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《中国畜牧兽医》2020,(1)
近年来,因持续饲喂或滥用抗生素而引起的耐药性、药物残留和食品安全等问题日益严重,尤其是多重耐药和泛耐药菌的出现严重威胁着人类的健康。因此,寻找一种安全、高效的抗生素替代品是保障动物源食品安全、提高动物健康水平,及促进社会发展的必然需求。噬菌体是一类能够侵染细菌、真菌、放线菌等微生物的病毒总称,与传统抗生素相比,噬菌体具有存在广泛、特异性强、安全和研发成本低等优势。人类关于噬菌体的研究报道由来已久,但是随着抗生素和化学抗菌药物的大量出现,噬菌体在欧美等发达国家的研究一度中断,直至20世纪80年代,由于多重耐药菌的出现,人类又重新重视噬菌体的研究,随着现代生物技术的发展,噬菌体已广泛应用到人类疫病防控、动植物病原菌清除及保障食品安全等方面,已成为人类对抗细菌性感染的利器。作者简述了噬菌体生物学特性、噬菌体疗法优缺点,以及防控猪、鸡的大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、弯曲杆菌等常见细菌性感染方面的研究,以期为动物生产应用提供理论依据。 相似文献
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《畜牧与兽医》2015,(8):138-143
近年来,水产养殖业发展迅速,而由细菌性疾病引发的水产动物病害问题也愈发严重,成为限制水产养殖业快速稳定发展的重要因素。目前,抗生素在防控水产动物细菌性疾病方面存在着药物残留及细菌耐药性等问题,造成公共环境卫生问题及食品安全隐患。噬菌体亦被称为细菌病毒,它能够感染并裂解宿主菌,具有特异性高,能自我复制,筛选周期短,绿色环保等抗生素无法比拟的优点。噬菌体疗法作为一种新型抗生素替代策略用于疾病防控并保障水产品的质量与安全已越来越引起人们的广泛关注。本文就噬菌体在防控水产动物细菌性疾病方面取得的研究进展进行综述,为噬菌体及其制剂在水产养殖疾病防控方面的研究及应用提供理论基础及实践参考。 相似文献
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噬菌体控制致病性大肠杆菌的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《畜牧与兽医》2017,(12):140-144
大肠杆菌是引起细菌类食物中毒的主要原因之一,近年来,由大肠杆菌引起的食品安全事件频发,严重危害人类健康。各国科学家相继从肉类、蔬菜水果和牛奶等食品,或养殖场中分离得到了一些血清型的致病性大肠杆菌,其中最常见、流行最广泛的有O157:H7,K88,K99,O149等。然而,由抗生素滥用导致的耐药菌株出现,以及在动物饲养方面,抗生素种类和用量上的限制,使得人们对致病性大肠杆菌的控制更加困难。噬菌体是细菌的天敌,具有感染并裂解细菌的功能,与抗生素相比,噬菌体制剂具有特异性强、自我增殖快、研发时间短等优点,因此近年来噬菌体作为控制致病性大肠杆菌的研究受到广泛关注。本文就噬菌体在致病性大肠杆菌的生物防控方面的应用研究进展作一综述,以期为噬菌体及其制剂在保障动物性食品安全及动物疾病治疗领域的深入研究提供一定的参考。 相似文献
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<正>人和动物极易发生细菌性感染，目前针对这类疾病的首选用药为抗生素。然而，随着抗生素的普遍使用，耐药性病原菌感染率逐渐升高，如新生儿脑膜炎患者对β-内酰胺类药物产生耐药[1]，这给有效治疗方案的实施带来了巨大挑战。在畜禽养殖业，耐药性病原菌也普遍存在。据报道，在畜禽养殖场粉尘、垫料和动物粪便中均含有耐药性细菌[2]，危害人类健康。在我国奶牛养殖场中，引起乳房炎的大多数病原菌(如大肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、停乳链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌)已对常见抗生素产生耐药性，导致患乳房炎的奶牛治愈率下降，淘汰率升高，给养殖场造成巨大的经济损失[3,4]。因此，寻求新型药物制剂替代抗生素治疗细菌性感染十分必要。噬菌体制剂安全、有效、无耐药、无残留、特异性强且不破坏机体自然菌群[5-7]，可有效杀灭耐药性细菌[8]，是替代抗生素疗法的最佳选择之一。本文综述了近年来国内外动物医学领域噬菌体疗法的研究进展，为使用噬菌体治疗动物细菌感染性疾病研究提供参考。 相似文献
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近年来,由于兽医临床耐药大肠杆菌的不断出现,新抗生素的研制困难重重;因此研究大肠杆菌噬菌体用于治疗大肠杆菌感染受到重视.文章从噬菌体类型、大肠杆菌噬菌体溶菌机制、大肠杆菌噬菌体生物学特性、动物试验等方面进行了论述,旨在为治疗由大肠杆菌引起的疾病提供新的、有效的方法. 相似文献
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近年来,由于兽医临床耐药大肠杆菌的不断出现,新抗生素的研制困难重重;因此研究大肠杆菌噬菌体用于治疗大肠杆菌感染受到重视。文章从噬菌体类型、大肠杆菌噬菌体溶菌机制、大肠杆菌噬菌体生物学特性、动物试验等方面进行了论述,旨在为治疗由大肠杆菌引起的疾病提供新的、有效的方法。 相似文献
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van den Bogaard AE 《Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde》2001,126(18):590-595
Antibiotic use not only selects for resistance in pathogenic bacteria, but also in the commensal flora of exposed individuals. Veterinary surgeons regularly prescribe antibiotics for food animals to treat bacterial infections just as doctors do for human patients. In addition, however, animal feeds contain added antibiotics not for therapy but for economic reasons: to enhance the growth rate of these animals. Several of the antibiotics used as growth promoters are analogues of and fully cross resistant with important antibiotics used in human medicine. As a result of this high exposure to antibiotics, the prevalence of resistant bacteria in the faecal flora of these animals is high. These resistant bacteria can be directly and indirectly, via foods of animal origin, transferred to humans and either colonize the human intestinal tract or exchange their resistance genes with commensal bacteria of humans. As the intestinal flora functions as a reservoir of resistance genes for pathogenic bacteria and because many bacterial species of the intestinal flora are potential pathogens, the efficacy of antibiotic therapy in human medicine may be jeopardized. 相似文献
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抗菌肽的研究现状与展望 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
耐药性细菌的出现致使现有抗菌药物对细菌感染治疗的疗效低下或无效,形成的危害日益严重,迫切需要开发出新型的抗菌制剂。高效、低毒、广谱的抗菌肽作为最有希望代替抗生素的新药制剂倍受国内外科研工作者的关注,成为当前的研究热点。本文综述了抗菌肽的生物学特性,生物学活性及其作用机制,抗菌肽的筛选策略,分析了影响抗菌肽应用中存在的问题,并对其应用前景进行了展望。 相似文献
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Hart WS Heuzenroeder MW Barton MD 《Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health》2004,51(5):216-221
