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木香薷是一种典型的芳香植物。为了探讨木香薷精油的抑菌活性,本试验采用抑菌圈法,选取了金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、沙门氏菌(Salmonella)和大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)5个菌种作为研究对象,对木香薷精油的抑菌活性进行了研究。实验结果表明,木香薷植物精油对金黄色葡萄球菌抑制效果最为明显,大肠埃希氏菌和枯草芽孢杆菌,对木香薷精油中度敏感,沙门氏菌和黑曲霉对木香薷精油低度敏感。 相似文献
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为得到大豆芽花生内酯豆腐最优制备工艺,以绥化寒地黑土地产大豆、花生为主要原料,大豆经发芽脱腥、花生经烘烤处理,以葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯(GDL)作为凝固剂制作一种新型内酯豆腐。采用单因素和正交试验研究基料(大豆芽和花生)与水比例、大豆发芽时间、凝固剂(葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯)添加量,以内酯豆腐的感官评分和失水率为评价标准确定最佳工艺配方。结果表明:大豆芽与花生配比为4∶1,基料与水配比为1∶6,大豆发芽时间为48 h,GDL添加量为2.3%,并采用感官定量描述分析(QDA)方法对比最佳工艺配方条件下生产的大豆芽花生内酯豆腐与市售内酯豆腐的风味特性(豆香味、花生香味、顺滑、细腻、弹性、涩味、酸味),结果表明:大豆芽花生内酯豆腐表面组织较均匀细腻、洁白、口感较好、营养丰富、且具有大豆和花生特有的香味。 相似文献
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油菜素内酯(Brassinolide简称BR)是70年代由美国的Mitenell从油菜花粉分离发现的一种新型植物激素,1980年日本东京工业大学成功地进行了人工合成。目前,国内已进行人工合成试验及使用试验。据国外试验报道,油菜素内酯对植物具有生长调节作用,对多种作物使用能提高产量。为了摸清油菜素内酯对苎麻生产的增产效应,我们对苎麻进行了喷施试验。现将试验结果报道如下。试验方法试验地为二龄麻园,品种为黑皮蔸,油菜素内酯为日本东京工业大学提供。试 相似文献
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花生条纹病毒病(Peanut Stripe virus, PStV)在我国北方花生产区普遍发生,严重影响花生的产量和品质,本文研究了芸苔素内酯(Brassinolide)和宁南霉素(Ningnanmycin)对PStV的控制作用和对花生生长的影响,结果表明:单独施用芸苔素内酯或宁南霉素对PStV均有一定防治效果,防效在35%左右,两者复配对PStV的控制效果(45.0%)均高于单剂芸苔素内酯(36.1%)和宁南霉素(34.5%)处理,对花生生长和产量的促进作用较明显,两者复配对花生产量提高(35.6%)优于单剂芸苔素内酯(13.8%)和宁南霉素(21.2%)处理。 相似文献
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为探讨油菜素内酯对不同品种冬小麦在越冬期生理代谢的影响,以冬小麦强抗寒性品种东农冬麦1号和弱抗寒性品种济麦22为试验材料,在三叶期对叶片喷洒不同浓度的油菜素内酯(brassinolide,BR) （0.01 mg·L-1、0.1 mg·L-1和 mg·L-1）,对照组用蒸馏水进行喷洒,在室外连续10 d平均最低温达到 5、0、-10和-25 ℃时对小麦分蘖节进行取样,分别用NBT显色法、比色法及高锰酸钾滴定法测定抗氧化酶SOD、POD及CAT的活性,分别利用TBA比色法、考马斯亮蓝法和磺基水杨酸法测定渗透调节物质可溶糖、可溶性蛋白及脯氨酸含量,利用TBA比色法测定膜损伤指标MDA含量,利用比色法测定光合色素含量。结果表明,随着温度的降低,东农冬麦1号和济麦22分蘖节的抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节能力都有所降低;BR处理后,两个品种的分蘖节抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节能力与对照组相比均呈现升高趋势;对照组MDA含量随着温度的降低而逐渐升高,膜质损伤程度逐渐加深,BR处理的MDA含量与对照组相比显著降低;BR处理后叶绿素含量高于对照组,但效果不显著。总之,在越冬期低温下BR能够提高冬小麦抗寒性,最适浓度为0.1 mg·L-1,对强抗寒品种东农冬麦1号的效果好于弱抗寒品种济麦22。 相似文献
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为了研究油菜素内酯（brassinolide, BL）对甘蔗组织培养的影响,本研究以“植物器官从头再生”“体细胞胚再生”2种组培快繁体系为基础,通过添加适宜浓度的2,4-表油菜素内酯（2,4-epibrassinolide, 2,4-EBL）于基础培养基中,设计了6套适用于甘蔗快繁的组合培养基方案。并于不同诱导阶段（不定根诱导、愈伤组织诱导、成苗诱导）对接种材料的形态特征及内源植物激素（油菜素内酯、玉米素核苷、生长素、脱落酸）的含量变化进行了统计与测定,探讨了油菜素内酯应用于甘蔗组织培养快繁技术的可行性。结果表明,将不定根培养基MS + 0.2 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.2 mg/L LFS与成苗培养基MS + 0.5 mg/L KT +（0.2 mg/L IBA / 0.2 mg/L 2,4-EBL）+ 300 mg/L Pro进行组合,为甘蔗组培快繁的较优方案,油菜素内酯可应用于甘蔗组织培养快繁技术,且体细胞胚再生成苗优于愈伤组织再生成苗,成苗时间可缩短至32 d。 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
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Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.
The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).
The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors. 相似文献
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Yanhua Lu Chongwei Zhang Peter Bucheli Dongzhi Wei 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2006,61(2):55-63
Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China. 相似文献
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Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive.
Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated
seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk.
Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than
in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):379-400
Summary Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems. 相似文献
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Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Youna Hemery Marc Chaurand Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Vieno Piironen Abdelkrim Sadoudi Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding. 相似文献
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Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant. 相似文献
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Summary
Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato
plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani. 相似文献