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1.
为了解肉鸡生产链各环节沙门氏菌污染情况，试验从江苏某产业链型农牧食品企业的养殖场、屠宰场、运输车辆、专营店采集样品540份，进行沙门氏菌分离鉴定、血清型及毒力基因检测。结果显示：该肉鸡生产链沙门氏菌检出率为7.22%(39/540)，生产链各环节沙门氏菌污染程度依次为：养殖环节>屠宰环节>销售环节>运输环节；共检出6种血清型，其中印第安纳沙门氏菌和肠炎沙门氏菌为优势血清型，屠宰环节沙门氏菌血清型最丰富；沙门氏菌8个毒力基因在39个分离株均有检出，毒力岛基因mogA(SPI-1)、sopB(SPI-2)、araA(SPI-5)的携带率高于肠毒素基因stn、毒力质粒基因spvD、spvR、spvA及菌毛基因agfA。结果表明该肉鸡生产链各环节均存在沙门氏菌污染，其中养殖环节污染最严重，提示养殖场应重视对肉鸡和饲料中沙门氏菌的监测，屠宰环节和销售环节应加强对环境的消毒，以避免交叉污染。 相似文献
2.
《中国兽医杂志》2016,(6)
为了解青岛地区肉鸡生产链中各环节沙门菌的分布及其血清型状况,采用常规培养与PCR鉴定对不同环节沙门菌进行分离。采用玻片凝集试验与x MAP~#174;液相芯片分型法进行血清型鉴定。结果青岛地区肉鸡生产链沙门菌总阳性率为10.10%。养殖环节中种鸡场、孵化场、商品鸡场的分离率分别为0.67%、37.76%、9.20%;屠宰加工过程中淋洗前、淋洗后、预冷液、预冷后、分割环节分离率分别为3.69%、3.86%、5.7%、16.16%、31.43%;市售成品为17.15%。78.65%菌株为肠炎沙门菌。结论种鸡场沙门菌净化与孵化场种蛋消毒及淘汰弱雏是青岛地区肉鸡养殖环节沙门菌的关键控制措施;预冷液与分割车间的环境卫生是其屠宰加工环节的关键控制点。青岛地区肉鸡生产链中流行血清型为肠炎沙门菌。 相似文献
3.
为了了解广东韶关地区鸡源沙门氏菌的流行病学及其耐药性特点,本研究通过对2022年对采集自广东韶关地区41个规模养鸡场和28个土鸡散养场的鸡喉头、泄殖腔拭子,病死鸡的肝脏、心血、脾、肠道内容物共737份样品进行细菌分离培养、病原菌的生化鉴定和药敏试验,研究广东韶关地区鸡源沙门氏菌的流行病学及其耐药性特点。结果显示409份样品分离到沙门氏菌,检出率55.50%,总体泄殖腔沙门氏菌检出率73.89%,咽喉部沙门氏菌检出率35.88%,病死鸡病料沙门氏菌检出率78.38%,规模场沙门氏菌检出率为47.21%,散养场沙门氏菌检出率为65.95%。分离菌株普遍对阿奇霉素、头孢噻肟、阿米卡星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星敏感,对青霉素、氨苄西林、链霉素、卡那霉素、四环素、阿莫西林、氟苯尼考、泰乐菌素、林可霉素、克林霉素耐药,多重耐药比高达82.61%。沙门氏菌多重药物耐药的规模场比例为95.12%,散养场比例为64.29%。本研究为广东韶关地区鸡源沙门氏菌病的防控提供了参考。 相似文献
4.
