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1.
Sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, is the main cultured species in China. The main culture style for this species is the sea ranching model. Field trials were conducted in bottom-cages to preliminary reveal optimal releasing size, as well as maximum density of A. japonicus in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture sea ranching area. Different sizes (4–30 g ind?1) and densities (336–1342 g m?2) of sea cucumbers were cultured for 13 months in Rongcheng Bay, Shandong Province, China. The size experiment showed that sea cucumber of all sizes grew throughout the experimental period. Sea cucumbers <15 g had high mortality in summer and low SGR in winter, while larger individual (>20 g ind?1) had no advantage of growth. Sea cucumber sizes of 15–20 g may be suitable for release, considering their higher survival rate and SGR. The density experiment showed that the high biomass group had a low SGR and that the maximum release biomass was 793 g m?2 based on a regression analysis. The optimal practical release season for sea cucumber was spring based on the results of two field experiments.  相似文献   

2.
A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Chinese herbal medicine (rhubarb, Rheum officinale Bail), probiotic (Bacillus cereus BC-01), prebiotic (yeast polysaccharide), and antibiotic (florfenicol) supplementation on the growth, intestinal morphology, and immune responses of juvenile sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus Selenka; initial weight, 4.67 ± 0.06 g). The control treatment was fed only the basal diet (CT treatment), whereas four other treatments were fed the basal diet supplemented with rhubarb (RH treatment), B. cereus BC-01 (BC treatment), yeast polysaccharide (PO treatment), or florfenicol (FL treatment). Groups of ten sea cucumbers were housed in separate tanks, and each diet was fed to five randomly selected groups. The specific growth rates of the individuals in the RH and BC treatments were significantly higher than those in the CT, PO, and FL treatments. The apparent digestibility coefficient of crude protein in the RH and BC treatments was significantly higher than that of crude protein in the CT and PO treatments. The alkaline phosphatase activity of the coelomocytes in the RH and BC treatments was significantly higher than that in the CT and FL treatments. Coelomocytes in the PO treatment had the highest acid phosphatase activity. Higher than average lysozyme activity was observed in the PO and FL treatments. Fold and enterocyte heights in the mid-intestinal tract of sea cucumbers in the CT and RH treatments were lower than those in the BC, PO, and FL treatments. Microvillus height was greatest in the RH treatment and lowest in the FL treatment. Scanning electron microscopy revealed remarkable atrophy of microvilli and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in the FL treatment. These results suggest that dietary rhubarb, B. cereus, and yeast polysaccharide supplementation can improve the health of sea cucumbers, whereas long-term florfenicol supplementation may have a negative impact on their intestinal healthy and immune response of sea cucumbers.  相似文献   

3.
The Japanese sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus plays important ecological and economic roles in the coastal areas of Japan. Here, we aim to reveal the relation between habitat characteristics and density of juvenile and adult sea cucumbers in Maizuru Bay. Density of adult sea cucumbers was estimated by underwater visual surveys and bottom trawls and that of newly settled individuals by seedling collectors distributed in the bay. The physical environment of the sea bottom was evaluated from median diameter, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, carbon isotope ratio, nitrogen isotope ratio, depth, slope, and distance from the coastline. Adult sea cucumber density was higher in the east side than the west side of Maizuru Bay, the former having a no-take zone for sea cucumbers. Juvenile sea cucumbers were most abundantly collected in the central part of the bay. High organic matter from the sea, short distance from the coastline, and high seabed gradient (steepness) had a positive effect on the density of adult sea cucumbers, and depth had positive effects on their body size. We suggest that sustainable management of sea cucumbers can be achieved by a combination of the establishment of no-take zones and increased protection of nursery habitats.  相似文献   

