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1.
作者综述了1992—2007年中国和亚太地区的饲料原料和配合饲料中6种主要霉菌毒素的检出水平和分布特点．分析了危害我国饲料安全、动物生产性能和健康水平的主要霉菌毒素以及控制策略．得出如下结论：
（1）由于霉菌的生长受温度和湿度影响．不同霉菌毒素的发生概率和污染水平具有显著的地域性。中国饲料原料和配合饲料中超标率和检出水平最高的霉菌毒素是镰刀属霉菌产生的玉米赤霉烯酮、烟曲霉毒素和呕吐毒素（均属田间型毒素）。过去我们一直重视的黄曲霉毒素（仓储型毒素）超标率和检出水平均比较低。而来自东南亚地区的饲料原料和配合饲料中黄曲霉毒素超标率和检出水平较高。而镰刀菌属毒素的超标率和检出水平则比较低。
（2）饲料原料和配合饲料中多种霉菌毒素往往同时存在。由于不同毒素间具有协同作用,这将加剧毒素对动物的毒性作用和中毒症状的严重程度。霉菌毒素造成动物的生产性能下降和免疫机能抑制．导致动物患病甚至死亡．并能通过动物的肉、蛋、奶、内脏进入人类的食品链中,危害人类的健康。
（3）由于加工过程中霉菌毒素的浓缩效应,副产品原料．特别是玉米副产品如DDGS和玉米蛋白粉中．霉菌毒素的污染非常严重。
（4）与单一能量和蛋白饲料原料相比,配合饲料中的多种霉菌毒素的检测水平才是相对比较准确和客观的控制指标。
（5）由于我国饲料原料中超标率和检出水平最高的3种镰刀菌属毒素（玉米赤霉烯酮、烟曲霉毒素和呕吐毒素）均为田间型毒素．因此预防霉菌毒索对动物危害的最经济有效的措施是在采购环节控制原料质量和饲料生产中使用有效的霉菌毒素吸附剂。 相似文献
2.
本研究采用免疫亲和柱-高效液相色谱法测定了国内各省(市区)域的玉米、 玉米副产物、 小麦及麸皮、 粕类和全价饲料等1304个饲料及饲料原料样品中黄曲霉毒素(AFB1)、 玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)和呕吐毒素(DON)的含量,以了解中国饲料和原料中霉菌毒素污染情况.结果表明:玉米、 玉米副产物、 小麦及麸皮、 粕类和全价料中AFB1检出率分别为92.14%、91.48%、66.23%、97.53%和83.06%,超标率分别为31.94%、25.00%、7.79%、81.48%和11.29%;ZEN的检出率分别为79.93%、95.45%、76.62%、72.84%和88.98%,超标率分别达到4.35%、58.52%、10.39%、18.52%和7.26%;DON的检出率分别为96.49%、96.59%、100.00%、74.07%和90.32%,超标率分别达到51.17%、82.39%、83.12%、3.70%和42.20%.其中玉米副产物和小麦及麸皮是霉菌毒素污染最为严重的饲料原料,是霉菌毒素风险控制的主要关注对象. 相似文献
3.
《养殖与饲料．饲料世界》2015,(11)
从市场采集猪配合饲料、鸡鸭配合饲料、玉米及其加工副产品、小麦及其加工副产品、豆粕、棉籽粕和米糠共292个样品,同时测定其呕吐毒素、黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮含量。结果表明,玉米及其加工副产品和小麦及其加工副产品中呕吐毒素含量较高,最高污染水平分别达5 296.3、3 566.2μg/kg,猪配合饲料呕吐毒素含量超标率7.9%;玉米及其加工副产品和棉籽粕黄曲霉毒素B1含量较高,最高污染水平分别达300、3 992.5μg/kg,猪配合饲料、鸡鸭配合饲料、玉米及其加工副产品和棉籽粕中黄曲霉毒素B1超标率分别为5.4%、8.5%、4.4%和33.3%;玉米及其加工副产品和小麦及其加工副产品中玉米赤霉烯酮含量较高,最高污染水平分别达1 686.3、1 378.9μg/kg,猪配合饲料玉米赤霉烯酮含量超标率达5.1%;饲料原料和饲料产品中存在呕吐毒素、黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮的共同污染问题,猪配合饲料和鸡鸭配合饲料中3种霉菌毒素的共同污染率分别达35.1%和42.9%。 相似文献
4.
