素的抗菌活性,以及其对敏感菌感染疾病的治疗效果。同时概述了头孢菌素类抗生素耐药性产生机制与耐药现状,并分析比较了各国在此类药物耐药性控制中采取的举措。通过对兽用头孢菌素类抗生素的发展及临床应用进行综述,有利于促进头孢菌素在兽医临床中的科学规范使用。 相似文献
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Population pharmacokinetics in veterinary medicine: Potential use for therapeutic drug monitoring and prediction of tissue residues 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
T. MARTÍN-JIMÉNEZ & J.E. RIVIERE 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》1998,21(3):167-189
Population pharmacokinetics can be defined as a study of the basic features of drug disposition in a population, accounting for the influence of diverse pathophysiological factors on pharmacokinetics, and explicitly estimating the magnitude of the interindividual and intraindividual variability. It is used to identify subpopulations of individuals that may present with differences in drug kinetics or in kinetic/dynamic responses. Rooted in procedures used in engineering systems, population pharmacokinetics methods were conceived as a means to determine the pharmacokinetic profile in populations in which a sparse number of samples were obtained per individual, such as those in late stage human clinical trials. This is the situation commonly encountered in all aspects of veterinary medicine. The exploratory nature of this technique allows one to probe relationships between clinical factors (such as age, gender, renal function, etc.) and drug disposition and/or effect. Similarly, the utilization of these techniques in the clinical research phases of drug development optimize the determination of efficacy and safety of drugs. Given the observational nature of most studies published so far, statistical methods to validate the population models are necessary. Simulation studies may be conducted to explore data collection designs that maximize information yield with a minimum expenditure of resources. The breadth of this approach has allowed population studies to be more commonly employed in all areas of drug therapy and clinical research. Finally, in veterinary medicine, there is an additional field in which population studies are potentially ideally suited: the application of this methodology to the study of tissue drug depletion and drug residues in production animals, and the establishment of withdrawal times tailored to the clinical or production conditions of populations or individuals. Such application would provide a major step toward assuring a safe food supply under a wide variety of dose and off-label clinical uses. Population pharmacokinetics is an ideal method for generating data in support of the implementation of flexible labelling policies and extralabel drug use recently approved under AMDUCA (Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act. 21 CFR Part 530). 相似文献
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综述了伊维菌素在动物体内的吸收、分布、代谢、排泄过程以及其药代动力学研究进展,以期为伊维菌素的临床用药和新兽药开发提供依据。 相似文献
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