4.
Using incomplete diallels cross and North Carolina II design, this study established sea cucumber families with heat-resistant and fast-growing Apostichopus japonicus strains from different ecological areas. Then, this study analyzed the influence of paternal and maternal genetic effects on the growth of A. japonicus, evaluated the growth effect of different A. japonicus families in the early growth stage and estimated the combining ability and heritability. The study showed that, in the early growth stage of A. japonicus, the influence of paternal genetic effects on the growth was higher than that of maternal effects. The best five parents and eight offspring families in terms of genetic potential breeding and growth were selected. The 3-month weight, 9-month weight, 12-month weight, 5-month to 9-month specific growth rate, 9-month coefficient of variation (CV) and 12-month CV of A. japonicus are at moderate heritability level, in order, 28.18, 40.82, 43.56, 27.87, 44.39 and 38.59 %, respectively; these traits played a leading role in parental additive gene effect on the formation of hybrids offspring traits.  相似文献   

5.
The effect of fatigue on swimming performance was examined by measuring the swimming endurance time and heart rate of the jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus [15.7 ± 0.8 cm fork length (FL), n = 15] during forced exercise in a flume tank at fixed swimming speeds of 4, 5 and 6 FL/s. Electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring during the experimental process from control (0.8 FL/s) to exercise phase revealed a rapid cardiac response of T. japonicus to the elevation of swimming speed. The heart rate of T. japonicus significantly increased from the control level of 52.9 beats/min at a slow flow speed of 0.8 FL/s to 148.2 beats/min at 4 FL/s, 168.6 beats/min at 5 FL/s and 183.2 beats/min at 6 FL/s. During the fixed speed test, the heart rate of each individual fish was stabilized without any recognizable increase or decrease until the fish failed to swim because of fatigue. Fatigue analysis on endurance time demonstrated that prior swimming experience at prolonged speeds would impair the endurance performance during subsequent swimming exercise. Recovery time of the heart rate after the fish was fully exhausted by prolonged fast exercise increased with increasing swimming endurance time.  相似文献   

6.
To determine whether marine mud substrate is suitable for sea cucumber aquaculture, we studied the effects of sea mud on the behavioral characteristics, growth and survival of Apostichopus japonicus, in both the field and laboratory. Our results showed that sea mud is beneficial for the growth of A. japonicus, but was unfavorable for its locomotion and attachment when a water current was present. In the field experiment in Yuehu lagoon, juvenile A. japonicus preferred to inhabit the base of seaweeds or dead leaves, which provide a favorable substrate for both their locomotion and ingestion. The mud substrate was not suitable for the small juveniles to inhabit; therefore, >3.25 g ind?1 is the preferred size for bottom-sowing culture of sea cucumbers on the seabed in a field environment such as the Yuehu lagoon. Water current is a key factor influencing sea cucumber distribution on the bare mud substrate, with 90 % of juvenile sea cucumbers (<40 g ind?1) being unable to keep still in a current speed of 0.115 m s?1 for 10 min. In conclusion, a mud substrate is suitable for A. japonicus aquaculture, although hard substrates or shelters are a prerequisite for successful rearing. The water current is a key factor that influences substrate selection by A. japonicus and, thus, is an important factor to be considered in the bottom-sowing culture of these organisms.  相似文献   

7.
Intensive and semi-intensive sea cucumber aquaculture produces effluents that impact the quality of the local aquatic environment and sea cucumber growth; such effluents are an important cause of coastal water eutrophication. Integrated aquaculture has been shown to efficiently reduce the release of nutrients during aquaculture and to provide economic benefits. In this study, we report our investigation of a polyculture system utilizing Styela clava (stalked sea squirt) and Stichopus japonicus (Japanese sea cucumber) under two feeding modes. To examine purification of the water in the system, nutrients in the water and the sediment, attached heterotrophic bacteria, and the survival rates and growth rates of S. clava and S. japonicus were determined. Tank cultivation trials showed that, under the same feeding modes, the concentration of nutrients in the polyculture system was approximately 50–60 % of the sum of the nutrients in the S. japonicus mixture and S. clava monoculture systems. The abundance of attached heterotrophic bacteria in the polyculture system was remarkably lower than that of the mixed culture system under the same feeding mode. S. japonicus in the polyculture system grew better than those in the mixed culture system under the same feeding mode. These results demonstrate that the S. clava–S. japonicus integrated culture system offers a means of constraining or reversing the pollutive impacts of coastal sea cucumber aquaculture.  相似文献   

