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1.
生物制片松节油是广西农学院农学系林鉴钊等教师于1986年研究成功的,并由岑溪县松香厂试制生产。近年来,已在全国20多个单位试用。为了进一步总结交流松节油在动.植物以及人体解剖显微制片的经验,以促进在制片领域中广泛应用,广西农学院和岑溪县松香厂于1990年10月21日在广西农学院共同主持召开了“生物制片松节油试用研讨会”。参加会议的有区内农业、医药院校、研究所、医院等13个单位共37人。与会代表根据自己试用的情况,一致肯定生物制片松节油代替二甲苯,是生物制片工作的重大改革。广西中医学院在植物和人体活体组织标本制片中使用生物制片松节油作透明剂,效果良好。广西民族医院病理科,从1990年8月份以来,全部改用生物制片松节油制 相似文献
2.
不同收获方式含水率对油菜收获物流损失的影响 总被引：11，自引：8，他引：3
收获物流损失是影响油菜生产成本的重要因素,以DMH145油菜品种为对象,在丹麦FOULUM 农业研究中心试验研究了油菜籽粒含水率对油菜分段收获和联合收获中3种主要损失的影响,建立了含水率与3种主要损失及总损失之间的数学函数,另外秸秆含水率对秸秆收获物流损失的影响也进行了研究。结果表明：随着含水率的降低,脱粒损失和清选损失降低,但是过低的含水量会使割台损失增大。总损失与含水率之间存在CUBIC函数关系且关系显著;不同含水率情况下,分段收获和联合收获籽粒平均损失率分别为16.358%和18.771%,分段收获平均高出联合收获2.4%;在三大损失中割台损失最低值0.976%,平均低于脱粒损失和清选损失;秸秆含水率对秸秆收获物流损失影响不显著。 相似文献
3.
基于陕北地区2007—2009年的统计数据,分析了该区能源开发带来的环境问题,从大气污染、水环境污染、固体废弃物污染和土地、植被破坏损失4个方面对该区能源开发的生态环境损失进行了估算,综合评价了该区能源开发的生态环境损失。结果显示,2007—2009年该区各年能源开发生态环境损失分别为174.84亿、176.10亿、180.48亿元,占各年GDP的比例分别为12.11%、12.58%和8.89%,平均开发1 t煤炭、石油就带来约65元的生态环境损失,其中各年土地、植被破坏损失所占比例分别为87.11%、87.21%和85.74%,是其他环境损失的6倍多。 相似文献
4.
以松节油做生物制片的透明剂,经用石蜡切片法、徒手切片法、压片法和整体封藏法对被子植物、裸子植物、蕨类植物、苔藓植物、藻类植物和菌类植物制片试验表明,所制作的玻片标本和用二甲苯制作的一样清晰。本研究还设法使松节油与较低浓度的酒精相溶合,因而能将制片中脱水、透明两步合为一步,简化制片程序,提高工作效率。 相似文献
5.
基于系统动力学的北方大型沼气发电系统热平衡分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
该文应用系统动力学和有限元热平衡分析方法,针对黑龙江省某大型沼气发电工程,研究其能量供需平衡情况,并确定工程实际运行过程中的一些关键参数。研究结果表明：罐体散热损失、水分蒸发热损失、沼气排出带走的显热损失、管路热损失占发酵系统总热损失的比例分别为85.59%～90.22%、2.05%～8.42%、3.93%～4.78%、2.06%～2.96%;通过对加热料液所需热量的分析确定了配料热水的加热温度,6、7、8月份为53℃,其它月份为65℃,其占沼气工程总需热量的73.13%～87.91%;通过对管路热损失的分析确定了不同外界气温条件下维持发酵罐35℃恒温发酵的日均加热时间;通过整个系统能量供需平衡的分析得出该工程发电回收的余热能够维持系统全年连续运转,为北方高寒地区大型沼气工程的应用及推广奠定了理论基础。 相似文献
6.
半干旱黄土丘陵区坡耕地径流损失对土地生产力影响研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
采用表土人工堆积小区试验方法 ,研究了半干旱黄土丘陵区西吉县的坡耕地径流损失对土地生产力的影响。结果表明 ,干旱、半干旱黄土丘陵区由径流损失造成的坡耕地土地生产力下降不可忽视 ,坡耕地平均每年每损失 1mm径流会导致供试作物春小麦减产 9.7% ,马铃薯减产 5 .0 % ,春小麦产量受径流损失的影响是马铃薯的 2倍 ;不同坡度坡耕地春小麦每年因径流损失减产 41.7%～ 6 4.0 % ,马铃薯减产2 1.5 %～ 33.0 % ,每年由此所造成的粮食减产分别是坡耕地和农业用地粮食总产量的 73 .3%和 16 .3 %。 相似文献
7.