1霉菌毒素污染状况据统计,全世界每年约有25%的谷物受到霉菌毒素的影响,在高温高湿地区这种污染更加严重。我国是霉菌污染比较严重的国家,陈必芳等在1996年从全国28个省市采集104个饲料加工厂和养殖场饲料及饲料原料样品627份,检测结果显示配合饲料霉菌污染率100%,饲料原料污染率99%。敖志刚博士调查了2003和2007年中国全价饲料和饲料原料中霉菌毒素的污染情况。2003年饲料原料的检出率:黄曲霉毒素100%、T-2毒素100%、玉米赤霉烯酮97.3%等,超标率非常高。2007年霉菌毒素调查结论 :100% 相似文献
5.
能量饲料的主要原料是玉米,玉米占到全价饲料的60%左右。去年秋天以来,玉米主产区遭遇连阴雨,使得玉米在田间成熟前后就遭受到霉菌污染。霉菌毒素是真菌在代谢饲料和饲料原料中的营养物质过程中,所产生的代谢产物, 相似文献
6.
本研究旨在了解目前北京市养猪场所用饲料原料和全价饲料受呕吐毒素的污染情况、检出频率和特点,为广大饲料生产和动物养殖企业提供基础数据参考。采集北京市15个猪场131个饲料原料及全价配合饲料,采用免疫亲和柱-高效液相色谱法测定其中呕吐毒素的含量。结果表明:玉米、麸皮、豆粕、DDGS和配合饲料中呕吐毒素的检出率分别为92.9%、92.3%、54.5%、100%和97.4%,平均含量分别为1.01、0.44、0.05、1.36 mg/kg和0.65mg/kg,超标率分别为57.1%、0.0%、0.0%、88.2%和15.8%。结果提示,饲料原料中玉米和DDGS呕吐毒素平均含量较高,超标率也较高;麸皮、豆粕及配合饲料也受呕吐毒素不同程度的污染。 相似文献
7.
霉菌毒素是在田间、加工、饲喂以及储存过程中,在谷物上生长的真菌产生的有毒次级产物,通过污染的饲料、垫料对动物造成危害。我国饲料原料中检出的霉菌毒素主要是玉米赤霉烯酮、去氧瓜萎镰菌醇、烟曲霉毒素和黄曲霉毒素。事实上,一些饲料原料,特别是副产品,往往检出被1种以上的霉菌毒素污染。猪在所有的生产阶段对霉菌毒素毒素都非 相似文献
8.
饲料中的霉菌和其毒素对养殖企业的养殖成本影响十分巨大。本试验以北京大兴种猪示范基地为观察对象,检测不同饲料和饲料原料的蜡样芽孢杆菌、烟曲霉菌以及呕吐毒素（DON）、烟曲霉毒素（FB）和玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）3种毒素含量。试验结果表明,66份饲料原料和全价饲料样本中,蜡样芽孢杆菌样本的总体检出率为75.8%,烟曲霉菌检出率为69.7%;饲料原料中DON、FB和ZEN检出率较高,成品饲料DON检出率100%,FB检出率83.3%,ZEN检出率66.7%。结论 ：北京地区的饲料霉菌及其毒素污染情况严重,应尽快制定饲料原料毒素污染限量。 相似文献
9.
[目的]了解安徽省临泉县规模化羊场常用饲料及饲料原料霉菌毒素污染情况。[方法]从安徽省临泉县22家存栏数在500只以上的规模化羊场采集8类饲料及饲料原料样品共55份,包括豆粕2份、小麦及麦麸6份、玉米10份、大豆皮2份、羔羊精料补充料13份、肉羊精料补充料8份、育肥羊全价配合饲料7份以及羊场自配饲料7份。利用荧光定量检测法快速检测饲料样品中黄曲霉素B1(aflatoxin B1,AFB1)、玉米赤霉烯酮（zearalenone,ZEN）、呕吐毒素（deoxynivalenol,DON）含量,计算不同饲料样品中3种霉菌毒素的检出率和超标率。[结果]55份饲料及饲料原料样品中,AFB1、ZEN和DON的总体检出率分别为50.90%、56.36%和69.09%,总体超标率分别为7.27%、5.45%和5.45%。在AFB1检测方面,有5类样本检测结果呈阳性,其中,肉羊精料补充料的检出率最高,为75.00%;羔羊精料补充料和肉羊精料补充料超标,超标率分别为15.38%和12.50%;玉米的检出值最大,为53.5μg/kg。在ZEN检测方面,有6类样本检测结果呈阳性,其中,羔羊精料补充料的检出率... 相似文献
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11.