8.
An integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system consisting of the ascidian Styela clava and the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus with microalgae was grown in a seawater mesocosm. Microbial populations in the water, sediment and shelters were monitored over time. The composition of the water microbial community in the IMTA system did not differ significantly from that of the traditional culture system without ascidians. Bacterial populations in the water, sediment and shelters were low in the traditional A. japonicus aquaculture system, and lower in the IMTA system. The number of Vibrios in the water, sediment and shelters in the IMTA system was significantly lower than in the traditional culture (p < 0.05), while the quantity of Bacillus was higher in the sediment and shelters. All of these results indicate that the IMTA system effectively inhibited the growth of harmful bacteria, an important positive function in the health of the culture. The bacterial diversity index in the water in the IMTA system was between those of the baited and non-baited traditional aquacultures and was slightly reduced in the shelters. Over time, the bacterial diversity index in the sediment gradually dropped, especially in summer and autumn, when it was significantly lower than in the traditional culture. In winter, the diversity index increased to some extent, approaching that of the traditional culture.  相似文献   

9.
We have employed both common and novel methods to measure the amount of silver released from nanoparticle composite packaging. Forty-eight packages of green tiger prawns (Penaeus semisulcatus) were prepared: 24 packages with nanoparticle packaging and 24 packages without nanoparticle packaging. The normal shelf life of P. semisulcatus in the refrigerator is 1–2 days, and we therefore we tested the packages after 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 days. We measured the diameter of the inhibition zone of the targeted microorganisms (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) and examined scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, using both titration and migration methods, to measure the amounts of silver nanoparticles released. Compared to the standard amount allowed by standard 13737-3 of the National Information Standards Organization, our results indicated the superior sensitivity of the titration method over the migration method in terms of determining the remaining amount of nanoparticles (P < 0.05). The evaluation of SEM images indicated the homogeneity of the surface of the silver nanoparticle packaging and the even exchange capacity of titanium dioxide. The average size of the nanoparticles in the packaging films was determined to be 30–48 nm. The diameter of the inhibition zone in the silver nanoparticle, measured at the six time points, was significantly larger than that seen with other packaging, except for the phosphomycin and penicillin antibiogram disks (P < 0.01). The sensitivity of the titration method using the titration equipment was significantly higher than that of the migration method (P < 0.05). The findings indicate that nanoparticle packaging decreased the microbial count and enhanced the shelf life of P. semisulcatus, leading us to recommend the utilization of silver nanoparticle packaging.  相似文献   

10.
In this study, the subpopulations of coelomocytes of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus were identified with differential-interference microscope and flow cytometry (FCM). The immunostimulatory potential of crude lentinan (cLNT) from shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes) on A. japonicus was then investigated both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the coelomocytes of A. japonicus were incubated with different concentrations of cLNT (0, 2.5, 7.5, 22.5 mg/L) for 1 h, and immuno assays were performed. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that phagocytic activity and viability of coelomocytes increased significantly with cLNT treatment. Biochemical analysis showed a significant increase in peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase activity in coelomocytes. In vivo, the immunostimulatory effect of cLNT on coelomocytes was investigated with FCM by feeding A. japonicus with cLNT-supplemented or control diet for 24 days. The phagocytic activity of coelomocytes in cLNT treatment group was significantly increased at 4, 8 and 12 days of feeding. The viability of coelomocytes was increased after 8 days of feeding. At 4, 8, 12 and 18 days of feeding, the number of small-sized and low granularity coelomocytes was reduced, while the number of large-sized and high granularity coelomocytes was increased compared to control diet. Collectively, our in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that cLNT derived from L. edodes clearly reveals immunostimulating effects on A. japonicus by increasing the viability and phagocytic activity of coelomocytes, and these findings suggest that dietary supplementation of cLNT might further improve the commercial production of sea cucumbers.  相似文献   