露地种植大白菜的氮肥效应与氮素损失研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
采用田间小区和微区试验,研究了施用化学氮肥在露地大白菜上的氮肥效应和氮素损失。氮素总损失用15N示踪法测定,氨挥发用通气密闭室法测定,反硝化损失用乙炔抑制原状土柱培养法测定,不加乙炔测定N2O排放。结果表明,施用化学氮肥增产显著,用差值法计算得到的氮肥利用率在25.3%4～7.2%之间,相应的示踪法氮肥利用率为18.1%2～4.6%。化学氮肥显著增加了氨挥发、反硝化和N2O排放等气态氮损失;其中氨挥发占施氮量的0.97%1～7.1%,反硝化占4.33%8～.55%,N2O排放在1.09%1～.63%之间变化。大白菜收获时9.2%～10.9%的标记尿素被淋洗到40.cm以下土层。试验期间尿素的氮素总损失达41.1%4～8.1%,以表观淋洗损失最为严重,其次是氨挥发,而反硝化损失最低。与普通尿素相比,包衣尿素明显降低了氨挥发。 相似文献
8.
大豆酱油电渗析脱盐工艺参数对其脱盐率及品质的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为了降低大豆酱油的含盐量,该文利用电渗析技术对大豆酱油进行脱盐处理,通过单因素试验探讨了电压、流速、pH值对电渗析脱盐效果的影响,确定了较佳电渗析工艺。结果表明在电压为9 V,流速为2.4 cm/s,pH值为4.2,电渗析50 min时脱盐效果较好,氨基酸态氮损失较小,氨基酸态氮损失19.4%,脱盐率达到81.6%。利用氨基酸自动分析仪和气相色谱-质谱联用仪（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry）分析了电渗析前后游离氨基酸及挥发性风味物质的变化规律,结果表明电渗析过程中氨基酸及风味物质均有损失。几种苦味氨基酸如组氨酸、精氨酸、赖氨酸损失较大,分别损失了23.79%、26.39%和28.5%;电渗析过程中,酱油风味物质中醇类、酚类损失较大,尤其是4-乙基愈创木酚损失最多,但因其气味阈值较低,因此对酱油风味影响较小。研究结果为减盐酱油系列产品的生产提供了参考和依据。 相似文献
9.
中国主要粮食作物产后损失特征及减损潜力研究 总被引：10，自引：9，他引：10
为减少作物产后损失,增加粮食供应数量。该文基于物质流分析方法以及农产品流动特征,建立了一套量化作物产后损失的计算方法,在已有数据基础上,重点分析了2010年中国三大粮食作物(水稻、小麦和玉米)产后(包括收获、运输、干燥和储藏)损失特征及其减损潜力。结果显示,中国作物产后损失率较高,水稻、小麦和玉米产后综合损失率分别为6.9%、7.8%和9.0%,三者平均损失率7.9%,高于发达国家作物产后损失水平。粮食产后损失中,储藏环节损失比重最高,损失比例达到40.3%,其次是收获环节,为31.4%,运输和干燥环节损失较小,分别为11.1%和17.2%。农户储藏和收获是作物产后减损的重点环节。情景分析结果显示,通过改进产后不同环节技术条件,可以有效减少作物产后损失,情景5(粮食产后环节技术条件达到最优)三大粮食作物产后损失率均可以降低到4.0%以下。由此可见,中国粮食作物产后减损存在较大潜力,减损重点应落在农户储粮环节以及作物收获环节。作物产后减损需要国家农业科技政策作保障,通过提升农户科学储粮意识以及提高作物机械收获水平和改进作物收获质量等综合措施,最终实现中国粮食作物产后损失的降低。研究结果为中国粮食产后减损政策和措施的制定及实施提供借鉴。 相似文献
10.
长期施肥条件下小麦农田氨挥发损失的原位研究 总被引：14，自引：3，他引：14
采用密闭通气法在长期定位试验基础上研究了连作小麦的原位氨挥发损失。结果表明,小麦昼夜都有氨挥发损失,全天的氨挥发速率在小麦孕穗期为14.69±4.86.g/(hm2·d),灌浆期为18.84±4.09.g/(hm2·d),成熟期为20.91±3.28.g/(hm2·d);昼间的氨挥发损失随小麦生育期的推移迅速增大。单施N、P的氨挥发速率进入灌浆期后开始大幅度增加,单施M的氨挥发速率进入成熟期才大幅度增加。肥料配施可以明显增加小麦孕穗期昼间氨挥发损失速率,不同程度地降低了小麦灌浆期和成熟期昼间氨挥发速率。作物夜间的氨挥发损失小于白天相同处理的氨挥发损失,占白天氨挥发损失平均速率的比例也因生育期而异,孕穗期57.34%±15.93%、灌浆期37.78%±17.84%、成熟期13.73%±11.19%。小麦生育期氨挥发损失与土壤养分含量有一定的相关关系,灌浆期降水对氨挥发的影响也因施用肥料的不同而异。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
18.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
19.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献