Xiaoying Li Lihong Zhao Yu Fan Yaxiong Jia Lei Sun Shanshan Ma Cheng Ji Qiugang Ma Jianyun Zhang 《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2014,5(1):37
Background
The current study was carried out to provide a reference for the control of mycotoxin contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds for swine.Methods
A total of 55 feed ingredients, including 14 corn, 13 wheat bran, 11 soybean meal and 17 dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) as well as 76 complete swine feeds including 7 creep feeds, 14 starter feeds, 14 grower feeds, 18 grower-finisher feeds, 10 gestating sow feeds, and 13 lactating sow feeds were randomly collected from 15 swine farms located in the Beijing region of China from July to August 2011. Immunoaffinity clean-up, using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in combination with UV or Fluorescence Detection, was used for quantitative analysis of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in the ingredients and complete feeds.Results
DON and ZEA were the most prevalent mycotoxins found. DON was detected at percentages of 93, 92, 54, 100 and 97% with a mean level of 1.01, 0.44, 0.05, 1.36 and 0.65 ppm in the samples of corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, DDGS and complete feeds, respectively. The detected percentages of ZEA were 100, 100, 54, 100 and 100 with mean levels of 109.1, 14.9, 9.2, 882.7 and 58.9 ppb in the same samples. In the wheat bran and soybean meal samples, the content of all four mycotoxins were below the maximum limits set by Chinese regulations while the percentage of samples that exceeded regulatory limits were 7, 57 and 7% for corn, and 7, 14 and 3% for the complete feeds for AFB1, DON and OTA respectively. DDGS showed the most serious mycotoxin contamination and the percentage of samples that exceeded regulatory limits were 6, 88 and 41%, for AFB1, DON and ZEA, respectively.Conclusions
This paper is the first to present data on the natural occurrence of AFB1, DON, ZEA and OTA in ingredients and complete feeds obtained from swine farms in China’s Beijing region. The data shows that feed ingredients and complete swine feeds obtained from these farms are most often contaminated with DON followed by contamination with AFB1 and ZEA. 相似文献12.
《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2017,(2)
Background: The current study was carried out to provide a reference for monitory of aflatoxin B_1(AFB_1),zearalenone(ZEN) and deoxynivalenol(DON) contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds were collected from different Province in China from 2013 to 2015.Methods: A total of 443 feed ingredients, including 220 corn, 24 wheat, 24 domestic distillers dried grains with soluble(DDGS), 55 bran, 20 wheat shorts and red dog, 37 imported DDGS, 34 corn germ meal and 29 soybean meal as well as 127 complete feeds including 25 pig complete feed(powder), 90 pig complete feed(pellet), six duck complete feed and six cattle complete feed were randomly collected from different Province in China,respectively, by high-performance chromatography in combined with UV or fluorescence analysis.Results: The incidence rates of AFB_1, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds were80.8, 92.3 and 93.9 %, respectively. The percentage of positive samples for DON ranged from 66.7 to 100 %.Domestic DDGS and imported DDGS presented the most serious contamination AFB_1, ZEN and DON contamination levels of feeds ranged from 61.5 to 100 %, indicated that serious contamination over the studied 3-year period.Conclusion: The current data provide clear evidence that AFB_1, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds in different Province in China is serious and differs over past 3-year. The use of corn, domestic DDGS, imported DDGS and corn germ meal, which may be contaminated with these three mycotoxins, as animal feed may triggered a health risk for animal. Feeds are most contaminated with DON followed by ZEN and AFB_1.Mycotoxins contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds should be monitored routinely in China. 相似文献
13.
