共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 65 毫秒
1.
研究宁夏引黄灌区秸秆还田与籽粒直收玉米配套模式下不同耕作和秸秆还田方式对土壤真菌群落组成及功能的影响,探究土壤真菌群落对耕作和秸秆还田方式响应差异的生物学机制,为优化耕作与秸秆还田方式和提高农田土壤肥力提供理论依据。以宁夏引黄灌区秸秆还田与籽粒直收玉米连作农田土壤为研究对象,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,分析2种耕作方式(免耕与深翻)与3种秸秆还田方式(不还田、秸秆半量还田与秸秆全量还田)定位试验条件下,玉米成熟期土壤真菌群落结构与功能的差异,并结合土壤理化性质,进一步探究农田土壤真菌群落结构及功能变化的环境驱动因子。结果表明,免耕结合秸秆半量覆盖还田处理土壤真菌多样性指数表现最优,免耕条件下秸秆不还田与秸秆半量还田处理土壤真菌OTU数均多于深翻,秸秆全量还田处理则相反。各处理优势真菌种群存在明显差异,子囊菌门、担子菌门、被孢菌门、粪壳菌纲、Symmetrospora属、被孢霉属和子囊菌属在各处理中相对丰度普遍较高;免耕处理对不同真菌物种存在不同的影响,可以促进参与木质素腐解的真菌生长发育,降低致病真菌的相对丰度。耕作方式对真菌群落组成的影响显著,免耕结合秸秆不还田、秸秆半量覆盖还田处理下土壤真菌群落组成稳定性较强,其余处理的土壤真菌群落组成稳定性则较差。各处理对真菌群落组成贡献较大的真菌物种存在差异。土壤理化性质与不同菌属的生长繁殖关系密切,主要优势菌属主要受土壤碱解氮、全磷、有效磷、容重的影响。本研究发现,不同耕作与秸秆还田方式改变了农田土壤真菌群落OTU数量、多样性参数以及群落组成,不同的土壤理化性质也是影响各真菌菌属生长繁殖的主要因素;免耕结合适宜的秸秆覆盖还田量能够促进土壤中易腐解秸秆的菌属生长繁殖,利于形成秸秆还田生态圈的良性循环,促进农田土壤生态系统稳定。 相似文献
2.
玉米秸秆还田对盐碱地土壤真菌多样性的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为揭示盐碱地秸秆还田改良中土壤真菌群落结构及其多样性变化,以未开垦盐碱地(ZH1)、非盐碱连作玉米田(ZH2)和秸秆还田盐碱玉米田(ZH3)为材料,在玉米吐丝期,利用高通量测序技术与相关生物信息学分析结合,研究表层土壤真菌群落丰富度、多样性和群落结构的变化。结果表明,3个处理土壤真菌群落结构和丰度差异大,已知菌属中ZH1的优势属为马拉色菌,ZH2优势属为暗球腔菌属,ZH3优势属为链格孢属。玉米秸秆还田对盐碱地土壤真菌多样性的影响较大,两年玉米秸秆还田盐碱土壤真菌多样性和物种丰度与未开垦盐碱地比较均有所下降。 相似文献
3.
稻田土壤真菌群落多样性和组成对麦秸还田的响应 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
在室内模拟试验下,采用常规分析和高通量测序技术,研究了淹水培养30 d后,不同量小麦秸秆(0、10、20和50 g/kg)施用下两种类型的稻田土壤(高砂土和黄泥土)真菌群落多样性和组成的演替规律及其驱动因子。结果表明:秸秆还田显著降低了高砂土真菌群落多样性并改变了高砂土真菌群落组成,但不同量秸秆还田下,高砂土真菌群落组成并无显著性差异;而秸秆还田对黄泥土真菌群落多样性并无显著影响,与未施用秸秆相比,低秸秆施用量(10和20 g/kg)并未显著改变黄泥土中真菌群落组成,而当秸秆施用量为50 g/kg时,黄泥土真菌群落组成明显迁移。进一步的典范相关分析(CCA)发现,pH、EC和有机质(SOM)是影响秸秆还田后高砂土真菌群落迁移的重要因子,而pH、EC、SOM和碳氮比(C/N)是影响秸秆还田后黄泥土真菌群落迁移的主要调控因子。综合分析认为,秸秆还田主要通过改变土壤性质来调控真菌群落结构,而不同类型土壤的真菌群落多样性和组成对秸秆还田的响应不同。 相似文献
4.
秸秆还田和适宜的种植密度有利于改良土壤理化性质,优化微生物群落结构。本研究采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,在宁夏引黄灌区玉米农田开展连续5a设置裂区试验,探讨不同秸秆还田模式(H1：秸秆粉碎深翻还田、H0：秸秆不还田)和种植密度(D1:67500株·hm-2、D2:82500株·hm-2、D3:97500株·hm-2)下玉米成熟期根际土壤真菌多样性、群落结构的变化及其驱动因素。结果表明：(1)秸秆还田模式和种植密度两因素交互效应极显著提高了土壤真菌群落Chao1指数、ACE指数及香农指数(P<0.01),以H1D2处理下最高。(2)农田玉米根际土壤真菌群落主要由子囊菌门(63.50%～81.82%)、担子菌门(4.83%～18.03%)和被孢霉门(3.18%～9.61%)等14个门及509个属的真菌组成,真菌群落组成分析表明,秸秆还田模式各密度处理间群落结构不同,优势菌门和优势菌属相对丰度差异较大。(3)秸秆还田模式和种植密度两因素交互效应极显著降低土壤pH值,提高了有机质、碱解氮及速效磷含量(P&... 相似文献
5.
