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1.
三峡库区自2003年蓄水以来,库区水岩作用引发了水库岸坡失稳等地质灾害,其中水库岸坡破坏出现在库水位上升期的占40%~49%,出现在水位消落期的约占30%,而有些大型滑坡会发生在库水位达到最大值后的快速消落期。本研究以三峡库区某退水滞后型滑坡为例,结合2016年1—6月三峡水库水位的实际运行情况并联合降雨,利用数值模拟的方法模拟其渗流场变化并进行稳定性计算。研究结果表明:库水位下降并叠加降雨的情况下,对滑坡的稳定性不利,当库水位下降速率达到1.0 m/d且叠加降雨时,滑坡的稳定性最差,此时为最不利工况;在5种工况条件下,滑坡的稳定性有所降低,但稳定性数值均大于1.05,说明滑坡仍处于基本稳定状态。 相似文献
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降雨和库水位升降对滑坡的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
滑坡是三峡库区重要地质灾害之一,影响滑坡稳定性的因素有很多。针对降雨和库水位升降以水泥厂滑坡为例,运用自动化远程监测其变形和该区域降雨量,通过数据整理、分析,掌握降雨和库水位升降对滑坡变形的影响状况。结果表明：在监测期间,个别时间段滑坡变形加剧是降雨和库水位升降共同作用的结果,个别时间段降雨、库水位升降分别为滑坡变形加剧的主导因素,降雨对滑坡变形的影响表现出一定的滞后效应,滞后期一般为7～15d。监测表明,目前滑坡仍处于变形阶段,且向SE方向旋转滑移,但趋势有所减缓。通过对该滑坡的变形监测,可以定量分析和描述滑坡的运动状态,对三峡库区其它类似滑坡的研究具有重要的指导意义。 相似文献
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[目的]研究降雨入渗过程中,裂隙岩质边坡渗流场和暂态饱和区的变化规律,为裂隙岩体降雨入渗规律、工程技术及水土保持方面的研究提供支持。[方法]基于非连续裂隙模型,采用Matlab编制裂隙岩体渗透张量的计算程序;基于等效连续介质渗流模型,采用FLAC3D内置的FISH语言编制程序进行非饱和渗流分析。[结果]依托实际工程分析得出了裂隙岩体的渗透张量,在降雨过程中随着降雨强度的增加或者降雨时间的延长,边坡表层区域零孔隙水压力面不断向内部发展,暂态饱和区的范围不断扩大,且暂态饱和区的出现发生在降雨强度大于边坡的入渗率的情况。[结论]采用非连续裂隙网络模型和等效连续介质渗流模型对裂隙岩质边坡降雨入渗分析能较好反映裂隙岩体各向异性和非饱和渗流的特点。 相似文献
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基于三峡库区库水位和降雨统计分析的八字门滑坡稳定性评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]分析三峡库区水位及降雨对八字门滑坡的影响,为八字门滑坡的稳定性作出评价。[方法]利用滑坡的监测资料对八字门滑坡的变形进行定性分析,然后在对库区水位及降雨定量分析的基础上确定20种工况,利用Geo-Studio计算八字门滑坡的稳定性。[结果]八字门滑坡10个GPS监测点累积位移监测曲线均为阶梯形状并随着时间呈增长趋势,形态变化具有同步性。20种工况下八字门滑坡稳定系数大于1,当库水工况不变降雨工况变化时,最小稳定系数变化较小。当降雨工况不变库水工况变化时,最小稳定系数变化较大。最小稳定系数在库水位稳定在175水位、库水位稳定在145水位、2014年库水位波动、平均库水位、2013年库水位波动5种工况下依次减小。[结论]八字门滑坡整体处于稳定状态。降雨和库区水位对八字门滑坡稳定性存在影响,库区水位对八字门滑坡稳定性的影响较大,库区水位变化幅度越大,八字门滑坡稳定性就越差。 相似文献
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为了进一步认识库水位下降对残积土边坡力学响应的作用机理,基于饱和—非饱和渗流以及非饱和土力学理论,采用有限元软件,分析了库水位下降条件下残积土边坡的渗流场、应力场和位移场分布特征。结果表明,库水位下降过程中,路基内浸润线随下降速率的不同而差异较大,但随时间增长趋于一致;路基内孔隙水压力及位移均随水位下降持续时间及下降速率的增大而增大,坡体土有效应力逐渐增大,但总应力不变;边坡安全系数随时间呈现出先下降后上升的变化趋势,建议在水库泄洪管理方面,适当控制泄洪速率,同时加强路基坡体排水,以有利于库岸边坡稳定。 相似文献
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陈彦平 《山西水土保持科技》2011,(2):15-16,39
水资源短缺是当今山西面临的严峻问题,利用水库分期汛限水位调控洪水资源是缓解这一问题的重要途径,而确定水库分期汛限水位的前提是水库汛期分期的合理划分。水库汛期分期的划分有模糊集分析法、数理统计法、Fisher最优分割法等多种方法,本文应用模糊集分析法,根据子洪水库流域的降雨资料进行直接模糊统计确定汛期经验相对隶属函数,并结合水库的实际运行情况合理确定水库汛期的分期。 相似文献
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四川省降雨诱发滑坡灾害的气象预警模型 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
[目的]分析四川省2008—2014年的滑坡灾害与前期降雨量间的关系,构建降雨诱发滑坡灾害气象预警模型,优化模型的权重参数,为四川省滑坡灾害预警工作提供有效参考。[方法]基于降雨信息资料,对四川省滑坡灾害的前期雨量进行统计分析,并采用逻辑回归分析分别计算和优化灾害的前期综合日降雨量间的权重关系和气象预警模型中地质环境背景值与降雨诱发灾害概率值的权重系数。[结果]滑坡灾害的当日降雨量、前一日降雨量和前两日降雨量对灾害的影响权重分别为0.587,0.220,0.189,气象预警模型的地质背景概率和综合雨量概率的权重参数分别为0.394,0.606。根据以上研究构建灾害气象预警模型,利用已有灾害点对其进行验证,证得模型的整体准确率为78.36%,进而通过2013年7月10日的群发滑坡灾害个例对模型进行检验,检验结果良好。[结论]该模型预警效果良好,精确度较高,能为相关部门提供的防灾减灾参考。 相似文献
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作为水土流失重点预防保护区,大别山南麓裸地坡面水土流失严重,为探究该区典型裸地坡面径流泥沙对降雨的响应,利用自动化径流泥沙监测设备对裸地径流小区的降雨—径流-泥沙过程进行监测。以2020年全年侵蚀性降雨数据为基础,依据降雨峰值时序划分雨型,分析了4种雨型的累计产流产沙特征和次降雨的径流泥沙特征,并建立了累计产流产沙的最优函数模型。结果表明:(1)大别山南麓降雨事件的I30是影响降雨事件的泥沙量和径流系数的重要因素;前期集中型和中期集中型降雨事件的泥沙量与前48 h内的降雨量呈显著正相关。(2)不同雨型下产流产沙过程有显著差异,但径流泥沙指标的差异不显著。不同雨型下累计产流产沙的最优模型为Logistic模型。(3)不同雨型下,雨强、产流率和产沙率的变化趋势和峰值出现规律存在一致性,也存在产沙产流过程滞后于雨强变化过程的现象,产沙滞后多出现在前期集中型降雨,产流滞后多出现在中期集中型和后期集中型降雨。研究结果揭示了降雨-产流-产沙相互关系,对该区域坡面水土流失防治具有一定的科学指导意义。 相似文献
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低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
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Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
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Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献