霉菌毒素是由不同种属真菌产生的次级代谢物,其对多种动物（包括人在内）具有显著毒性效果,如降低畜禽生产性能、损害脏器功能、影响机体免疫功能、造成细胞和DNA氧化损伤,甚至导致动物死亡等。饲料及其原料霉菌毒素污染是一个广泛的、全球性的问题,既可在作物田间生长时产生,也可在仓储期间产生,给畜禽养殖业造成了巨大的经济损失,防控霉菌生长及去除饲料中霉菌毒素已成为国内外研究的热点。实际上,不同霉菌毒素对不同动物的损害具有差异性,而在畜禽养殖过程中添加适当物质（如蒙脱石和酶制剂等）可有效抑制霉菌毒素活性,缓解霉菌毒素的毒性。作者详细论述了玉米赤霉烯酮、烟曲霉毒素、呕吐毒素、T-2毒素、黄曲霉毒素和烟曲霉毒素对畜禽的危害,并从物理、化学、生物角度介绍了削减饲料及其原料中霉菌毒素的方法,旨在为合理有效防控霉菌毒素毒害及保障畜禽健康养殖提供参考。 相似文献
14.
G D Osweiler 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2000,16(3):511-30, vii
Modern agriculture and production animal medicine require attention to high-quality feeds that are free from mycotoxin contamination that can cause economically important decreases in productivity. Maintaining current information about effects of mycotoxins on feed intake and growth, reproductive efficiency, and possible immunosuppression aid in effective consultation with livestock producers. Investigation and determination of potential production losses related to mycotoxins should use historical, clinical, laboratory, and experimental information to objectively evaluate whether mycotoxin contamination is clinically relevant. The practicing veterinarian or veterinary consultant can provide valuable clinical and interpretive assistance to producers who may have a real or potential mycotoxin contamination. Thorough diagnostic evaluation of animals, appropriate testing of feeds and forages, and rational consideration of differential diagnoses help to put mycotoxins in the proper perspective as a production-related management problem. 相似文献
15.
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites, whose presence in feed- and foodstuffs is unavoidable. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the known mycotoxins with greatest public health and agro-economic significance. Several toxic effects have been ascribed following exposure, namely nephrotoxicity, as well negative impacts in the performance of farm animals, resulting in major economic implications. Of no less importance for the route of human exposure that can also embody the carry-over of OTA from feed into animal-derived products is also a concern. For all these reasons the present article updates the worldwide occurrence of OTA in different raw ingredients and finished feed destined to food-producing animals. After that a brief characterization of specie susceptibility and the major rationales is made. An historical overview of field outbreaks linked to OTA exposure in farm animals, concerning the implicated feeds, contamination levels and major clinical and productivity effects is presented. Finally a review of the major animal health and performance potential impacts of animals being reared on contaminated feed is made allied to a perspective regarding its co-occurrence with other mycotoxins, and simultaneous parasitic and bacterial infections. Ultimately, this article aims to be instructive and draw attention to a mycotoxin so often neglected and elapsed from the list of differential diagnosis in farm practice. For the unpredictability and unavoidability of occurrence, OTA will definitely be an enduring problem in animal production. 相似文献
16.
Bani Ismail Zuhair Al-Nabulsi Farah Abu-Basha Ehab Hananeh Wael 《Tropical animal health and production》2020,52(5):2371-2377
The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of on-farm risk factors and health effects associated with contamination of dairy feeds with aflatoxins (AFs), zearalenone (ZEN), trichothecenes (T-2), deoxynivalenol (DON), and fumonisins (FB) in Jordan. A pre-tested and validated questionnaire was used to determine on-farm practices and health effects associated with high levels of mycotoxins. A total of 88 feed samples were collected from the 37 farms participating in the study and analyzed using commercially available ELISA kits. The mean total AF concentration exceeded the European Union (EU) limit in alfalfa (4%) and total mixed ration (TMR) (3%) samples. Similarly, levels exceeding EU limits were observed for T-2 in alfalfa (29%), TMR (30%), and corn silage (4%). The average concentrations of ZEN and FB were 300 ppb and 11,638 ppb, respectively, which were below the EU maximum limits in all feed samples examined. Intensive management system (OR?=?7.70), imported feed (OR?=?3.40), feed storage on the farm for more than 1-month duration (OR?=?7.90), and not using antitoxins (OR?=?2.30) were significantly (P?<?0.05) associated with high levels of mycotoxins in feed samples. A significant correlation (P?<?0.05) was evident between the presence of mycotoxins in dairy feed and feed refusal (R?=?0.70), low milk production (R?=?0.50), diarrhea problems (R?=?0.60), infertility (R?=?0.50), and repeated breeder problems (R?=?0.80). Results show that mycotoxin contamination in dairy feeds is a problem in Jordan, and appropriate measures need to be undertaken to reduce risks to human and animal health and improve production.
