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天牛分类一直以形态特征为依据,近年来生物技术在天牛分类研究中得到应用,此文综述了包括同工酶电泳、RAPD分子标记、PCR、核酸序列分析等技术在天牛近缘种及种下阶元的分类鉴定、种上阶元的系统发育分析、天牛种群的遗传变异与进化、天牛生物地理学研究中的应用,并根据存在的问题对天牛分子生物学研究的前景进行探讨。 相似文献
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同工酶与植物亲缘关系* 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
同工酶几乎存在于所有生物的所有组织中,是生物化学和分子生物学研究的重要内容。对同工酶技术的产生、发展、分类、应用原理及其与物种间的亲缘关系进行了综述。 相似文献
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稻田土壤固氮微生物的多态性研究方法进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
稻田土壤固氮微生物群落的地理分布和多样性,为生物固氮在农业实践中的高效应用提供了有力证据.实验室中传统的微生物分离、培养和分类方法,在反映土壤微生物的基因信息上有很大的局限,因此目前逐渐地被分子生物学的方法替代.PCR(聚合酶链式反应)-DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)技术能够很好地分离PCR产物中的具体基因,为在时间与空间上追踪优势菌株提供了新的方法.该文以PCR-DGGE技术为主,阐述了利用分子生物学技术研究稻田土壤固氮微生物多样性的基本原理及研究进展. 相似文献
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DNA 条形编码( DNA Barcoding )是一种快速、准确的生物分类技术,它是分子生物学和生物信息学相结合的产物。昆虫种类繁多,近似物种鉴定困难使该技术在昆虫分类工作中得到了广泛应用。文章简要综述了DNA条形码技术的概念、原理与操作步骤,详细阐述了DNA条形码技术在昆虫分类研究中的具体应用情况,对其在应用过程中相比传统形态分类方法的优势和存在问题予以论述,并探讨了DNA 条形码技术今后在昆虫分类中应用的可行性与发展前景。 相似文献
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农学专业生物信息学课程教学改革探析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
生物信息学是以计算机为媒介,对生物信息进行储存、检索与分析的科学。随着分子生物学的飞速发展,生物信息学在农学等生命科学研究领域的重要性日益显现。分析了农学专业生物信息学课程教学中存在的问题,提出了其改革的思路。 相似文献
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分子生物学技术在鞘翅目昆虫分类研究中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着生物技术的迅猛发展,分子生物学技术已越来越多地被应用在昆虫的分类学研究中.笔者概述了核酸序列分析、RFLP技术、RAPD技术、分子杂交技术、同工酶电泳技术、SSCP以及DSCP技术在鞘翅目昆虫分类研究中的应用情况,并展望了分子生物学技术在鞘翅目昆虫研究中的广阔前景. 相似文献
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中国地方鸡种类繁多,研究地方鸡种的遗传多样性,不仅能加强生物多样性的保护,同时对起源、进化、分类鉴定及遗传育种等都有重要意义.分子生物学技术的快速发展为遗传多样性检测提供了更直接、更精确的方法,即直接通过分析DNA水平的序列变化检测动物遗传多样性,DNA分析方法已成为目前最有效的遗传分析方法,避免了根据表型性推断基因型时可能产生的误差.对近3年来中国鸡种在形态学水平、细胞学水平、蛋白质水平、DNA水平上的遗传多样性研究进行综述,为中国优质地方鸡种的培育和选育工作提供参考. 相似文献
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为探究深色有隔内生真菌(DSE)磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)生物标记在DSE分类鉴定和土壤微生物检测上的应用,分别于宁夏银川、沙坡头、甘肃民勤和内蒙古乌海4个样地采集蒙古沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)根样,分离得到DSE,结合形态学和分子生物学进行分类鉴定,并利用Sherlock微生物鉴定系统检测DSE脂肪酸组成。4个样地共分离得到12株DSE,可划分为7属7种。通过对DSE脂肪酸组分进行检测,共得到91种已知脂肪酸和12种Summed Feature型。DSE脂肪酸以C_(14)酸、C_(16)酸和C_(17)酸为主,其中16∶0、16∶1Cis 9(ω7)、18∶2CIS 9,12/18∶0a、18∶0和Summed Feature 8为DSE共有脂肪酸,部分菌株中还具有特有脂肪酸组成,其可作为土壤微生物检测的生物标记。通过脂肪酸分析可将12株DSE分为4个类群,将3株DSE鉴定到种。结果表明,PLFAs生物标记可作为DSE分类鉴定指标,并为土壤微生物检测提供依据。 相似文献
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通过蛋白样品、上样量、聚焦时间、重复性等多个方面的优化,建立了桔小实蝇蛋白质双向电泳技术体系,并分析了双向电泳技术在口岸检疫中的运用前景.结果显示使用bio-rad公司的Readyprep 2-D净化试剂盒可以使图谱质量提高;上样量采用300μg,等电聚焦时间60 000VH最佳,可以用于后续的蛋白质组学研究.而利用双向电泳技术对检疫性病虫害、医学媒介生物进行分类鉴定,是一种准确性高、重复性好、不限制于样本形态的方法,极大地扩充了生物的分类鉴定技术.随着技术的进一步提高,双向电泳将在口岸检疫性病虫害和医学媒介生物的鉴定中发挥更大的作用. 相似文献
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Development of soft computing and applications in agricultural and biological engineering 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Yanbo Huang Yubin Lan Alex Fang Ronald E. Lacey 《Computers and Electronics in Agriculture》2010,71(2):107-127
Soft computing is a set of “inexact” computing techniques, which are able to model and analyze very complex problems. For these complex problems, more conventional methods have not been able to produce cost-effective, analytical, or complete solutions. Soft computing has been extensively studied and applied in the last three decades for scientific research and engineering computing. In agricultural and biological engineering, researchers and engineers have developed methods of fuzzy logic, artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms, decision trees, and support vector machines to study soil and water regimes related to crop growth, analyze the operation of food processing, and support decision-making in precision farming. This paper reviews the development of soft computing techniques. With the concepts and methods, applications of soft computing in the field of agricultural and biological engineering are presented, especially in the soil and water context for crop management and decision support in precision agriculture. The future of development and application of soft computing in agricultural and biological engineering is discussed. 相似文献
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Nina Shishkoff 《Agriculture and Human Values》1993,10(3):24-30
