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1.
[目的]探究围封对内蒙古希拉穆仁草地物种多样性的影响,为围封对草原物种多样性影响的过程研究提供科学依据。[方法]通过调查、计算内蒙古希拉穆仁放牧草地与连续11 a围封草地的物种多样性,结合当地年降水量数据,分析放牧草地围封后物种多样性特征。[结果]围封后,冷蒿、轮叶委陵菜、达乌里芯芭、二裂委陵菜、星毛委陵菜年际波动较大;围封降低了希拉穆仁草地物种多样性,降水量较少年份(年降水量200 mm的2014年)Simpson,Shannon-Wiener和Pielous指数则刚好相反;围封后物种丰富度与年降水量相关系数减小。[结论]长期围封导致希拉穆仁草地物种多样性下降。在干旱气候环境下,围封能够一定程度地缓解气候变化对希拉穆仁草地物种多样性的影响。 相似文献
2.
围封禁牧对退化草原土壤性状的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
以希拉穆仁草原为研究对象,通过对比分析不同围封年限草原土壤机械组成、含水率、容重、孔隙度、有机质含量、碱解氮及速效磷、钾等各项指标,探讨了围封对低山丘陵退化草原土壤性状的影响。结果表明,随着围封年限的增加,草原0-20 cm土层土壤黏粒含量、孔隙度逐年增大,容重和含水率逐渐降低。随着围封时间的延长,土壤速效钾含量逐年降低,土壤有机质、速效磷、碱解氮含量逐渐增加。回归分析结果表明,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷以及速效钾含量的变化同围封年限有显著的相关性。由此可见,围封是促进退化草原土壤改良及植被恢复的一项有效措施。 相似文献
3.
以内蒙古中西部希拉穆仁荒漠草原为研究对象,比较分析了退化荒漠草原自由放牧、围封3a和围封5a土壤理化性质及稳定性碳氮同位素的差异。结果表明:①与自由放牧相比,围封显著增加了土壤有机碳含量、全碳含量、土壤含水量及土壤碳氮比(C/N)(P0.05),土壤容重和全氮含量则显著降低(P0.05),但土壤全氮含量有随围封年限增加而升高的趋势。②相比自由放牧,围封显著降低了土壤的δ~(13)C值和δ~(15)N值。③土壤有机碳含量与δ~(13)C值呈显著负相关关系(P0.05),而土壤全氮含量与δ~(15)N值呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01)。可见,围封有利于促进退化荒漠草原土壤有机碳的积累,减缓土壤氮循环,改善土壤性质。 相似文献
4.
内蒙古希拉穆仁草原风蚀水平观测研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
近年来,草原由于遭受不合理利用而严重退化、沙化,风蚀愈加严重。采用集沙仪和移动式风洞模拟相结合的方法,对位于阴山北麓中部的希拉穆仁草原风蚀特征进行了连续6 a的观测研究。结果表明:(1)植被是控制风蚀的决定性因素,并且植被高度对风蚀的抑制作用强于植被盖度。(2)研究区风蚀模数在围封初期很高,达到1313.7 t/(km2·a),随着植被的改善,草原风蚀逐年下降。(3)风蚀物以细沙粒为主,含量占60%以上。该地区每风蚀1000 kg土壤,同时就损失15 kg有机质,227 g速效氮,262 g速效磷和120 g速效钾,肥力损失量惊人。保护基本草原,恢复退化草地,是防治草地风蚀的最根本途径。 相似文献
5.
《土壤通报》2014,(6):1370-1376
在青海省三江源区选择了玛多县花石峡镇高寒草原典型样区,划分5种不同退化程度样地(原生植被UD、轻度退化LD、中度退化MD、重度退化HD、极度退化ED),10 cm等深度采集表土土壤样品,分析土壤有机碳和组分含量变化。结果表明,研究区内高寒草原土壤表土有机碳及组分含量随退化程度加剧和土层加深呈显著下降。与原生植被相比,轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化和极度退化下0~30 cm土层土壤有机碳含量分别平均降低了19.4%、44.4%、67.0%和79.7%,土壤轻组有机碳含量分别平均降低了14.4%、46.8%、68.9%和81.3%,土壤重组有机碳含量分别平均降低了21.1%、43.6%、66.4%和79.1%。轻组占有机碳含量的比例为20.45%~29.02%,重组占有机碳含量的比例为70.98%~79.55%,有机碳含量的分布主要集中在重组。总的来看,表层土壤有机碳及组分含量在生态系统退化下的变化最剧烈。随退化程度加剧,高寒草原土壤有机碳含量下降迅速,损失严重。保护高寒草地生态系统,对于三江源区畜牧业可持续发展和我国陆地生态系统碳库具有极重要的意义。 相似文献
6.
《水土保持研究》2020,(3)
研究希拉穆仁天然草地围封区内不同群落类型土壤颗粒分形特征及其影响因素,以期为荒漠草原土壤风蚀的减少和草地退化防治提供依据。利用土壤粒径质量分布原理与分形学理论,以围封16年荒漠草原的蒙古韭(Allium mongolicum)、银灰旋花(Convoloulus ammannii)、克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、洽草(Koeleria asiatica)、短花针茅(Stipa brevi flora)6种群落为研究对象,测定和计算土壤颗粒分形维数、粒径组成和水文物理参数,探讨了近自然恢复状态下0—30 cm土层不同群落类型的土壤颗粒分形特征及影响因素。结果表明:(1)决定该地区土壤颗粒分形维数大小的主要是粉砂和极细砂的百分含量,其次为细砂的百分含量,其余粒级土壤颗粒的影响程度较小;土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、饱和蓄水量和吸持蓄水量呈显著正相关,与土壤容重、非毛管孔隙度、滞留蓄水量的相关性不大。(2) 6种不同群落土壤颗粒分形维数最大为2.840,最小值为2.490。0—30 cm土层土壤颗粒平均分形维数介于2.575～2.750,从大到小依次为克氏针茅短花针茅洽草银灰旋花蒙古韭羊草。6种不同群落类型样地上土壤分形维数随土壤采样深度的变化发生不同的波动规律,整体上均呈线性下降趋势。(3)分形维数可以作为一个衡量土壤结构及草地退化恢复程度的综合性指标。从土壤分形维数及其蓄水性能来看,希拉穆仁天然草地围封区的6种群落改良土壤特性及蓄水功能表现为克氏针茅、短花针茅和洽草群落优于其他3种群落。 相似文献
7.
