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1.
城市土地集约利用是城市发展的必然要求.目前的土地集约利用评价指标重点考虑经济、社会因素,较少考虑环境因素以及土地集约利用对环境的效应.本文从生态健康的角度入手,建立城市土地集约利用的评价指标体系,包括3大评价因子、20个评价指标,并确定各评价指标的权重.以贵阳市云岩区为例,运用GIS方法对云岩区城市土地集约利用水平进行了研究.结果表明:云岩区城市土地集约利用属较集约水平,还有一定的土地集约利用潜力;在空间上,云岩区城市土地集约利用水平呈现出从中南部向北部、西部、东部递减的特征.土地集约区域面临生态环境恶化的障碍,粗放区域面临社会经济投入产出不足的障碍;针对不同集约水平的区域应采取不同的发展策略,实现生态、社会、经济的协调发展. 相似文献
2.
基于PSR模型的江苏省城市土地集约利用评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据城市土地集约利用的内涵,从压力—状态—响应3个方面选取13个指标,构建了城市土地集约利用评价指标体系和综合评价模型,对江苏省13个地级城市进行了评价。结果表明:2013年较2005年江苏省城市土地集约利用水平有显著提升,增幅为71%,主要在于地均经济投入、产出指标的增长;集约利用水平总体呈现出由南向北递减的空间分异特征,主要影响因素是地理区位条件和经济发展水平。评价结果基本上反映了研究时段内江苏城市土地集约利用的时空变化特征,说明构建的评价指标体系和建立的综合评价模型是可行的。 相似文献
3.
[目的]对天山北坡经济带12个主要城市的土地集约利用水平进行评价。[方法]从土地利用的经济性、社会性及生态性3个内涵出发,构建基于过程的"压力—状态—响应"(PSR)评价指标体系,采用主成分分析法对评价指标进行赋权,按百分制分别测算土地集约利用水平和PSR系统协调度。[结果]天山北坡经济带城市土地集约利用水平差异的主要影响因素一方面在于各城市的经济发展水平,另一方面在于人口密度、土地利用结构、经济增长等对土地集约利用产生压力的因素。将PSR协调度与土地集约利用水平进行相关分析,其Pearson相关系数达到0.886,二者显著相关,说明在总体上PSR系统协调度越高,城市土地集约利用的水平也越高。[结论]为提高城市土地集约利用水平,在规划开发中一方面要结合城市土地集约利用的内涵,另一方面也要从各城市所处的发展阶段及发展目标出发,通过合理的产业转型,优化土地利用结构等方式,制定有效的引导措施来提高土地利用的综合效率。 相似文献
4.
城市土地集约利用效益障碍因子研究——以咸宁市为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
提高城市土地集约利用效益是建设"两型社会"的必然要求。从社会发展、经济水平、生态响应、环境质量四个方面构建城市土地集约利用效益评价指标体系,采用熵权TOPSIS法和障碍度模型,对咸宁市城市土地集约利用效益及障碍因子进行分析。研究表明:(1)1999—2010年咸宁市城市土地集约利用效益在波动中呈稳步上升态势,年均增长速度为10.38%,研究后期增幅更快。城市土地集约利用效益经历了低级(1999—2001年)、中度(2002—2007年)和良好(2008—2010年)三个阶段,中度效益阶段占主导地位;(2)经济水平和生态响应对城市土地集约利用效益的影响较大。2010年以前,人均国内生产总值是最大障碍因子。2010年,单位面积废气排放量是最大障碍因子。 相似文献
5.
6.
基于生态文明的西安市经济技术开发区土地集约利用合理度研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了全面掌握土地集约利用状况,更准确地对土地集约利用合理程度进行评价,从经济、空间、生态3个方面建立土地集约利用合理度评价指标体系,应用FAHP法确定指标权重,采用模糊综合评价法和综合指数法建立土地集约利用合理度的复合评价模型,对西安经济技术开发区土地集约利用合理度进行定量计算、分析和评价。结果表明,西安经济技术开发区土地集约利用合理度综合分值为78.67,土地集约利用总体上较为合理,经济效益和空间效益集约合理度水平一般,生态效益集约合理度很好。最后根据评价结论提出了有针对性的对策建议。该研究结果可为定量评价土地集约利用合理程度提供参考,为区域土地利用、发展定位、规划决策提供借鉴。 相似文献
7.
