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利用1997~2002年的调查数据和资料,从海水水质、海水营养结构与营养水平、初级生产力水平、现存生物量水平等4个方面诊断与评价了南海北部海域渔业生态环境现状。渔业生态环境健康诊断方法:海水水质为单因子污染指数法和有机污染指数法(A值);营养结构为氮、磷、硅的含量水平以及三者比值判别法,营养水平为营养指数法(E值);初级生产力和饵料生物为水平分级法。渔业生态环境质量评价方法为综合指数法。结果表明,海域pH值的均值范围为8.07~8.15,溶解氧的范围为5.67~6.03 mg.L-1,无机氮的范围为3.04~4.15μmol.dm-3,磷酸盐的范围为0.18~0.34μmol.dm-3,均符合中国渔业水质标准(GB11607-89)或二类海水水质标准(GB-3097-1997);有机污染指数(A值)范围为-0.411~0.237,营养水平指数(E值)范围为0.10~0.34,表明海水未受有机污染,海域处于贫营养状态。海域Si∶N∶P的比值为14.8∶13.2∶1.11,海水营养结构总体上表现为硅和氮的比例偏低;初级生产力水平范围为5~1级,年平均值为3级,属“较高”水平级。浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖生物的现存生物量分别为3级、5级和4级,总体上属于中等水平。本次渔业生态环境质量综合评价的9项单因子指数值均低于1.0,而综合指数为0.58,表明南海北部海域渔业生态环境总体处于良好水平。然而,珠江口、粤东和粤西近海有局部海域无机氮和磷酸盐浓度超标,存在有机污染和富营养化的趋势。 相似文献
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根据2010～2011年莱州人工鱼礁海域春、夏、秋、冬4个季节共8个航次的化学需氧量（COD）、无机氮（DIN）、活性磷酸盐（DIP）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、有机碳（TOC）等要素的分析结果,运用N/P比值、有机污染指数A和富营养化指数E等方法,对投放人工鱼礁海域不同年份水体的质量状况进行了评价,分析了该海域水环境在人工鱼礁投放后的变化.结果表明,投礁区第2年DIN含量明显降低,而DIP含量略有上升,使得海区中的DIN/DIP值降低,由89.60降低到44.54.2011年和2010年投礁区DIN/DIP有显著性差异（P＜0.05）,而对照区无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,表明人工鱼礁对水体有改善作用;营养化指数E分析表明,调查海域水质未达到富营养化状态,处于较低营养水平,且2010年与2011年、礁区和对照区E值的平均值均相差不大,营养状况无明显差异;调查海域有机污染指数A小于0或小于1,且投礁区和对照区无明显差异,2010年与2011年也无明显差异,表明该海域未受到有机污染,水质状况良好或较好. 相似文献
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根据2014~2016年夏季对靖海湾松江鲈鱼国家级水产种质资源保护区表层海水中营养盐和重金属等相关环境因子的连续监测数据,运用综合质量指数法对该海域生态环境质量进行综合评价,并分别采用有机污染指数法、潜在性富营养化评价法和主成分分析法从不同方面分析该海域的水质情况。结果显示,靖海湾保护区海水环境综合质量指数范围为1.04~1.69,评价等级为轻污染。有机污染指数范围为4.66~9.23,处于严重有机污染状态。根据营养化评价模式分析得出,2014年靖海湾保护区处于富营养状态,2015年和2016年均处于氮限制潜在性富营养状态。主成分分析显示,溶解无机氮(DIN)、As、Zn具有较高正载荷,为影响该海域水质的主要环境因子,应予以重点监测和防治。 相似文献
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根据2016年4—11月对烟台四十里湾扇贝养殖区环境的监测数据,分析了四十里湾海域海水基本理化指标及月变化趋势,并采用有机污染评价指数法(A)、营养状态指数法(E)、海水营养状态质量指数法(NQI)以及内梅罗环境质量综合评价指数法对其水环境质量状况进行了综合评价。结果表明:四十里湾扇贝养殖区海水温度、pH和盐度的变化范围分别是10.06~20.00℃、7.85~8.25和29.61~30.31,均适合扇贝养殖;溶解氧(DO)、化学需氧量(COD)以及硫化物均符合海水水质一、二类标准,活性磷(DIP)在10月个别养殖区超出海水水质二类标准,总无机氮(DIN)在4月和10月个别养殖区同样超出海水水质二类标准;5—7月环境质量良好,其他月份出现了不同程度的有机污染以及富营养化现象。总体而言,烟台四十里湾扇贝养殖区水环境质量符合扇贝养殖I类区或II类区的要求,但应注意对养殖区的保护,特别是控制陆源污染物的输入。 相似文献
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为了对天津大神堂牡蛎礁国家级海洋特别保护区进行水质环境分析,2012年4月、9月和2013年5月、9月分别对该特别保护区海域进行了4个航次的水质环境调查,并通过单项水质评价法、海水营养指数评价法、有机污染综合指数法等对该特别保护区海域的水质进行质量分析。调查数据表明,该保护区海水受无机氮污染严重,4个航次无机氮污染指数均大于1;海水营养指数分布范围为1．60～93．76,平均值为14．58,处于重度富营养状态;有机污染指数分布范围为0．96～6．58,平均值为2．76,处于3级轻度污染状态。结果表明,无机氮为该海域主要污染因子,富营养化及有机污染情况严重并呈增加趋势。目前保护区已经建立,但对于保护区的治理有待进一步开展,还需对该保护区进行长期的监测与科学研究。 相似文献
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根据2014年春季和冬季对渤海营养状况调查结果,分析了该水域营养盐含量的变化和分布,并对该水域营养水平状况进行了评价.结果显示,2014年春季无机氮含量水平高于冬季,NO2-N、NH4+-N平均含量分别是冬季的1.94、3.49倍,NO3--N的平均含量相差不明显,而PO43--p平均含量低于冬季,约为冬季的80％.与海水水质标准相比,冬季无机氮含量总体水平低于海水一类标准,活性磷酸盐含量略高于海水一类标准值.春季无机氮含量总体水平低于海水一类标准值,活性磷酸盐含量低于海水一类标准值.从水平分布来看,DIN含量基本呈近岸高于中部的分布趋势,而PO43--p含量呈近岸低于中部的分布趋势,受黄河口径流的影响,莱州湾DIN和PO43--p等值线较为密集.2014年冬季N/P比值略低于Redfield比值,而春季N/P比值高于Redfield比值,春季无机磷相对缺乏.根据潜在性富营养化评价模式,2014年冬季(2月)和春季(5月)渤海水域营养水平较低,均属贫营养水平.冬季有机污染指数A值为0.66,属有机污染程度Ⅰ级,水质较好,春季有机污染指数A值为1.05,属有机污染程度Ⅱ级,水质开始受到污染. 相似文献