为调查江苏部分地区未出壳鸡死胚中沙门氏菌感染情况，试验通过细菌分离培养鉴定、MLST分型对来自13家种鸡场的2 433个未出壳的鸡死胚进行沙门氏菌分离鉴定，并通过药物敏感性试验确定分离株对不同药物的敏感程度和多重耐药性。结果显示：未出壳鸡死胚沙门氏菌感染率为3.00%，其中鸡白痢沙门氏菌占50.68%(37/73)、肠炎沙门氏菌占41.10%(30/73)，同时分离到少量海德尔堡沙门氏菌、科特布斯沙门氏菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌，分别占4.11%(3/73)、1.40%(1/73)和2.74%(2/73)；鸡白痢沙门氏菌、肠炎沙门氏菌、海德尔堡沙门氏菌、科特布斯沙门氏菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌分别对应ST92、ST11、ST15、ST582和ST19型；分离株对萘啶酸、链霉素等耐药率较高，分别达86.30%(63/73)和82.19%(60/73)，对头孢他啶、厄他培南、氨曲南、阿米卡星表现为敏感，且存在多重耐药性，多重耐药菌株占71.23%(52/73)。结果表明：江苏省部分养鸡场存在一定程度的沙门氏菌感染，尤其是鸡白痢沙门氏菌和肠炎沙门氏菌，分离株耐药情况较为严重，需进一步规范抗菌药的使用。 相似文献
5.
为了解广东省广州市屠宰环节环境中沙门氏菌血清型分布及其耐药性,对广州市大型生猪、家禽屠宰企业环境进行监控,对比分析猪禽屠宰场污染的沙门氏菌主要血清型和耐药谱。采集屠宰场的空气、土壤、污泥样品,以及运输车辆、待宰圈/舍、屠宰车间等环境拭子样品,利用沙门氏菌特异性引物进行PCR扩增和测序鉴定;通过玻片凝集法,对PCR鉴定阳性菌落进行沙门氏菌血清分型;同时,对鉴定出的沙门氏菌进行12种抗生素耐药性分析。结果显示:55个样品池中,沙门氏菌阳性检出率为18.18%;猪禽屠宰场之间沙门氏菌污染率无显著差异(P>0.05),而不同类型样品之间差异显著(P<0.05),其中排污池污泥(75.00%)、土壤(33.33%)和屠宰车间(23.53%)污染率较高;猪屠宰场沙门氏菌优势血清型为鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(S.typhimurium),而禽屠宰场为肠炎沙门氏菌(S.enteritis);所有分离菌株对阿莫西林、氨苄西林2种抗生素完全抗药,对亚胺培南完全敏感,对头孢曲松、头孢他啶、头孢噻吩、氨曲南4种抗生素高度敏感。结果表明:猪禽屠宰场环境中,沙门氏菌污染较为严重,污泥、土壤和屠宰车间是沙门氏菌污染扩散的主要环节;猪禽屠宰场污染的沙门氏菌优势血清型并不同,且环境中污染的沙门氏菌都对部分常用抗生素产生了完全抗药。结果提示:应加强猪禽屠宰环节的沙门氏菌污染控制,将污泥、土壤、屠宰车间作为日常消毒的重点;基层应针对猪禽各自的优势血清型菌株,选用高度敏感抗生素进行沙门氏菌病防治。 相似文献
6.
《黑龙江畜牧兽医》2017,(15)
为了解近年来河南地区种鸡场沙门氏菌感染情况,试验采用VITEK-2和MALDI-TOF-MS方法,对采集的河南地区规模化种鸡场疑似沙门氏菌致死鸡胚中分离的42株沙门氏菌菌株进行鉴定和分析。结果表明:42株沙门氏菌中,肠炎沙门氏菌31株,占整体检出沙门氏菌的73.8%;通过PCA分析可知亲缘关系大于1.0时,MALDI-TOF-MS可将42株沙门氏菌野毒株分为3个MALDITOF-MS型别,即使同样被鉴定为肠炎沙门氏菌的菌株也分属于不同的型别。说明沙门氏菌在传播过程中存在变异的普遍现象,有针对性地杀灭某些血清型沙门氏菌对控制鸡及其产品中沙门氏菌的污染有重要作用。 相似文献
7.
育成鸡沙门氏菌的控制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
种鸡舍、孵化场和肉鸡场需要采用相应的措施以控制肉鸡沙门氏菌. 每当肉鸡胴体的沙门氏菌数超过了官方规定的最高标准时,养禽公司第一个反应是指责肉鸡屠宰加工厂.许多养禽公司花了大量的时间和金钱通过改造家禽屠宰加工厂,试图减少肉鸡胴体成品中的沙门氏菌数量,但是这种措施未必一定奏效,因为肉鸡胴体成品中的沙门氏菌污染水平取决于鸡肉生产链的每一个环节. 相似文献
8.