11.
The mass mortalities of sea cucumber Apostichpous japonicus have prevailed in northern China, mainly attributing to the emergence of extreme environmental conditions, that is hyperthermia and hyposalinity. The high‐quality sea cucumber seedlings appear to possess more robust resistance to adverse conditions. There are usually indoor‐ and outdoor‐cultured seedlings in industrial production of sea cucumbers. Although the outdoor‐cultured sea cucumbers are practically considered to be more strong and robust, the effective evaluation approach to distinguish these seedlings has been scarce. The current study compared survival and immune performances of indoor‐ and outdoor‐cultured A. japonicus under combined exogenous stressors, that is hyperthermia and hyposalinity. Results based on secondary stress induction revealed that the activities of immune enzymes and levels of catecholamines in body wall of outdoor‐cultured seedlings were prominently higher than those of indoor‐cultured seedlings recovered for 0–72 hr following sublethal stress (30°C and 25 psu of salinity). The opposite case occurred on immune enzymes in coelomic fluid of the two sources of seedlings except for myeloperoxidase. Importantly, the outdoor‐cultured seedlings, which were recovered for 72 hr after sublethal stress, exhibited a 93% of cumulative survival rate following 7 days of recovery after lethal stress (33°C and 20 psu of salinity), 27% higher than the indoor‐cultured seedlings. Collectively, the outdoor‐cultured A. japonicus seedlings showed more superior quality than the hatchery‐produced seedlings in terms of survival and immune performance. These findings provide practically useful information towards quality distinction of the indoor‐ and outdoor‐cultured sea cucumbers, which could benefit the aquaculture industry to obtain high‐quality seedlings.  相似文献   

12.
The purpose of this study was to compare the metabolism and immunity of Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) after short-term transportation in seawater and without seawater by determining pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase as metabolism indicators, superoxide dismutases (SOD), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) as immunity indicators. At 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after transportations, sea cucumbers were sampled and prepared for further analysis. The PK activities significantly decreased at 0 h after transportation without seawater, but not in seawater. These results indicated that the transportation without seawater had a stronger effect on sea cucumber than that in seawater. Firstly, the SOD and NOS activities of sea cucumbers in both methods of transportations significantly increased then decreased to the level of control. These results suggested that the SOD and NOS activity was induced to increase by stress of transportations, but these stresses did not damage the normal physiology of sea cucumbers.  相似文献   

13.
This study investigated the changes in the pH, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), color L*, a*, b*, shear force, and microbial content (total plate count; TPC) of dried anchovy Engraulis japonicus in a home refrigerator and freezer at 2, ??1, ??5, and ??20 °C. The TBA value and shear force significantly decreased with increasing storage duration at all of the tested temperatures (p?<?0.05), whereas the VBN and TPC values increased (VBN significantly so) with increasing storage duration (p?<?0.05). The anchovy L* values decreased, whereas the a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values increased as the storage period was lengthened. The pH decreased after 9 months. The results suggest that the optimum storage period of the dried anchovy is within 6 months. It can be stored below 2 °C for 3 months, but for storage exceeding 3 months, it should be frozen at ??5 °C.  相似文献   

14.
We investigated the effects of starvation and re-feeding on growth and swimming performance and their relationship in juvenile black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus). We measured the specific growth rate (SGR), resting metabolic rate (RMR) and constant acceleration test speed (U CAT, the maximum swimming speed at exhaustion by constant acceleration test with 0.1667 cm s?2 rate) in a treatment group (21 days of starvation then 21 days of re-feeding) and control group (routine feeding) (n = 20). Starvation resulted in a 17 % decrease in body mass of black carp (P < 0.05). After 21 days of re-feeding, body mass was greater than that of pre-starvation but still less than that of the control group at 42 days. During the re-feeding phase, the SGR of the treatment group was higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Starvation resulted in a significant decrease in the RMR and U CAT. After 21 days of re-feeding, both the RMR and U CAT recovered to the pre-starvation levels. In the control group, individual juvenile black carp displayed strong repeatability of the RMR and U CAT across the measurement periods (P ≤ 0.002). In the treatment group, RMR showed significant repeatability between pre-starvation and re-feeding (P = 0.007), but not between pre-starvation and starvation or between starvation and re-feeding. U CAT showed significant repeatability between pre-starvation and starvation (P = 0.006) and between pre-starvation and re-feeding (P = 0.001), but not between starvation and re-feeding. No correlation or only a weak correlation was found between any two variables of RMR, U CAT and SGR, whereas the increment of the U CAT (ΔU CAT) was negatively correlated with that of SGR during the starvation phase (r = ?0.581, n = 20, P = 0.007) and re-feeding phase (r = ?0.568, n = 20, P = 0.009). This suggested that within individual black carp, there is a trade-off between growth and maintenance (or development) of swimming performance under food-limited conditions.  相似文献   