应用干筛法与湿筛法分析了川西北高寒草地不同退化阶段土壤团聚体组成特征,选取了土壤大团聚体含量（R0.25）、平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）和团聚体破坏率（PAD）指标,研究了退化过程土壤团聚体稳定性的变化。结果表明:未退化草地土壤机械稳定性团聚体和水稳性团聚体组成都以大团聚体（>0.25 mm）为主,而退化草地均以微团聚体（<0.25 mm）为主;随着草地退化程度加剧,大团聚体含量（R0.25）显著降低,土壤团聚体MWD和GMD均表现为:未退化 > 轻度退化 > 中度退化 > 重度退化,PAD呈现相反的变化趋势,其中未退化到轻度退化阶段团聚体稳定性变化最为明显;未退化和轻度退化草地土壤团聚体稳定性由表层向下层递减,而中度和重度退化草地表层（0—10 cm）土壤团聚体稳定性弱于下层（10—40 cm）。这些结果表明随着高寒草地退化的加剧,土壤团聚体稳定性显著降低,轻度退化阶段是土壤结构稳定性下降的关键期,在沙化防治中应予以重视。 相似文献
8.
降雨侵蚀对退化草地土壤养分含量的影响 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
为了阐明高寒草甸降雨侵蚀对退化草地土壤养分的影响,以黄河源区退化草地为研究对象,通过野外模拟降雨试验和室内测试,对退化草地土壤养分流失规律进行了分析,这对于揭示高寒草甸草地退化机理和三江源生态环境保护具有重要意义。结果表明:草地退化区土壤养分含量随土层深度的增加而递减,其中40cm范围内的递减幅度较明显;同等条件下坡度为10°的重度退化区土壤养分含量比中度退化区和轻度退化区分别降低了4.2%~49.9%和14.9%~79.4%,而坡度为20°和30°的退化区表层土壤总养分含量均小于10°退化区,且草地退化越严重,则表层土壤略呈弱碱性。与10°退化区相比较,20°和30°的重度退化区养分指标分别降低了5.6%~18.3%和12.2%~44.7%;坡面土壤养分流失主要集中在降雨开始后的30min内,其流失幅度达24.6%~66.4%,其中腐殖质的流失最大,其次为碱解氮、有机质、全氮、速效钾和速效磷,全磷、速效磷和全钾的变化幅度相对较小。降雨侵蚀作用下高寒草甸退化草地的养分流失量比黄土区及人工种植区均大,反映了高寒草地区养分流失是草地退化的原因之一。 相似文献
9.
基于土壤粒度参数的荒漠草原地表粗粒化过程 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
草原退化特征已由植被变化为主演变为土壤退化的阶段,其植被覆盖变化可在一定程度上反映退化状况与过程,探明荒漠草原不同退化阶段(覆盖度)地表风蚀状况,对合理利用与保护草地资源意义重大。以希拉穆仁荒漠草原7个覆盖度(裸地,5%,20%,40%,60%,80%和100%)下的表层土壤为研究对象,利用激光衍射技术测量表层0—1cm土壤粒度组成,分析不同覆盖度下的平均粒径、标准偏差、偏度、峰态及分形维数等粒度参数变化情况及颗粒频率分布。结果表明:(1)土壤粒度组成均以沙粒和粉粒为主,黏粒含量较低;偏度可作为有效粒度参数指标。(2)随着盖度降低,平均粒径数值越大,分选性越好,频率曲线由近于对称—正偏—极负偏转变,峰态由尖锐变平缓,分形维数先增加后降低。(3)粒径分布基本呈双峰分布,盖度越小第二波峰滞后越明显,且分布均匀程度越低,易风蚀颗粒范围为144~869μm。 相似文献
10.
利用NDVI3g数据反演青藏高原1986-2013年高寒草地植被盖度,并计算草地退化指数,以了解青藏高原高寒草地退化状况及其分布特征。结果表明,2011-2013年青藏高原草地退化指数为1.76,属轻度退化等级;退化面积达到41%,与历史平均水平（1986-2010）相比无显著变化,但中等以上退化面积有所增加。其中,轻度退化面积为22%、中度退化面积为8%、重度和极重度退化面积分别为6%和5%,而历史平均分别为28%、7%、4%和1%。从不同草地类型来看,高寒荒漠退化程度最严重,退化面积78%,退化指数为3.23,达到重度退化等级且表现出持续恶化趋势;而高寒草甸和高寒草原退化面积分别为31%和38%,退化指数分别为1.49和1.57,均属于轻度退化状态。从不同省域看,2011-2013年青藏高原新疆自治区范围内草地退化程度最为严重,退化草地面积所占比例为71%;青海省和西藏自治区草地退化比例也较大,分别达到42%和41%;甘肃、四川和云南草地退化比例较小,分别为25%、10%和12%。总体来看,青藏高原草地退化存在空间差异,与历史平均相比无显著变化,但局部有恶化趋势,尤其是高寒荒漠退化状况较为严重。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献