肉鸡屠宰生产链中的沙门氏菌耐药基因检测及耐药相关性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的 ]了解肉鸡屠宰生产链中的沙门氏茵耐药性与耐药基因的相关性。[方法 ]采用微量肉汤稀释法测定最小抑菌浓度(MIC),对从肉鸡屠宰生产链中分离鉴定的233株沙门氏菌进行13种抗生素药敏实验;采用PCR方法检测15种耐药基因。[结果 ]233株肉鸡屠宰生产链中的沙门氏菌对庆大霉素的耐药率最高(100%);对多西环素、氨苄西林、大观霉素、四环素、氟苯尼考、磺胺甲恶唑耐药率分别为84.94%、75.73%、67.78%、56%、52%、50%。233株沙门氏菌中,有231株至少含有1种耐药基因,其中blatem、bla CMY-1、tet B、tet G、tet X、aad A1和cat1基因检出率分别为80.26%、57.94%、54.94%、65.67%、58.37%、63.52%和72.53%。72%的菌株表现为多重耐药,共计57种耐药谱型。[结论 ]肉鸡屠宰生产链中的沙门氏菌对常见抗生素具有不同程度的耐药性,且耐药基因普遍存在于耐药菌株中;药敏实验结果与耐药基因检测结果有很高的一致性。 相似文献
9.
为了分析肉鸡屠宰和鸡肉销售过程中沙门菌的污染情况,在不同季节采集江苏某地肉鸡屠宰场棉拭子样品、农贸市场和大型超市鸡肉样品进行沙门菌的分离和血清型鉴定。结果显示:492份样品中沙门菌的总检出率为16.1%,其中屠宰场样品总检出率27.1%,显著高于市场销售样品5.6%的总检出率(P0.001);夏季样品检出率为19.5%,高于秋季样品的13.7%,其中屠宰场样品夏季检出率46.3%,秋季则显著降至17.5%(P0.001),市场销售样品夏季检出率1.7%,显著低于秋季样品的9.1%(P0.05);德尔卑沙门菌、肠炎沙门菌、纽波特沙门菌和印第安纳沙门菌是优势血清型。研究表明,肉鸡屠宰过程中沙门菌污染较为严重,褪毛、去内脏是交叉污染的关键环节,加强屠宰用水和环境的卫生,增加淋洗并保持冷链储运和销售等措施有助于肉鸡生产链沙门菌的有效防控。 相似文献
10.
鸡沙门氏菌脉冲场凝胶电泳分型研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为应用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)从分子水平上对禽源沙门氏菌之间的差别进行分析和研究,本研究采用自动微生物鉴定仪对12株疑似鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和15株疑似鸡白痢沙门氏菌进行了鉴定.以限制性核酸内切酶Xba I对其全基因组DNA进行酶切、PFGE分型,Info Quest FP聚类分析软件对电泳结果进行分析.结果显示,共鉴定出11株鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、1株圣保罗沙门氏菌、6株阿姆斯特丹沙门氏菌、5株亚拉巴马沙门氏菌、1株鸡白痢沙门氏菌、2株纽波特沙门氏菌和2株肠炎沙门氏菌,一共分为12个PFGE型.实验结果表明,江苏地区存在有不常见的沙门氏菌血清型,同种血清型之间的基因型差别较小(相似值为0.85～1),不同血清型之间差别较大(相似值为0.45～0.70).PFGE能从分子水平上对禽源沙门氏菌的基因组DNA进行分型. 相似文献
11.
