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1.
小麦×羊草远缘杂交的受精和胚胎发育 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｎＬ）和羊草（ＬｅｙｍｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＴ．）杂交的受精和胚胎发育进行了研究。羊草花粉在小麦柱头上萌发较好，花粉管能顺利穿过柱头，进入胚囊。在检查过的３１０个子房中，１７个（５．５％）发生了双受精，产生了胚和胚乳；２个（０．６５％）发生了单卵受精，只产生胚而无胚乳；７个（２．２６％）发生了单极核受精，只产生胚乳而无胚。小麦×羊草虽然受精率为８．４１％，但最后结实率很低，若利用胚培养技术对杂种胚进行早期离体培养，可望提高杂种植株的获得率 相似文献
2.
植物激素对棉属种间杂种胚乳细胞超微结构发育的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文报道了陆地棉和亚洲棉杂交时，喷施植物激素（ＧＡ３，ＮＡＡ）后，对杂种胚乳细胞超微结构发育的影响。观察发现，（１）外源激素对原胚期的杂种胚乳细胞发育的影响不显著，但明显地促进了胚乳细胞中管状内质网的发育。（２）外源激素能明显促进杂种胚乳细胞中的内质网、质体和线粒体等细胞器的发育，使杂种胚乳细胞保持有一定的发育能力。（３）外源激素未能促进杂种胚乳细胞中核糖体和多聚核糖体的形成，也未能促进液泡和囊泡的发育，杂种胚乳细胞之间仍缺少胞间连丝，因此，喷施激素后的杂种胚乳细胞总是没有自交胚乳细胞那样旺盛地分裂与发育。 相似文献
3.
海甘蓝与芸薹属属间杂交的受精和胚胎发育 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
本文首先对海甘蓝和芸薹属属间杂交的花粉粒萌发、花粉管生长以及珠孔受精情况进行了观察,结果表明,甘蓝型油菜和白菜型油菜与海甘蓝杂交存在受精前不亲和,而芥菜型油菜与海甘蓝属间杂交时,花粉管生长正常,授粉后3～4天可通过珠孔受精。通过对芥菜型油菜×海甘蓝属间杂种胚与芥菜型油菜自交胚的发育过程的比较研究,发现杂种胚败育的原因是:①对于较早败育的胚囊,胚在2细胞原胚时,珠心组织开始解体,珠被绒毡层开始退化,胚在发育过程中呈饥饿状态。②对于较晚败育的胚囊,杂种后代的胚要比自交胚发育延迟,在32～64细胞原胚或多细胞球形胚阶段,胚体停止发育,胚乳细胞开始形成,要比自交提前4天形成胚乳细胞;到授粉25天后,球形胚体开始解体,胚乳细胞开始退化。这和前人观察到的杂种胚的败育的结论有所不同。 相似文献
4.
以陆地棉（Ｃ．ｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍ）为母本，野生种辣根棉（Ｃ．ａｒｍｏｕｒｉａｎｕｍ）做父本杂交，对杂种一代的部分形态性状遗传、花粉粒的育性、成熟胚囊、自然授粉和用陆地棉回交后结实率进行了比较研究。结果表明，三倍体（陆地棉×辣根棉）Ｆ１的形态性状居双亲的中间类型占观察性状的４０．９％，偏父性状占３１．８％，偏母性状占２２．８％。绝大多数花粉无生活力，仅０．４％有弱的生活力。在开花前一天的成熟胚囊中，异常胚囊占观察胚珠的９１．２％，正常胚囊占８．８％。杂种一代自然授粉或用陆地棉回交可获得极少量种子，从而证明三倍体（陆地棉×辣根棉）Ｆ、少数胚囊发育比较正常和具极少数可育花粉。 相似文献
5.
甘蓝型油菜与埃塞俄比亚芥种间可交配性的胚胎学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在甘蓝型油菜×埃塞俄比亚芥中,杂种胚乳不甚发育并提前形成细胞,杂种胚发育缓慢,消耗早育的胚乳组织后便停滞在心形期或鱼雷形期.反交时胚乳早期发育旺盛,但在发育中期不能形成细胞并逐渐退化解体;杂种胚从原胚阶段即有退化现象发生,并可持续到鱼雷形期,胚退化时常伴有胚柄细胞的解体.甘蓝型油菜母本基因型对杂交的生殖过程有显著影响.对受精的影响表现在其柱头与异种花粉的亲和性不同,以Rucabo作母本时表现与反交相似的高亲和性和高受精率.以84014A作母本时近半的胚珠中发生体质不育现象.而华油8号作母本时产生的杂种胚和胚乳在后期的发育相对正常,可形成少量有生命力的杂种种子.文中提出通过杂交重组创造出种间受精率高,又具结实潜力的“桥梁品系”,以经济有效地克服甘蓝型油菜与埃塞俄比亚芥杂交的不可交配性. 相似文献
6.