玉米秸秆腐解规律及土壤微生物功能多样性研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
试验以玉米长期连作和玉米—小麦轮作土壤为研究对象,采用网袋法设定秸秆覆盖和深埋2个还田处理,间隔不同时间取样,分析秸秆腐解特征及土壤微生物群落功能多样性。结果表明,针对不同土壤来说,玉米—小麦轮作土壤中2种秸秆还田方式下(T1和T2),玉米秸秆腐解速率、养分(N、P和K)释放率均高于玉米长期连作土壤(CT1和CT2);不同秸秆腐解时间下,土壤微生物群落功能多样性各处理表现不同。总的来说,T1和T2处理的微生物群落平均颜色变化率、丰富度指数、优势度指数和均匀度指数均高于CT1和CT2。在玉米长期连作种植区,秸秆深埋比秸秆覆盖能更有效提高玉米秸秆腐解率和改善土壤微生物群落结构的功能多样性。 相似文献
6.
秸秆还田配施缓控释肥对土壤养分和作物产量的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
研究基于一个长期定位的裂区试验,其中两个主区为秸秆还田区和秸秆不还田区,每个主区设7个处理,分别为施用180、375和600 kg ha-1控释肥和相应的化肥以及对照,以冬小麦—夏玉米轮作体系为研究对象,主要研究秸秆还田和控释肥对土壤养分变化以及作物产量的影响。研究结果表明:秸秆还田可以提高土壤有机质和全氮含量,其中有机质含量比不还田区增加了10.65%、全氮含量增加了18.68%;土壤速效磷和速效钾含量分别由不还田区的9.17 mg kg~(-1),152.29 mg kg~(-1)提高到秸秆还田区的10.83 mg kg~(-1)和253.66 mg kg~(-1);施用控释肥处理的有机质含量都高于施用化肥的处理;施用控释肥对土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量影响不大。从2009年到2016年,秸秆还田配合施用控释肥的各处理小麦产量高于秸秆还田配施化肥的处理,也高于秸秆不还田的控释肥处理和化肥处理,增加幅度为1.61%~23.59%。秸秆还田配施控释肥的各处理较化肥处理的玉米产量高,也较秸秆不还田下控释肥处理和不还田配施化肥处理高,增加幅度为2.22%~15.06%。秸秆还田配施180 kg ha~(-1)缓控释肥的小麦和玉米多年平均产量为最高。 相似文献
7.
秸秆还田与施肥方式对稻麦轮作土壤细菌和真菌群落结构与多样性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探索秸秆还田与施肥方式2种农田措施对水稻-小麦(稻麦)轮作土壤微生物群落的影响,阐释其对土壤细菌和真菌群落结构和多样性的影响机制,本研究通过7年稻麦轮作长期定位监测试验,设置无肥空白(CK)、常规施肥(RT)、秸秆还田+常规施肥(RS)和秸秆还田+缓释肥(SS) 4个处理,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,分析土壤细菌和真菌群落结构和多样性,探索影响微生物群落的主控环境因子。结果表明, SS作物产量在2016年和2017年分别比RT显著提高11.6%和8.2%(水稻)、4.8%和3.6%(小麦),与RS无显著差异。相比RT,秸秆还田处理显著降低了土壤pH,提升了土壤有机碳和铵态氮含量;与RS相比,SS处理提高了铵态氮含量。秸秆还田处理提升了真菌群落多样性,但对细菌群落多样性无显著影响。SS与RS在细菌真菌群落多样性方面均无显著差异。相关性分析表明,细菌群落多样性与土壤pH呈负相关,与总氮含量呈正相关;真菌群落多样性则与土壤有机碳含量显著正相关。NMDS分析表明,施肥对于细菌群落结构影响较大(55.61%),真菌群落结构则对秸秆还田响应更明显(26.94%)。与RT相比,秸秆还田显著提升了细菌放线菌门、绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门的相对丰度,同时显著提升了真菌中子囊菌门的相对丰度,降低了担子菌门和接合菌门的相对丰度,加强了土壤碳氮循环能力并抑制了病原菌。SS与RS相比,仅提升了真菌中子囊菌门的相对丰度。综上,秸秆还田配施缓释肥有助于维持或者提高土壤养分有效性、作物产量及细菌真菌群落多样性,可以促进土壤碳氮循环。 相似文献
8.