A comparison on the prevalence of Salmonella infection in layer hens from commercial layer farms with high and low rodent densities was investigated. Out of 280 laying hens sampled from three commercial layer farms with high rodent densities, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (Salmonella Enteritidis) was isolated from 20 (7.14%) hens and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis (Salmonella Infantis) from three (1.07%) hens. In contrast, layer hens sampled from four commercial layer farms with low rodent densities were negative for any salmonellae. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in the isolation rates of Salmonella from various organs of infected layer hens were also noted. For Salmonella Enteritidis, liver (55.0%) and the oviduct (55.0%) had the highest isolation rates while all Salmonella Infantis isolates were from the oviduct. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of BlnI-digested chromosomal DNA of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from layer hens and rodents showed similar patterns. PFGE analysis of Salmonella Infantis isolated from layer hens, rodents, eggs, and the environment yielded identical patterns. In this study, the significantly higher prevalence rate (P < 0.05) of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Infantis in layer hens from high rodent density farms could be attributed to the high rodent population density. The persistent Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Infantis infection inside layer houses may have been amplified by the increasing numbers in the rodent population over the years, which increased the opportunity for environment-rodent-chicken interaction and the transmission of salmonellae to chickens. Monitoring of salmonellae from rodents inside poultry premises is recommended to be an effective additional tool in the assessment of the Salmonella status of layer flocks. 相似文献
12.
为了解广东省禽场和猪场沙门菌的血清型和耐药性情况,本研究2015年从广东省多个养殖场共采集样品126份,分离出沙门菌24株,分离率为19.04%。采用Kauffmann-White法、Kirby-Bauer法和PCR方法对分离株进行了血清型鉴定、药敏试验和Ⅰ类整合子检测。血清型鉴定结果显示,24株沙门菌共鉴定出4种血清型,分别是鼠伤寒沙门菌(14株)、印第安纳沙门菌(8株)、科瓦利斯沙门菌(1株)和阿尔巴尼沙门菌(1株)。药敏试验结果显示,分离株对四环素(83.33%)、氨苄西林(70.83%)、磺胺异恶唑(70.83%)、萘啶酸(66.67%)、复方新诺明(58.33%)、卡那霉素(54.17%)、阿米卡星(54.17%)、庆大霉素(50.00%)的耐药率较高,有54.17%(13/24)的菌株对8种及8种以上抗菌药物耐药。Ⅰ类整合子检测结果显示,Ⅰ类整合酶阳性率为29.17%(7/24),整合酶阳性菌株中仅有1株扩增到携带耐药基因aadA2的基因盒。上述结果表明,广东省禽场和猪场沙门菌分离率较高,耐药情况严重,菌株的耐药性与其血清型和Ⅰ类整合子的携带有一定的相关性。 相似文献
13.
Weigel RM Qiao B Barber DA Teferedegne B Kocherginskaya S White BA Isaacson RE 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2001,114(9-10):397-400
Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using 3 enzymes (Spe I, Xba I, Avr II) and repetitive sequence polymerase chain reaction (REP-PCR) with 3 primers (BOX, ERIC, REP) were compared with respect to their validity as a method for identifying transmission of Salmonella on swine farms. Sixty-eight isolates of Salmonella were obtained from feces of swine, cats, mice, and birds, insect body parts, water and floor samples, and boot scrapings collected on 9 swine farms in Illinois USA. Genetic distances between isolates were calculated using the Dice matching coefficient. Cluster analysis of distance matrices was conducted using the UPG-MA algorithm. There was no significant difference between PFGE and REP-PCR in the genetic diversity detected; however, REP-PCR differentiated between 14 pairs of isolates which PFGE identified as identical. There were no significant differences between PFGE and REP-PCR in identifying all or most close genetic links as isolates from the same farm, the same building, and from the same sampling visit, suggesting ecological validity for both methods. Thus, REP-PCR should be considered as an acceptable and perhaps preferable alternative to PFGE as a genotyping method for studies of Salmonella transmission. 相似文献
14.
