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放牧家畜采食量是评价草地生态系统转化效率和动物生产力的主要参数,受草地植被生长情况、环境条件、放牧方式、家畜生理特征及其瘤胃内环境等因素影响。放牧家畜采食量的准确测定一直以来都是食性研究的难点和热点问题,关系到动物营养状态的评估、补饲策略的制定以及食性理论的探索。传统采食量估测方法大多基于观察法或放牧前后牧草生物量差值法,这些方法对动物的干扰较小,但是受技术本身和适用范围的限制,如未能估测单个动物的采食量,很难适用于大范围的采食量估测。链烷烃技术和近红外技术的出现为准确测定采食量提供了前所未有的机遇,不仅能克服传统测定方法的缺点,还在准确率、适用范围（圈养动物和放牧动物）等方面优势较为明显,但由于粪便回收率和数据库完整性等因素的影响,目前应用于生物多样性较高草地的放牧动物采食量估测尚有难度。在简要总结不同方法的原理和影响因素基础上,综述了差值法、内标法、链烷烃法和近红外法在放牧家畜采食量测定方面取得的最新进展及存在的问题,并建议多种方法结合可以准确测定放牧家畜采食量,以期为制定合理的草地生态系统管理策略和实现草地可持续生态服务功能提供新思路和启发。 相似文献
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《黑龙江畜牧兽医》2017,(11)
为了研究不同牧草生长时期对草原放牧奶牛牧草采食量和营养摄取情况的影响,为优化补饲提供科学依据,试验采用饱和链烷烃技术测定了不同牧草生长时期(牧草生长幼嫩期、旺盛期和枯黄期)放牧奶牛干物质采食量(DMI)和干物质消化率(DMD),同时测定了牧草营养成分。参照中国奶牛饲养标准,分析了不同牧草生长时期奶牛营养盈亏情况。结果表明:与枯黄期相比,放牧奶牛干物质采食量和干物质消化率在牧草幼嫩期、旺盛期差异显著(P0.05);奶牛采食到的营养水平在牧草旺盛期和幼嫩期与枯黄期相比均差异显著(P0.05)。参照奶牛饲养标准,在现行载畜量和放牧强度下,放牧奶牛干物质采食量都不能满足,营养需要不同程度缺乏,尤其是牧草枯黄期全部营养都不能满足需要。说明草原放牧奶牛采食量和摄取营养情况受多种因素影响,准确掌握奶牛采食量情况对奶牛进行优化补饲和科学放牧管理十分重要。 相似文献
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为了研究冬春季节放牧绵羊的营养状况,采用饱和链烷烃法,测定了新疆昭苏牧区春冬季放牧绵羊的牧草干物质采食量和消化率。结果表明:冬春季育成母羊牧草采食量分别为661.68g/d,856.92g/d,成年母羊牧草采食量分别为876.97g/d,1021.83g/d,绵羊春季牧草采食量高于冬季,差异显著(P0.05)。冬春季育成母羊牧草干物质消化率分别为39.05%、45.85%,成年母羊牧草干物质消化率分别为45.76%、50.50%,绵羊春季牧草干物质消化率高于冬季,差异显著(P0.05)。 相似文献
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《动物营养学报》2020,(7)
采食是动物-植物相互作用的重要途径,是维持生态系统物质和能量循环的主要过程。动物的生产水平和草地的可持续性取决于动物的采食量,明确放牧家畜采食量是草地管理的关键之一。目前,直接观测法、指示剂法、粪氮指数法和近红外光谱法等现有技术被广泛运用到采食量的测定中。直接观测法利用较低成本对采食量进行计算,但主观性较强;食道瘘管法能够把握采食量却忽略了动物福利;近红外光谱法和饱和链烷烃法在测定采食量的同时能够认识家畜的择食特征。为此,本文对现有常规测定方法进行综述,分析影响测定放牧家畜采食量的主要因素,并提出放牧行为与无人机技术相结合等新思路,为今后草原精准化管理提供技术支撑。 相似文献
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《黑龙江畜牧兽医》2016,(17)
为了研究夏秋季节放牧绵羊的营养状况,试验采用饱和链烷烃法,测定了新疆昭苏牧区夏秋季节放牧的新疆细毛羊牧草采食量和消化率。结果表明:夏季育成母羊和成年母羊牧草干物质采食量显著低于秋季(P0.05),牧草干物质消化率显著高于秋季(P0.05);夏季育成母羊粗蛋白消化率极显著高于秋季(P0.01),中性洗涤纤维消化率显著高于秋季(P0.05),酸性洗涤纤维和钙、磷消化率夏秋季间差异不显著(P0.05)。说明在新疆昭苏牧区,新疆细毛羊的秋季牧草干物质采食量高于夏季,夏秋两季的干物质采食量均能满足母羊对干物质的需要;由于夏秋两季牧草品质不同,羊只对秋季牧草的干物质消化率低于夏季。 相似文献
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农牧交错区不同牧草时期放牧奶牛采食量与食性的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
用饱和烷烃法对不同牧草时期放牧奶牛的采食量进行了测定.结果表明:放牧奶牛在牧草幼嫩期、旺盛期、枯黄期3期的采食量结果分别为:绝对采食量(kg/d)为11.54±0.66、13.83±0.55、5.75±0.32,采食量在牧草旺盛期时达到最高.采食组成幼嫩期以苔草为主、旺盛期以隐子草为主、枯黄期以赖草为主,这与草场植物的生长和奶牛的喜好有关. 相似文献
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利用链烷烃技术测定了植物春季返青期、夏季旺盛期、冬季枯黄期放牧绒山羊的采食量及采食植物组成,春季、夏季天然草场的植物种类相同共有26种植物,而冬季只有15种植物.不同放牧时期,内蒙古白绒山羊采食植物学组成变化明显,春季主要采食分布广泛的禾本科(寸苔草和段花针茅)、菊科(小白篙)、鸢尾科(彭氏鸢尾)及蒺藜科(骆驼蓬)牧草,夏季主要采食蒺藜科(骆驼蓬和蒺藜)、禾本科(早熟禾和狐尾草)及百合科(沙葱)和牤牛儿苗科(牤牛儿苗)牧草,冬季主要采食菊科(黄篙和黄花篙)及禾本科(寸苔草).在3个放牧期,绒山羊采食的牧草主要为未本科(贯穿3个放牧期)、蒺黎科和菊科,其他科牧草采食比例较小.绒山羊不同放牧期采食量分别为0.779、0.845和1.632kg.其中春季幼嫩期与夏季旺盛期采食量差异不显著(P>0.05),枯黄期采食量最高,与幼嫩期和旺盛期测定结果差异极显著(P<0.01). 相似文献
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针对放牧家畜营养研究中新兴的饱和链烷烃技术应用的基础工作需要,以三江源区典型草甸的14种牧草为研究对象,对牧草具有的饱和链烷烃浓度模式进行测定与分析。结果表明:高山嵩草+杂类草草地型草场14种主要牧草间链烷烃浓度模式差异明显,不同生长季节也存在明显差异,表现出特有的"植物指纹"信息;同时14种牧草中均以长链的奇数烷烃含量丰富,偶数烷烃含量较低,即C_(27)、C_(29)、C_(31)、C_(33)烷烃含量丰富,且C_(29)烷烃含量最高,浓度大于100mg/kg。这为今后饱和链烷烃技术在高寒草甸草场放牧家畜采食量和择食性研究中应用提供了科学依据;同时也为高寒地区草地牧草分类学研究提供了一个可靠的分析手段。 相似文献
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在玉树藏族自治州囊谦县着晓乡茶哈村两牧户草地上进行了为期40d的春季禁牧试验,经草地植物量和藏羊体重变化的测定表明,草地春季禁牧有效地保护了植物的正常生长,禁牧草地上植物量较放牧草地增加1.69倍,地下植物量较放牧草地增加6.15个百分点.实行春季禁牧制度是高寒牧区保护草地生态环境,促进畜牧业持续发展的有效措施. 相似文献