15.
The influence of acclimation of the euryhaline gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) larvae/post-larvae to brackish water on growth, energetic contents, and mRNA levels of selected hormones and growth-regulating hypothalamic neurohormones was assessed. Specimens from 49 days post-hatching were acclimated during 28 days to two different environmental salinities: 38 and 20 psu (as brackish water). Both groups were then transferred to 38 psu and acclimated for an additional week. Early juveniles were sampled after 28 days of acclimation to both salinities and one week after transfer to 38 psu. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (adcyap1; pacap), somatostatin-I (sst1), growth hormone (gh1), insulin-like growth factor-I (igf1), and prolactin (prl) mRNA expression were all studied by QPCR. Post-larvae acclimated to 20 psu showed better growth performance and body energetic content than post-larvae maintained at 38 psu. prl, adcyap1, and igf1 mRNA expression levels increased in 20-psu-acclimated post-larvae but decreased upon transfer to 38 psu. GH1 expression did not show significant changes under both experimental conditions. Our results suggested an enhanced general performance for post-larvae in brackish water, supported by the actions of adcyap1, igf1, and prl.  相似文献   

16.
The type of formulated diet used in aquaculture systems affects the feed efficiency and water quality. In this study, the water quality, growth performance and immunity of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867), fed diets produced using four different processing methods (extruded pellet diet, cold‐bonded pellet diet, flake diet and mash diet) were quantified for 60 days to identify the optimal feed type for culturing of this species. Sea cucumbers grew faster, the feed conversion ratio was much lower, and immunity indicators were higher when fed the extruded pellet diet compared to the other diets. Sea cucumbers fed the extruded pellet diet had the highest specific growth rate (0.96), whereas A. japonicus fed the cold‐bonded pellet diet had the lowest specific growth rate (0.51). The lysozyme activity of sea cucumbers fed the extruded pellet diet was higher (57.52) than that of A. japonicus fed the cold‐bonded pellet diet (39.22), flake diet (37.32) and mash diet (32.68). When animals were fed the mash diet, the ammonia–nitrogen, nitrite–nitrogen and phosphate productions were higher than in animals fed the other diets. These results indicate that the extruded pellet diet is the optimum feed type for use in the culture of A. japonicus.  相似文献   

17.
A 4-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of different dietary supplements on the growth, immunity and resistance of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus against Vibrio splendidus infection. The control group was supplied with blank microcapsules, and Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) microcapsules, tuckahoe polysaccharide (TPS) microcapsules, (APS + TPS) microcapsules, (APS + TPS) microcapsules + Bacillus subtilis, were tested for effects. Coelomic fluid was collected at 7-day intervals to test activities of lysozyme (LSZ), superoxide dismutase (SOD), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and complement 3 (C3) content. After the feeding trial, the specific growth rate of sea cucumbers fed a diet supplemented with (APS + TPS) microcapsules + B. subtilis was significantly increased (P < 0.05); activities of LSZ, SOD, AKP and C3 content were significantly higher than in other groups (P < 0.05). The challenge test showed that the cumulative mortality of sea cucumbers fed a diet supplemented with (APS + TPS) microcapsules + B. subtilis reduced significantly (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary combinations of (APS + TPS) microcapsules + B. subtilis has a potential for use in diet formulations for sea cucumbers to significantly increase growth, immunity and disease resistance against V. splendidus infection.  相似文献   