[目的] 探究生态文明建设目标下广东省城市土地集约利用水平的时空格局特点,促进土地可持续及集约利用。[方法] 利用熵值法确定权重测度土地集约利用水平指数,然后利用核密度估计和空间自相关分析方法分析其时空格局分布特点。[结果] ①时序方面,根据最佳自然断裂点方法将广东省土地集约利用水平值划分为Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ 4个级别。在2012—2019年期间,该区土地集约利用水平值呈现上升趋势。广东省各地级市城市之间土地集约利用水平具有一定差距,但差距在缩小。②空间方面,土地集约利用水平具有集聚的特点,在空间上的集聚态势分别为低—低、低—高、高—高3种类型的区域。高值区域主要分布于珠三角部分区域,低值区分布在粤北等区域,存在明显的空间正自相关性。同时区域间的相关性表现出整体减弱的特点。③广东省各城市土地集约利用水平在时序上存在差距,但城市土地集约利用水平得到提升。部分城市土地集约利用水平在空间上具有集聚的特点且存在关联性。[结论] 广东省各城市应朝着因地制宜的方向发展。珠三角区域应继续优化产业结构,而粤西、粤北等地区则要在政府政策的帮扶下加强区域间的联系,进而缩小区域差距。 相似文献
8.
喀斯特地区县域土地集约利用评价——贵州省绥阳县为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着城镇化进程的加快,社会经济发展对土地的需求不断增加,土地供需矛盾、土地生态环境恶化等问题日益突出。以绥阳县15个乡镇土地利用、社会经济数据为依据,建立土地集约利用评价指标体系,运用定量的评价方法,对绥阳县各乡镇土地集约利用水平进行评价。结果表明:(1)绥阳县各乡镇土地集约利用水平大都处于适度利用水平;其中,土地利用效益和土地投入水平是制约各乡镇集约利用水平的重要因子;(2)绥阳县土地集约利用水平呈阶梯差异,从东向西逐步降低的特征;(3)土地集约利用水平高低主要受地形地貌和经济发展水平的影响,集约度的高低与地形地貌、经济发展水平的高低具有一致性。 相似文献
9.
黑龙江省煤炭型城市土地集约利用评价研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在我国人地矛盾日益突出的背景下,节约集约利用土地已成为社会发展的必然选择,同时也成为促进我国城市健康和可持续发展的关键。以黑龙江省煤炭型城市——鸡西市、双鸭山市、七台河市、鹤岗市为研究区,从经济潜力、社会潜力、生态潜力3方面构建研究区土地集约利用评价指标体系,采用层次分析法与熵值法确定权重,运用多因素综合评价法对研究区2004—2013年的土地集约利用进行综合评价,并分析其驱动力因素。研究结果表明:2004—2006年,黑龙江省煤炭型城市处于不集约状态,属于土地集约利用等级层次中的Ⅳ级,2007—2013年,黑龙江省煤炭型城市处于集约状态,属于土地集约利用等级层次中的Ⅲ级;地均固定资产投资、地均GDP、煤炭开采机械化率、煤炭产值、城市人口与用地增长弹性系数、煤炭挖掘面平均月进度指标是影响煤炭城市土地集约利用的驱动因子。 相似文献
10.
广州市建设用地集约利用评价研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
城市土地的集约利用直接关系到区域土地的可持续利用,如何衡量土地的集约利用程度是一个复杂而重要的过程。以广州市1990—2007年建设用地数据、各类社会经济数据为基础,构建适合广州市建设用地集约利用评价的指标体系,综合运用主成分分析和BP神经网络建立建设用地集约利用评价模型,计算其集约利用程度,并与前人通过模糊综合评价法得出的结论进行比较。结果表明:1990—2007年广州市整体集约利用水平呈上升趋势,1990—1994年、1996—1997年处于粗放利用,1995年、1998—2003年处于中度集约,2004—2007年处于高度集约。主成分分析和BP神经网络的评价方法与模糊综合评价法的结果平均误差为4.37%。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
18.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
19.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献