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Abstract The production of an irrigated grass/legume pasture was determined using Merino ewes on rotational and continuous grazing systems. The clover content of the pasture declined, while the grass content increased under both systems. The lucerne content of the rotationally‐grazed pastures did not change, but lucerne failed to persist under continuous grazing. Rotational grazing resulted in a lower clover content and, consequently, in a lower production per individual animal at low stocking rates during two seasons, but in a higher pasture production and grazing capacity, than under continuous grazing. At high stocking rates the individual animal production was, however, highest under rotational grazing, resulting in a higher animal production per ha than under continuous grazing. 相似文献
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为确定川西北地区高寒草甸的最佳放牧强度,根据牦牛的采食量和草地地上生物量,设置了轻度(0.71头·hm~(-2))、中度(1.19头·hm~(-2))、重度(1.60头·hm~(-2))3个放牧强度处理,进行连续3年的放牧,测定其对草地植物物种丰富度、地上生物量的影响。结果表明,随着放牧强度的增加,植物物种丰富度呈下降趋势;放牧第3年,中度放牧草地年度地上生物量最高,显著高于其它两处理(P0.05),轻度放牧次之,重度放牧最低;和放牧第1年相比,轻度放牧和中度放牧草地地上生物量中杂类草生物量比例显著减少(P0.05),禾草生物量比例显著增加(P0.05),而重度放牧草地杂类草生物量比例未变,禾草生物量比例显著下降(P0.05),但3个放牧处理中莎草占地上生物量的比例均显著增加(P0.05)。因此,川西北地区高寒草甸的最佳放牧强度为1.19头·hm~(-2),这利于草地高产和优良牧草禾草及莎草的生长。 相似文献
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The sequence in which cattle grazed four grass species during a grazing period was monitored at four stages through the grazing season. Data collected revealed that: (i) species could be classed as being of preferred, avoided or intermediate acceptability, (ii) grazing of classes always proceeded in a set sequence; cattle first grazed preferred, then intermediate classes but largely resisted grazing avoided species, (iii) classes were grazed at different rates through the grazing period, (iv) utilization of intermediate and avoided classes was largely dependent on the extent of grazing of preferred species and exhibited a threshold relationship and (v) observed trends were in general agreement with those predicted on the basis of optimal foraging theory. The data suggests that non‐selective grazing systems may be based upon faulty grazing philosophy. 相似文献
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青海省退牧还草工程与思考 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
青海省退牧还草工程实施9年来,已累计完成禁牧封育826.7×104hm2,占全省中度以上退化草地的45.6%。通过监测,退牧区草地植被盖度提高了15%～20%;牧草高度增加了3.5～5.5cm;草地牧草产量提高了26.45%。同时,草地生态环境得到了明显改善,草畜矛盾有所缓解,退牧还草工程的实施效果明显。建议,扩大该项工程在省内的实施范围,增加年度的实施规模,尽快完成全省的退牧还草任务,从而扩大工程的生态经济效益。 相似文献
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Chunping Zhang Quanmin Dong Hui Chu Jianjun Shi Shixiong Li Yanlong Wang Xiaoxia Yang 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2018,71(2):196-204
Grazing plays a key role in many ecosystems worldwide and can affect the structure and composition of terrestrial plant communities. Nonetheless, how grazing management, especially grazing regime (yearlong continuous and seasonal grazing), affects the relationship between grazing and vegetation on alpine grasslands has not been extensively studied. Here, we performed a grazing experiment in Gangcha county of Qinghai province of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau to test the effects of different stocking rates and grazing regimes on grassland biomass and plant structure and composition. Six stocking rates (ranging from 0 to 5.62 sheep ha? 