The major influences on the amplification and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are the therapeutic use of antibiotics in human medicine and their use in livestock for therapy, prophylaxis and growth promotion. The use of veterinary antibiotics has many benefits to the livestock industries ensuring animal health and welfare, but use at subtherapeutic levels also exerts great selective pressure on emergence of resistant bacteria. The possible effect on human health is a problem of current debate. This study involved sampling pig carcasses, pig meat and assessing the level of resistance in zoonotic enteric bacteria of concern to human health. In South Australian pigs, thermophilic Campylobacter species showed widespread resistance (60-100%) to tylosin, erythromycin, lincomycin, ampicillin and tetracycline. No resistance was seen to ciprofloxacin. The enterococci demonstrated little resistance (0-30%) to vancomycin or virginiamycin, but the overall results from the antibiotic sensitivity testing of the enterococci have demonstrated how widespread their resistance has become. Escherichia coli strains showed widespread resistance to tetracycline and moderately common resistance (30-60%) to ampicillin and sulphadiazine. Resistance to more than one antibiotic was common. Pigs from New South Wales were also sampled and differences in resistance patterns were noted, perhaps reflecting different antibiotic use regimens in that state. 相似文献
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鸡蛋药物残留研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
国内外鸡蛋药物残留主要包括合成抗菌药物（磺胺类药物、喹诺酮类药物和硝基咪唑类药物）、抗生素类药物（四环素类、大环内酯类、氯霉素类及其他抗生素类药物）、抗球虫药物（聚醚类药物）及农药等。这些药物都是常见的家禽用药,由于其效果好、价格低廉、抗菌谱广等被广泛应用。但药物残留直接危害人体健康,且细菌对该类药物较易产生耐药性,耐药菌株可通过食物链向人类传递,此外鸡蛋药物的残留也可导致人体内敏感细菌产生耐药性,该现象已引起了全世界的关注。目前对动物性食品药物残留进行监测是确保食品安全和人类健康的最后一道防线。因此鸡蛋常见药物残留的监测技术的研究,可确保鸡蛋食用安全性,提高鸡蛋的质量,保障人体健康,增强国际贸易竞争力。 相似文献
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Singer RS Cox LA Dickson JS Hurd HS Phillips I Miller GY 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2007,79(2-4):186-203
To achieve further reductions in foodborne illness levels in humans, effective pre-harvest interventions are needed. The health status of food animals that are destined to enter the human food supply chain may be an important, although often overlooked, factor in predicting the risk of human foodborne infections. The health status of food animals can potentially influence foodborne pathogen levels in three ways. First, diseased animals may shed higher levels of foodborne pathogens. Second, animals that require further handling in the processing plant to remove affected parts may lead to increased microbial contamination and cross-contamination. Finally, certain animal illnesses may lead to a higher probability of mistakes in the processing plant, such as gastrointestinal ruptures, which would lead to increased microbial contamination and cross-contamination. Consequently, interventions that reduce the incidence of food animal illnesses might also help reduce bacterial contamination on meat, thereby reducing human illness. Some of these interventions, however, might also present a risk to human health. For example, the use of antibiotics in food animals can reduce rates of animal illness but can also select for antibiotic-resistant bacteria which can threaten human treatment options. In this study, we present a mathematical model to evaluate human health risks from foodborne pathogens associated with changes in animal illness. The model is designed so that potential human health risks and benefits from interventions such as the continued use of antibiotics in animal agriculture can be evaluated simultaneously. We applied the model to a hypothetical example of Campylobacter from chicken. In general, the model suggests that very minor perturbations in microbial loads on meat products could have relatively large impacts on human health, and consequently, small improvements in food animal health might result in significant reductions in human illness. 相似文献
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Antimicrobial‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae recovered from companion animal and livestock environments 
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下载免费PDF全文 R. J. Adams S. S. Kim D. F. Mollenkopf D. A. Mathys G. M. Schuenemann J. B. Daniels T. E. Wittum 《Zoonoses and public health》2018,65(5):519-527
Antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria represent an important concern impacting both veterinary medicine and public health. The rising prevalence of extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL), AmpC beta‐lactamase, carbapenemase (CRE) and fluoroquinolone‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae continually decreases the efficiency of clinically important antibiotics. Moreover, the potential for zoonotic transmission of antibiotic‐resistant enteric bacteria increases the risk to public health. Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of specific antibiotic‐resistant bacteria on human contact surfaces in various animal environments. Environmental surface samples were collected from companion animal shelters, private equine facilities, dairy farms, livestock auction markets and livestock areas of county fairs using electrostatic cloths. Samples were screened for Enterobacteriaceae expressing AmpC, ESBL, CRE or fluoroquinolone resistance using selective media. Livestock auction markets and county fairs had higher levels of bacteria expressing both cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone resistance than did equine, dairy, and companion animal environments. Equine facilities harboured more bacteria expressing cephalosporin resistance than companion animal shelters, but less fluoroquinolone resistance. The regular use of extended‐spectrum cephalosporins in livestock populations could account for the increased levels of cephalosporin resistance in livestock environments compared to companion animal and equine facilities. Human surfaces, as well as shared human and animal surfaces, were contaminated with resistant bacteria regardless of species environment. Detecting these bacteria on common human contact surfaces suggests that the environment can serve as a reservoir for the zoonotic transmission of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Identifying interventions to lower the prevalence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria in animal environments will protect both animal and public health. 相似文献
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噬菌体在疾病治疗方面的应用及研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
噬菌体治疗是利用噬菌体溶解细胞的作用而用于治疗人和动物的病原细菌的临床感染。早在 2 0世纪初 ,噬菌体治疗就取得过积极的治疗效果。目前针对传统抗生素治疗动物细菌感染时易产生残留及细菌耐药性等缺点 ,噬菌体治疗更表现出许多突出的优越性。基于大量的动物模型试验及人类临床治疗的实践 ,人们开始针对治疗中存在的缺点和不足 ,从治疗性噬菌体的选择、宿主谱、作用效力及其作用的动力学原理等方面 ,采用分子生物学等技术对噬菌体进行探索性的改造 ,以期获得更有效的治疗效果 ,维护人类及动物的健康 相似文献
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Two different groups of bacteria carrying genes encoding for resistance to antibiotics may be transmitted from animals to humans via food products: a.) obligate infectious agents (enteric pathogens, e.g. Salmonella enterica spp., Campylobacter spp., EHEC) and b) facultative pathogenic species (e.g. E. coli, enterococci). Thus far, it is unknown whether genes encoding for resistance to antibiotics from these bacteria may be transferred to bacteria in normal flora of the host. The transfers of genes encoding for resistance to vancomycin from animal sources to the mucosa of humans has been suggested. Thus, there is a threat that these plasmid-encoded resistance genes may also be transferred to other gram-positive organisms present in the human flora. Vancomycin is the antibiotic in reserve for treatment of infections caused by oxacillin (methicillin) resistant strains of S. aureus and by strains of pneumococcus resistant to penicillin. 相似文献
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Two major changes in the epidemiology of salmonellosis occurred in the second half of the 20th century: the emergence of food-borne human infections caused by S. Enteritidis and by multiple-antibiotic resistant strains of Salmonella. This review updates information on the S. Enteritidis pandemic and focuses on the emergence of Salmonella, carrying the SGI1 antibiotic resistance gene cluster, resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, or resistant to fluoroquinolones. The factors responsible for the emergence of these Salmonella strains could be either of human origin or related to bacterial genome evolution. However, our increasing understanding of the molecular fluidity of the genome shows that any attempt to counteract bacteria results in further bacterial evolution or adaptation of other bacteria to take place in the new free ecological niche. In these conditions, we can ask who is faster: humans who want to eliminate bacterial pathogens or bacteria that continuously evolve to gain new niches. 相似文献