Zamperini K Soni V Waltman D Sanchez S Theriault EC Bray J Maurer JJ 《Avian diseases》2007,51(4):958-964
Although Salmonella remains one of the leading causes of foodborne illnesses in the United States, the Salmonella enterica serovars and genetic types associated with most infections appear to fluctuate over time. Recently, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported an increase in cases of salmonellosis caused by Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-. Similarly, this unusual Salmonella serovar has been isolated from cattle and poultry in the state of Georgia. We examined the genetic relatedness of Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-, isolated from several different poultry companies and dairy farms in Georgia, by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Several Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates had PFGE patterns identical or similar to PFGE patterns of Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from numerous animal sources. We identified distinct PFGE patterns for Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- and matching Salmonella Typhimurium PFGE patterns, identifying four "distinct" strains. We focused a more specific analysis on the poultry Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- and Salmonella Typhimurium isolates and found that of these Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates, 32% lacked the entire phase 2 antigen gene, fljB; 61% contained partial deletion(s); and 4% had partial deletion(s) in fljB and an adjacent gene hin, 5' to fljB. Thirteen percent contained smaller deletions or point mutations not identified by our DNA probes. The Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates were positive for several genes present in the Salmonella Typhimurium, including lpfE (100%), sseI(96%), and spvC (93%). Genetic analysis indicates independent, spontaneous mutations in fljB in at least four distinct Salmonella Typhimurium strains of animal origin circulating in nature. 相似文献
15.
在上海某大型鸡场所辖的5 个肉鸡场严格按照肉鸡生产SSOP程序基础之上制定并实施HACCP 程序,为了验证HACCP体系的应用效果,我们以出口禽肉中要求最严格的病原之一沙门氏菌为例,比较鸡场在应用HACCP程序之前和之后的沙门氏菌感染情况。2003年3月份和9 月份在5 个实施HACCP的鸡场和5 个相同规模的对照鸡场采集泄殖腔拭子,每个鸡场480 份样品,检测沙门氏菌的感染率。结果实施HACCP的鸡场沙门氏菌阳性率由实施HACCP 前的1.17%(28/2 400)下降到0.04%(1/2 400),而同期5个对照鸡场沙门氏菌阳性率分别为1.25%(30/2 400)、1.67% (40/2 400)。由此可见,HACCP程序的实施,对鸡场沙门氏菌的控制有明显的效果。 相似文献
16.
Rajic A Keenliside J McFall ME Deckert AE Muckle AC O'Connor BP Manninen K Dewey CE McEwen SA 《Veterinary microbiology》2005,105(1):47-56
The aim of this study was to determine the farm prevalence of Salmonella in 90 Alberta finishing swine farms over a 5-month period, to evaluate Salmonella distribution in the farm environment and to describe Salmonella serovar diversity on these farms. Ten veterinary practitioners selected 90 Alberta swine farms based on an annual production of > or =2000 market pigs per farm and the willingness of the producers to participate in the study. Between May and September 2000, twenty samples were collected from finishing swine and the environment of each farm. The annual production of selected farms represented approximately 25% of the market swine production in Alberta. Participating farms were geographically representative of major swine production areas in Alberta. Sixty (66.7%) farms had at least one Salmonella-positive sample, with confidence interval (CI) of 57.1-77.2%. Salmonella were detected in 14.3% of fecal and 20.1% of environmental samples. The number of Salmonella-positive samples per farm ranged from 1 to 19. Among environmental samples, Salmonella were most frequently recovered from boots (38.6%) and the main drain (31.8%). Twenty-two serovars were detected on the 60 Salmonella-positive farms. Serovars Typhimurium (78 isolates), Derby (71 isolates) and Infantis (47 isolates) were the most common. A single serovar was detected on 58 farms, while 2, 3 and >3 serovars were detected on 15, 10 and 7 farms, respectively. The Salmonella farm status changed frequently over the 5-month period indicating the dynamic nature of Salmonella infections on these farms. 相似文献
17.
对来自河南郑州、许昌、周口等20个地市101个鸡场的161份疑似沙门菌感染的病料进行病原菌分离鉴定和耐药性试验。通过细菌分离培养、形态染色、生化试验、血清学试验、致病性试验,结果分离鉴定出33株沙门菌,且均具有明显的致病性。药敏试验发现,33株分离株除对头孢曲松较为敏感(51.5%)外,对其他13种药物均呈不同程度耐药性,对复方新诺明的耐药率最高,为81.8%(27/33),其次为喹诺酮类药物,且表现为交叉耐药现象。对环丙沙星产生耐药性的菌株占分离株总数的75.7%(25/33),对诺氟沙星耐药的菌株占69.7%(23/33),对氧氟沙星耐药的菌株占63.6%(21/33)。结果表明:不同地区的分离菌株对各种药物的耐药性不同,同一地区的分离菌株对各种药物的耐药性也存在显著差异。 相似文献
18.