1) were used for continuous grazing, and three grazing intensities (1.72, 2.87, and 5.62 sheep ha? 1) were used for seasonal grazing (grazed only in the growing season, from June to October) at the study sites. Plant biomass and grass functional community composition were characterized in two different yr (2011 and 2012). Additionally, species richness and plant diversity indexes were estimated to quantify the impacts of grazing on plant community composition. Our results indicated that grazing intensity best explained the plant biomass decrease in low-productivity environments, and different grazing regimes also influenced these results. The shifts in plant community structure and composition in response to increased grazing intensity differed considerably between continuous grazing and seasonal grazing. Seasonal grazing maintained greater amounts of palatable plant species, and fewer undesirable species in plant communities when compared with the composition after continuous grazing. Our results emphasize the importance of grazing regime in regulating the effects of grazing on plant communities and the importance of seasonal grazing for ecosystem maintenance, especially in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. This suggests that periodic resting of grasslands could be a good management strategy to keep palatable species, thereby minimizing undesirable species in the overall species composition. 相似文献
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基于遥感数据的呼伦贝尔草原放牧强度研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
呼伦贝尔草甸草原是我国主要的畜牧业基地,放牧强度直接影响着该草原生态系统的稳定和可持续发展。本文首先建立了研究区草地地上生物量的遥感估算经验模型,然后结合净初级生产力(NPP),研究了草地放牧强度估算方法;基于该方法,利用2014年6月到7月多期Landsat遥感数据计算谢尔塔拉牧场草地地上生物量变化和放牧强度。研究结果表明:所使用方法可较好用于放牧强度的估算,估算结果与实际情况基本吻合,决定系数R2达0.7996;谢尔塔拉牧场的公共放牧区放牧强度范围为1~2.5 Au/hm2,属于过度放牧状态,重度放牧区多位于小型湖泊周围和草地面积较少但牛相对较多的生产队,轻度放牧区多位于围封地;将尺度扩展到海拉尔区分析:所使用方法能够准确地将轻度、中度和重度放牧区分开,且海拉尔区东北方向的放牧强度明显高于西南地区。 相似文献
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Michaela Stejskalová Pavla Hejcmanová Vilém Pavlů Michal Hejcman 《Animal Science Journal》2013,84(8):622-629
An experiment to reveal functional response and heifers' performance to sward characteristics and forage chemical composition was conducted for 5 years in rotational (RSS) and continuous (CSS) stocking systems on native species‐rich upland grassland. We measured sward characteristics, forage chemical composition, heifers' grazing behavior and live‐weight gains from July to September. Mean sward surface height was lower on CSS than on RSS; grass and forb density, and white clover stolon length, were similar. Herbage on CSS had higher crude protein content and lower crude fiber content than on RSS. No difference existed in time budgets of grazing, ruminating and resting between stocking systems and season, while grazing rates were higher on CSS. Stocking rate was 1671 and 1332 kg per ha on CSS and RSS, individual daily live‐weight gain 683 and 652 g on CSS and RSS. Gain per ha was 20 kg higher on CSS. Results suggested stocking systems on native species‐rich grassland had no effect on activity time budgets or animal performance. Both RSS and CSS allow similar outputs for stocking rates in terms of individual daily live‐weight gain. Key parameters determining heifers' behavior and performance were sward height, grass and forb density in the sward, and content of crude fiber and protein in forage. 相似文献