相似文献17.
18.
真菌毒素是真菌在食品或饲料中生长所产生的代谢产物,这些低分子质量化合物既是天然存在的,同时也是无法避免的。真菌通过两种途径进入食物链,一方面可以直接从受真菌毒素污染的植物性食品成分进入食物链;另一方面也可以通过食物中产毒真菌生长的间接污染进入食物链。真菌毒素广泛存在于成熟的玉米、谷物、大豆、高粱、花生和饲料作物中。食用受真菌毒素污染的食物或饲料会对人和动物造成急性或慢性毒性。真菌毒素除了有直接食用受霉菌毒素污染的食物和饲料造成的不良影响外,还有因为摄入动物源性食品,如肉类、牛奶或鸡蛋,含有真菌毒素的残留物或代谢物而引起的公众健康问题。目前虽然已经鉴定出超过400种真菌毒素,但食物中广泛存在的6种毒素：黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马菌素、呕吐毒素及T-2毒素,已在世界范围内引发了持续的食品安全问题。该论文总结了6种真菌毒素的毒性,重点分析了近年来电化学生物传感器在这几种真菌毒素检测中的研究进展,旨在通过一系列的总结分析去展望其在真菌毒素检测方面的发展前景。 相似文献
19.
Inês Almeida H. Marina Martins Marta F. Marques Salomé Magalhães Fernando Bernardo 《Veterinary research communications》2010,34(4):381-386
The occurrence of mycotoxin-producing moulds in animal feed is a hazard for animals. When these undesirable substances contaminate
laboratory animal feed, convey an additional problem in experimental animal assays confidence levels. The aim of this study
was to evaluate fungal contamination and to determine natural occurrence of Ochratoxin A (OTA) in 31 samples. OTA is a mycotoxin
produced by fungi of two genera: Penicillium and Aspergillus. OTA has been shown to be nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic and immunotoxic to a number of animal species and to cause
kidney and liver tumors in mice and rats. In this preliminary study, feed mould counts ranged from 3 to 4.2 log10 cfu/g (colonies forming units per gram). When these species are present, there is a significant risk of contamination with
mycotoxins resulting in both acute diseases called mycotoxicoses and chronic conditions, often recognized as situations involving
mycotoxins. The most frequent genus isolated was Cladosporium sp. (84%), followed by Aspergillus niger and Penicillium (81%) and Mucor sp. (77%). All rat feed samples were examined for OTA, using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The detection limit
was 2.0 μg OTA kg−1 and all samples revealed to be negative for this mycotoxin. These mycotoxicological researches put in evidence the importance
of the use contaminant-free experimental animal feed in order to prevent any interference on the health of experimental animals
and emphasizes the need for systematic control of the feed as a key issue in animal experimentation. 相似文献
20.
霉菌毒素是真菌产生的有毒的二级代谢产物,经常在奶牛饲料及其原料中发现。最常见的霉菌毒素是黄曲霉毒素（AF）、伏马菌素（FB）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）、T-2毒素和赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）。当饲料中霉菌毒素的浓度超过一定水平时,会导致奶牛发生免疫抑制、肝肾毒性、繁殖障碍等诸多健康问题。奶牛饲料原料在生长、收获、加工和储藏过程中不可避免受到霉菌毒素的污染,应用脱毒方法是预防霉菌毒素危害奶牛健康的关键控制点。物理、化学和生物脱毒是实现霉菌毒素脱毒的常见技术措施。其中,物理吸附和生物降解脱毒具有安全、绿色、去除率高、不破坏饲料营养物质等诸多优势,是国内外研究的重点和方向。本文主要介绍了奶牛饲料中常见霉菌毒素的生物特性、致病机理及其对奶牛的危害和物理、化学、生物脱毒方法,为防控霉菌毒素污染,实现健康养殖提供参考。 相似文献