棉属分类及其染色体组研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文综述了棉属（Ｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍ）分类和棉属梁色体组研究的最新进展。全文共分５个部分：（１）棉属分类，重点介绍了Ｆｒｙｘｅｌｌ的棉属分类方案以及最近几次较大的修订情况，并列出了包括４７个种、４个亚种在内的棉属最新分类名录；（２）棉属染色体组。介绍了棉属细胞学及染色体组研究的发展历史，把棉属分为Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ、Ｅ、Ｆ和Ｇ７个二倍体染色体组和ＡＤ１个异源四倍体复合染色体组；（３）棉属染色体核型分析。介绍了棉属染色体核型研究的意义和内容；（４）棉属染色体组的演化。介绍了棉属染色体组演化的四种不同观点，讨论了ＡＤ复合染色体组供体问题；（５）讨论。讨论了棉属分类以及比克氏棉（Ｇ．ｂｉｃｋｉｉ）和大萼组（ｓｅｃｔ．Ｇｒａｎｄｉｃａｌｙｘ）棉种的染色体组归属问题。 相似文献
7.
三元杂种(海岛棉-色伯氏棉-陆地棉)的研究及新品种选育 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
采用棉属种间杂交新技术：对杂交铃施用ＧＡ３和ＮＡＡ－离体培养杂种胚－试管内染色体加倍三者相结合，显著提高了杂交铃成铃率和成胚率，获得了海岛棉－色伯氏棉－陆地棉的三元杂种。研究了杂种性状的表现，育性的恢复以及性状的传递规律。从中选出了抗黄萎病、抗棉铃虫、抗棉蚜及高强纤维等５类选系，创建了我国的“ＨＢＧＴ”新资源体系，并首次用野生棉杂交育成了丰产优质抗病新品种“石远３２１”，已通过国家黄河流域区试，１ 相似文献
8.
海岛棉半配生殖品系有性过程的胚胎学观察 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
半配生殖品系ＶＳｇ自交或以ＶＳｇ作母本与海岛棉标准系３－７９杂交，花粉能在柱头上萌发，花粉管能在花柱组织中生长并能进入胚珠到达胚囊。精核与极核融合、初生胚乳核分裂，以及胚乳游离核形成均表现正常，但精卵融合不同于３－７９。突出表现在一部分胚囊中，进入卵细胞的精核迟迟不与卵核融合，未融合的二核（♀＋♂）“合子”经过一段比３－７９稍长些的“休眠期”后，各自独立分裂，形成各种类型的嵌合胚。 相似文献
9.
10.
棉属[AG]与[AD]两个复合染色体组种间杂种的同工酶与核型研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对人工合成的［ＡＧ］复合染色体组的异源四倍体与［ＡＤ］复合染色体组的陆地棉、海岛棉、夏威夷棉、黄褐棉的种间杂种Ｆ１及其亲本进行了过氧化物酶同工酶和细胞色素氧化酶同工酶分析，并对三元杂种［Ａ２×Ｇ１］ ×［ＡＤ］１及其亲本进行了核型分析。结果表明：（１）异源四倍体的基因转移到了杂种后代，并得以表达；（ ２）三元杂种［Ａ２ × Ｇ１］ ×［ＡＤ］１的核型公式为 ２ｎ＝ ４ｘ＝ ５２＝ ２Ｍ ＋ ４４ｍ（ＳＡＴ）＋６ｓｍ（ＳＡＴ），属于１Ｂ类型。 相似文献
11.
Jens Jensen 《Euphytica》1979,28(1):47-56
Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans. 相似文献
12.
Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed. 相似文献
13.
Hongyan WEI Jian ZHOU Jinguang LU Jingzheng SONG Qiongxi YU Zhihong JIANG 《Medicinal Plant》2019,(6):27-29
[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol... 相似文献
14.
C. J. Spurr D. A. Fulton P. H. Brown R. J. Clark 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2002,188(4):275-280
Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality. 相似文献
15.
Chunli TANG Fengxian ZHAO Hongxia CHEN Jiabao MA Jiangcun WEI Meiyan QIU Zhen XIE 《Medicinal Plant》2019,(6):60-65
[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination... 相似文献
16.
D. A. Bond G. J. Jellis G. G. Rowland J. Le Guen L. D. Robertson S. A. Khalil L. Li-Juan 《Euphytica》1993,73(1-2):151-166
Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses. 相似文献
17.
Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed. 相似文献
18.
[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho... 相似文献
19.
E. Keep 《Euphytica》1986,35(3):843-855
Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F1 hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf
1) and recessive for the other (Rf
2).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph
3(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf
1(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf
1and Rf
2were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf
1, and 0.15 for Lf
1-Sph
3were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph
3.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf
1-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph
3. Poor performance of lf
1- (and possibly lf
2-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off). 相似文献
20.
Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques. 相似文献