秸秆还田配施氮肥改善土壤理化性状提高春玉米产量 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：4
为了探明秸秆还田配施氮肥耕层构造对春玉米产量及土壤物理性状的影响,2014-2015年在辽宁铁岭设置了秸秆0 kg/hm~2+纯N 0 kg/hm~2(S0F0),秸秆9 000 kg/hm~2+纯N 0 kg/hm~2(SN0),秸秆9 000 kg/hm~2+纯N 112.5 kg/hm~2(SN1),秸秆0 kg/hm~2+纯N 225 kg/hm~2(S0N2)(当地传统种植方式,CK),秸秆9 000 kg/hm~2+纯N 225 kg/hm~2(SN2),秸秆9 000 kg/hm~2+纯N 337.5 kg/hm~2(SN3)6个处理开展了研究。结果表明,秸秆还田配施氮肥耕层构造对春玉米产量、土壤物理性状、根系形态等指标影响显著(P0.05)。全量还田9 000 kg/hm~2和配施纯氮225 kg/hm~2产量最高,比秸秆不还田2 a增产1.10%~11.56%,但产量并未随着施氮量的增加而持续增加;群体生物产量随着施氮量的增加而增加,收获指数在0.46~0.59之间。秸秆还田配施氮肥耕层构造可显著提高土壤含水量,降低土壤容重,调节土壤三相比;秸秆还田配施氮肥耕层构造春玉米根数、根长、根体积、根干质量等根系形态指标均优于秸秆不还田,且随着氮肥施入量的增加,各项指标均表现越好。因此,综合分析认为,秸秆还田量9 000 kg/hm~2和配施氮肥225 kg/hm~2是辽北棕壤区比较理想的耕层构造模式和秸秆还田技术,在该区域农业发展中具有一定的应用价值。 相似文献
9.
秸秆还田和保护性耕作对砂姜黑土有机质和氮素养分的影响 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7
通过田间试验,分别采集小麦成熟期、玉米成熟期和小麦播种期耕层土样,研究不同的秸秆还田方式(秸秆还田、焚烧还田和火粪还田)与保护性耕作(减耕和免耕)对砂姜黑土有机质和氮素养分的影响,以期得到培肥砂姜黑土的最佳方式。结果表明:作物秸秆还田可以增加砂姜黑土有机质和全氮的含量,但是对速效氮含量影响不大。在不同的秸秆还田和保护性耕作处理中,秸秆火粪还田和免耕条件下的秸秆还田对砂姜黑土有机质和全氮含量的增加效果最为明显。与对照相比,秸秆火粪还田后土壤有机质和全氮含量分别平均提高4.45 g/kg和0.131 g/kg;免耕条件下的秸秆还田其土壤有机质和全氮含量分别平均提高3.36 g/kg和0.095 g/kg;减耕条件下的秸秆还田和秸秆粉碎还田对增加砂姜黑土有机质和全氮含量的效果不显著;秸秆焚烧不能增加砂姜黑土有机质和全氮的含量。秸秆还田和保护性耕作不会大幅度提高砂姜黑土C/N进而影响土壤氮素养分的供应,同时秸秆还田能有效提高土壤微生物量碳氮,但微生物量的碳氮比却保持在适宜的范围内。 相似文献
10.
秸秆还田对黄土风沙区土壤微生物、酶活性及作物产量的影响 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
《土壤通报》2019,(6):1370-1377
针对内蒙古黄土高原风沙区农作物秸秆利用率低、处置不当和农田土壤生态退化等问题,通过连续2年的田间小区试验,探究了0、3000、6000、12000 kg hm~(-2)不同秸秆还田量对玉米全生育期农田土壤酶活性、微生物动态变化及作物产量的影响。0、3000、6000、12000 kg hm~(-2)秸秆还田量分别相当于当地单位面积玉米农田年生产秸秆数量的0%、25%、50%和100%。结果表明:秸秆还田后,土壤酶活性、微生物数量及作物产量年际间变化趋势一致。与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田量25%、50%和100%处理土壤的过氧化氢酶活性提高21.4%、30.9%和16.5%(P 0.05),秸秆还田量25%和50%处理土壤脲酶活性显著提高(P 0.05),而秸秆还田量50%处理土壤蔗糖酶活性提高了26.8%(P 0.05);秸秆还田量25%、50%和100%处理土壤细菌数量分别提高了27.3%、33.7%和28.7%,真菌数量提高了9.3%、13.0%和11.1%,放线菌数量提高了22.3%、31.9%、29.3%。在产量方面,秸秆还田量50%处理的玉米产量显著高于秸秆不还田处理,两年分别增产11.7%和12.1%。综上所述,秸秆还田量25%(3000 kg hm-2)、50%(6000 kg hm~(-2))和100%(12000 kg hm~(-2))均可增加土壤酶活性、微生物数量及作物产量,尤其以秸秆还田量50%效果最显著。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
16.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
17.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
19.
Yoav Bashan Bernardo Salazar Ma. Esther Puente Macario Bacilio Robert Linderman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):585-594
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse
trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus
were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB;
the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons
reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened
later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons
growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants,
no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi,
enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant.
In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after
30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination
only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity
to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as
compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it. 相似文献
20.
Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value. 相似文献