18.
We evaluated the effects of different proportions of dietary protein (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% protein) on the activity of digestive enzymes of normal and albino Apostichopus japonicus. The experimental diets were fed for 60 days, the optimal conditions for digestive enzyme activity in sea cucumbers were studied. The optimal temperature for protease was 29.3°C and the optimal pH was 1.8. The optimal temperature for amylase was 34.3°C and the optimal pH was 6.7. The optimal temperature for cellulase was 56°C and the optimal pH was 5.9. The activity of intestinal protease increased at first and then decreased as the proportion of dietary protein increased, reaching the maximum when the proportion of protein was 19.7%. The activity of protease in the intestine of normal sea cucumber was significantly lower than that of albino sea cucumber, and the activity of amylase was significantly higher than that of albino sea cucumber. This study is expected to provide a basis for further explaining the ecological difference of albino and normal A. japonicus.  相似文献   

19.
A 4‐week growth trial was conducted to compare the effects of different feeding strategies of dietary immunostimulants on the growth, immunity and resistance against Vibrio splendidus of sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka). Six feeding strategies were set, including feeding immunostimulants‐free diet continuously (control), feeding dietary β‐glucan (1.25 g kg?1 diet) continuously, feeding dietary mannan‐oligosaccharides (MOS; 2.00 g kg?1 diet) continuously, feeding β‐glucan 2 days followed by MOS 5 days alternately, feeding β‐glucan 5 days followed by MOS 2 days alternately and feeding β‐glucan 7 days followed by MOS 7 days alternately. The sea cucumbers fed immunostimulants showed higher specific growth rate (SGR) and lower cumulative mortality than control (P < 0.05). When sea cucumbers were fed with β‐glucan continuously, total coelomocytes counts and superoxide anion were significantly higher than control on the 4th day (P < 0.05). However, these two immune parameters were not significantly higher than those in control after the 18th day (P > 0.05). While sea cucumbers continuously fed MOS, these two immune parameters were not significantly higher than control until the 15th day. All immune parameters of the sea cucumbers fed with β‐glucan and MOS alternately were significantly higher than those in control during the experiment (P < 0.05). The sea cucumbers fed with β‐glucan 7 days followed MOS 7 days alternately showed the highest SGR and second lowest cumulative mortality. It was suggested that this feeding strategy is most suitable for sea cucumbers.  相似文献   

20.
The effects of three artificial diets (S1, S2 and S3) on survival, growth and biochemical composition of one-year-old pearl oyster Pinctada martensii were investigated. Six experimental groups (EG1, EG2, EG3, EG4, EG5 and EG6) and one control group (CG) were set up. EG1, EG2 and EG3 were solely fed on S1, S2 and S3, respectively. EG4, EG5 and EG6 were fed on mixed diets, as follows: S1 and Platymonas subcordiformis; S2 and P. subcordiformis; and S3 and P. subcordiformis, respectively. CG was fed on only P. subcordiformis. All groups were continuously fed for 60 days. Survival, growth and biochemical composition of soft tissues were compared across the groups. Results showed that survival rate, the absolute growth rate (AGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) of shell length did not differ significantly across the groups (p > 0.05). The AGR and RGR of total weight differed significantly among the groups (p < 0.05). AGR and RGR of shell length and total weight were the highest in EG5 and the lowest in EG1. Gross fat content showed insignificant differences among the groups (p > 0.05). However, gross protein content and ash content showed significant differences across the groups (p < 0.05). The gross protein of the groups solely fed on artificial diets was lower than those of the groups fed on mixtures of artificial diets and microalgae or single microalgae. The contents of other amino acids, total amino acids (TAAs) and essential amino acids (EAAs) showed significant differences across the groups (p < 0.05). TAA, EAA and delicious amino acids of the groups fed solely on artificial diets were lower than those of the groups fed on mixtures of artificial diets and microalgae or single microalgae. Results indicated that the artificial diet (S2) can serve as substitutes of microalgal diets for P. martensii.  相似文献   

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