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依据2013年6月对莱州湾海域的调查资料,分析了该海域盐度(S)、pH、溶解氧(DO)、化学耗氧量(COD)、溶解无机氮(DIN)和活性磷酸盐(PO4-P)等理化因子的分布特征,并采用潜在性富营养化评价模式和有机污染指数分别对该海域的营养水平和有机污染状况进行了评价。结果显示,2013年春季莱州湾所有站位溶解氧、化学耗氧量均符合Ⅰ类海水水质标准;DIN污染严重,31%站位的DIN含量超Ⅳ类海水水质标准;PO4-P含量较低,所有站位PO4-P含量均符合Ⅰ类海水水质标准。由评价结果来看,2013年春季莱州湾海域N/P比值总体处于高值,P相对缺乏,营养水平处于磷限制潜在性富营养(ⅥP)水平,有机污染程度属于Ⅱ级,表明该调查海域开始受到有机污染,但有机污染程度轻于2007年夏季。 相似文献
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根据2018年9月10日对昌黎县海湾扇贝养殖海域的水质调查数据,分析了该海域水体基本理化因子,并采取营养状态质量指数评价法(NQI)、营养状态指数法(E)、有机污染指数评价法(A)及内梅罗环境质量综合评价指数法(P)对水质进行综合评价。结果表明:昌黎县海湾扇贝养殖海域各站位的水温、盐度、pH、DO、COD和DIP含量均符合海湾扇贝养殖水质标准,但是DIN含量严重超标。评价结果显示昌黎县海湾扇贝养殖海域已受到有机污染且水体呈现富营养化,养殖区内比养殖区外情况更为严重,其中N7站位最甚。DIN为该海域主要污染因子。 相似文献
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Liping Li Rui Wang Wanwen Liang Xi Gan Ting Huang Yan Huang Jian Li Yunliang Shi Honglin Luo Ming Chen 《广西水产科技》2014,(1)
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China. 相似文献
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Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Florence Le Gac Odile Blaise Alex Fostier Pierre-Yves Le Bail Maurice Loir Brigitte Mourot Claudine Weil 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1993,11(1-6):219-232
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations. 相似文献
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Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation. 相似文献
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Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection 
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下载免费PDF全文 G Sharon M Pimenta‐Leibowitz M C L Vilchis N Isakov D Zilberg 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(1):67-74
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality). 相似文献
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The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg–1 fish·h–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g–1·ml–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min–1·g–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min–1·g–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated. 相似文献
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There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future. 相似文献
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Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Franz Lahnsteiner 《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(7):3901-3909
This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos. 相似文献
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T. Citarasu K. Venkatramalingam M. Micheal Babu R. Raja Jeya Sekar M. Petermarian 《Aquaculture International》2003,11(6):581-595
The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could
lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment
in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 103 to 3.76 × 105 cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load
in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 105 cfu/g).
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献