Oliveira SD Santos LR Schuch DM Silva AB Salle CT Canal CW 《Veterinary microbiology》2002,87(1):25-35
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for the generic detection of Salmonella sp. and the identification of S. Enteritidis (SE), S. Gallinarum (SG), S. Pullorum (SP) and S. Typhimurium (ST) in material collected in the field from poultry. The specificity and sensitivity of the assay combined with Rappaport-Vassiliadis selective enrichment broth (PCR-RV) were determined, and field samples were analyzed to verify the validity of the method application. Specificity of the assay was tested using 29 SE, 11 SG, 10 ST and 10 SP strains, along with 75 strains of 28 other Salmonella serovars and 21 strains of other bacterial genera. The assay was 100% specific for Salmonella detection and ST identification. The primer pair for SE, SG and SP also detected S. Berta. PCR detection limits for Salmonella at the genus level were 2 ST, 8 SE, 1.1x10(3) SG and 1.8x10(5) SP cells. At the serovar level, detection limits were 7 ST, 1.2x10(3) SE, 4.4x10(7) SG and 1.8x10(6) SP cells. At the genus level, PCR-RV detected approximately 128% more positive field samples than the standard microbiological techniques and results were ready in 48h instead of 7 days. PCR-RV method is diagnostic of Salmonella at the genus level and ST at the serovar level, although other tests are needed to identify SE, SG and SP to serovar level. 相似文献
19.
为了解贵州省猪源沙门氏菌对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药性及其耐药基因的流行情况,本试验从贵州省9个地区规模养猪场中分离鉴定130株沙门氏菌,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定其对常用的8种β-内酰胺类抗菌药物的敏感性,并用PCR法对β-内酰胺酶耐药基因进行检测。结果显示,沙门氏菌对常用的β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药性十分严重,其中对头孢他啶的耐药率为100%,其次是氨苄西林和阿莫西林,耐药率分别为80.77%和76.15%,耐药率最低的是头孢噻呋和头孢氨苄,均为46.15%。所有菌株均为多重耐药,其中最少为二重,占总数的2.31%,最多为八重,占总数的4.62%,多重耐药主要集中在四至七重,占总数的88.46%。PCR结果显示,SHV耐药基因未检出,TEM、OXA、CTX-M 3种基因检出率分别是85%、75%和46%,细菌的耐药性与相关耐药基因的检出率基本呈正相关。结果表明,猪源沙门氏菌对β-内酰胺类药物具有普遍耐药性,其中头孢他啶尤为严重。TEM、OXA、CTX-M基因是贵州省猪源沙门氏菌主要耐药基因,临床日益严重的耐药现象与耐药基因的普遍存在有很大的关系。 相似文献
20.
J Sander C R Hudson L Dufour-Zavala W D Waltman C Lobsinger S G Thayer R Otalora J J Maurer 《Avian diseases》2001,45(4):1044-1049
Control of carcass contamination requires knowledge of the source and dynamics of spread of Salmonella in commercial poultry production. We examined Salmonella contamination at a U.S. commercial quail operation. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to type isolates in order to trace Salmonella throughout this production environment. During a 6-mo survey, Salmonella serotypes hadar, typhimurium, typhimurium variant Copenhagen, and paratyphi were encountered within this poultry operation. Ninety-four percent of the Salmonella isolated from breeder and production houses and from carcass rinses belonged to Salmonella serotypes typhimurium variant Copenhagen and hadar. There were six distinct S. typhimurium variant Copenhagen genetic types, as identified by PFGE, present within this particular poultry operation. Seventy-nine percent of S. typhimurium variant Copenhagen identified from the environment of the breeder and production houses produced the same PFGE pattern. Thirty-eight percent of S. typhimurium Copenhagen isolated from carcass rinses and the breeder house shared the same PFGE DNA pattern. This study demonstrates the transmission of salmonellae throughout this production environment, from the breeders to their progeny and to the birds ultimately processed for human consumption. 相似文献