Beginning in 1989, the breakup of the Soviet Bloc disrupted trade and cut off Cuba's source of subsidized fuel oil, making many modern agricultural practices impossible, including the wide use of pesticides. Among Cuba's responses was an emphasis on biological control of plant diseases. Research into biological control began in the 1930s, and after the revolution many scientists maintained an unofficial interest. When the 1989 economic crisis occurred, the government placed a high priority on biocontrol, and researchers were in a position to begin immediate implementation. For example, the construction of factories for the mass production of biological agents had been approved in 1988, and are currently in operation. Disease monitoring was undertaken before the current crisis, with more than 90% of Cuban agriculture using it to some extent. Such monitoring has allowed a reduction in pesticide use. Since the 1989 onset of economic crisis the monitor system has not been greatly modified for use with biological control techniques, but an example of a successful transition from chemical treatment to biocontrol in Cuba is in banana plantations. At the various research centers, research is being conducted in the biocontrol of vegetable diseases, tobacco root diseases, nematodes, and pasture weeds. Technical research is being done on mass production of inoculum, the production of application formulations, and storage of biocontrol products. Because wide use of biocontrol agents was urgently desired, the government cooperated at every step of research, including in regulatory matters. Obstacles to successful biocontrol mentioned by Cuban scientists were the lack of taxonomic knowledge and the need for strict quality control. There are few economic studies of biocontrol agents despite the importance of such studies. Cuban scientists are in an excellent position to do such research. Forced by the economic crisis to act, Cuba has made a major change in national agronomic policy that may represent a significant and new direction for “modern” agricultural practices. 相似文献
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媒介昆虫与烟草病毒病关系的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
媒介昆虫是烟草病毒病的重要成因因子。研究媒介昆虫与烟草病毒病二者之间的关系是有效控制烟草病毒病的基础。本文从多角度探讨了媒介昆虫导致烟草病毒病的途径和机制,并论述了媒介昆虫的种类、危害特点、生物学特性、生态学特性、传毒机制及综合防治研究概况,提出了研究中存在的问题和解决的办法。 相似文献
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Testing of candidate biological control agents to estimate their likely field host ranges in the area of release has been part of weed biological control for several decades, with evolving techniques and goals. Similar efforts have been made less often for parasitoids and predators being introduced for arthropod biological control. Here, we review both techniques of host range testing and social objectives of such screening. We ask whether agents introduced for arthropod biological control should be subjected to host range testing before release, and if so, are methods used for estimating host ranges of herbivorous arthropods appropriate, or are different approaches needed. Current examples in which host range testing has been employed for arthropod biological control are reviewed. We conclude with recommendations concerning guiding principles about use of host range testing. We recommend modest expansion of host range testing for arthropod biological control for projects on continents. We recommend more extensive testing for projects of introduction onto islands. We note that introductions to islands could provide opportunities to gain experience in use of host range estimation for this class of organisms and to conduct post release evaluations of host ranges. We urge caution in efforts to mandate host range testing but simultaneously recommend consultation between biological control workers and insect conservationists. 相似文献
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Biological control (biocontrol) is a safe, sustainable approach that takes advantage of natural enemies such as predators, parasitic insects or pathogens to manage pests in agroecosystems. Parasitoid wasps, a very large evolutionary group of hymenopteran insects, are well-known biological control agents for arthropod pests in agricultural and forest ecosystems. Here, we summarize the recent progress on the application of parasitoid wasps in biocontrol in China for the last five years. These include species diversity of parasitoid wasps, identification of dominant parasitoid wasps associated with insect pests and biocontrol practices (three types of biological control, i.e., classical, augmentative and conservation biological control) in several Chinese agroecosystems. We then treat different mass-rearing and release technologies and the commercialization of several parasitoid wasp species. We also summarize other work that may have a potential use in biocontrol, including the effect of plant volatiles on parasitoids and recent advance in the molecular mechanisms underlying the host regulation by parasitoid wasps. Future research area and applied perspectives are also discussed, noting that advances in biocontrol technologies in Chinese agriculture informs research at the global level. 相似文献
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生物入侵文献计量分析 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
生物入侵已经成为影响生物多样性保护和全球农林业可持续发展的主要障碍。为了准确掌握生物入侵研究的全球状况和前沿动态,客观反映相关国家在该领域的科学能力和科学影响,采用 ISI Web of Knowledge的Web of Science引文数据库,选用普通检索方式,以生物入侵的相关术语作为主题检索词,对1991—2006年之间该库收录的相关文献进行了计量研究。结果表明:美国的生物入侵发文量遥遥领先,占全部发文量的41.8%,其研究机构和人员在此领域成绩卓著,值得研究者关注;国际上发文量居前10位的期刊的平均影响因子为4.03,最主要的期刊有Biological Invasions、Ecology和Cancer Research;中国发文量排在第９位;中国科学院、复旦大学和香港大学的生物入侵发文量在中国位居前3位。 相似文献