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1.
黄藤素是从防己科植物黄藤的干燥茎中提取得到的生物碱,其有效化学成分为盐酸巴马汀(C21H22NO4HCl).黄藤素通过嵌到DNA双螺旋的AT碱基对中发挥抗细菌、真菌、疟原虫和肿瘤的作用,常用于泌尿生殖道、呼吸道和消化道感染的治疗.黄藤素略溶于水,整个胃肠道对其吸收较差(吸收速率小于10%),严重影响临床应用效果.而纳米粒作为新的药物载体具有提高生物利用率、调节释药速率和靶向性等优点,已成为近年来研究的热点.笔者先用乳化聚合法制备黄藤素聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯纳米粒(F-PBCA-NP),然后再用膜透析法考察其体外释药规律,为黄藤素纳米粒制剂的研究和应用提供参考. 相似文献
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黄藤素主要存在于黄藤、细叶小檗等植物中，是多种中药的有效成分。作为一种天然的异喹啉类生物碱，黄藤素具有良好的抗炎和抗氧化作用。同时，由于黄藤素不能被小肠完全吸收，对动物肠道微生物的组成和结构也有积极的影响。因此，黄藤素作为一种具有提高免疫功能及肠道健康状况的天然成分，在畜牧生产中的应用得到越来越多的关注。但因其化学稳定性差、生物利用率低等，制约着黄藤素在动物生产上的应用。文章综述了黄藤素发挥抗炎、抗氧化等生物学功能的结构基础及理化性质，并从动物体内代谢规律等方面阐述黄藤素在动物体内发挥抗炎、抗氧化等作用的机制，为黄藤素更好地在动物生产中应用提供一定的理论指导。 相似文献
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采用乳化聚合法制备黄藤素纳米粒(F-PBCA-NP),以形态、粒径、载药量和包封率为考察指标,通过L9(34)正交设计优化制备工艺;同时以金黄色葡萄球菌感染的小鼠为实验动物,用小鼠的存活率和重要脏器的重量指数变化为评判指标,对其抗感染作用进行观察,并与非纳米化的普通制剂对比。结果表明,黄藤素纳米粒为均匀圆整的类球形实体粒子,平均粒径64 nm,载药量50.9%,包封率67.8%;黄藤素纳米粒可使感染金黄色葡萄球菌小鼠的存活率达到80%,而普通制剂为35%,减轻脾脏重量指数比普通制剂显著提高。故该制备工艺稳定可靠,所制黄藤素纳米粒的抑菌效果比片剂和胶囊显著增强。 相似文献
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为了探究黄藤素的体外细胞毒性,采用不同浓度的黄藤素作用山羊子宫内膜上皮细胞（EECs）后,采用MTT法绘制细胞生长曲线;倒置显微镜下观察细胞生长状态;瑞氏-姬姆萨染色法观察细胞形态学变化并通过测定乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）含量检测细胞膜的完整性。结果显示,当黄藤素的浓度为10~227 μg/mL时,黄藤素对EECs有促增殖的作用;当浓度大于227 μg/mL时出现细胞增殖抑制现象,药物对细胞的半数增殖抑制率（IC50）为360 μg/mL;瑞氏-姬姆萨染色结果显示,100、200 μg/mL的黄藤素作用于EECs时均未对其细胞核、细胞浆的形态产生影响;LDH结果显示,药物浓度≥250 μg/mL时细胞LDH的释放量极显著高于正常细胞组（P<0.01）。综上所述,黄藤素作用于山羊EECs后呈现一定的毒性作用,且呈现显著的剂量依赖效应,作用于EECs的安全剂量范围为≤250 μg/mL。 相似文献
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为优化黄藤素胶囊原标准薄层鉴别方法，降低展开系统毒性，本试验筛选、改进了黄藤素胶囊中盐酸巴马汀的薄层鉴别方法以及黄藤素胶囊中盐酸小檗碱的检查方法，对黄藤素胶囊的质量进行有效把控。通过查阅文献，采用薄层色谱法（TLC）对黄藤素原料药以及制剂中的盐酸巴马汀进行鉴别，对不应检出的盐酸小檗碱，在同一TLC方法下进行检查，并对展开条件、薄层点样板类型进行优化与筛选。通过对4组展开条件进行比较，最终当展开剂为乙酸乙酯-甲醇-甲酸-水（10.0∶1.0∶1.0∶0.5）点于硅胶H板，于365 nm下检视时，效果最佳。方法应用于黄藤素中盐酸小檗碱检查的检出限为0.000 5 mg/mL。相较于其他展开条件，本试验建立的方法可在降低展开系统毒性的同时，明显改善斑点拖尾的情况，有效降低背景干扰。所建立的黄藤素原料与制剂的薄层鉴别方法操作简便，毒性较低，斑点清晰，专属性好，可用于黄藤素相关原料与制剂的质量控制。 相似文献
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黄藤素（Fibriuretinin）为防己科植物黄藤（Fi—braurearecisaPierre．）干燥藤茎中提取得到的生物碱，其有效成分为氯化巴马汀（Palmatinechloride）别名为盐酸巴马汀（2，3，9，10-Tetramethoxy-，6-dihy—droisoquinolino[2，1-b]isoquinolin-7-iumchloride），有人称之为大黄藤素的单体，分子式为C21H22CINO4。 相似文献
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山羊传染性眼结膜角膜炎,虽然不是危害养羊业的主要疾病,但因其传染迅速,若治疗不及时或不当会导致失明,影响经济效益。关于此病的治疗,笔者在基层工作多年,采用大黄藤素注射液稀释青霉素治疗山羊100余例,方法简单,疗效显著,现介绍如下,与各位同仁和养羊户一起探讨。 相似文献
11.
Muñoz-Zanzi CA Hietala SK Thurmond MC Johnson WO 《American journal of veterinary research》2003,64(3):358-365
OBJECTIVES: To estimate risk and identify risk factors for congenital infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) not resulting in persistent infection and examine effect of congenital infection on health of dairy calves. ANIMALS: 466 calves. PROCEDURES: Calves from 2 intensively managed drylot dairies with different vaccination programs and endemic BVDV infection were sampled before ingesting colostrum and tested with their dams for BVDV and BVDV serum-neutralizing antibodies. Records of treatments and death up to 10 months of age were obtained from calf ranch or dairy personnel. Risk factors for congenital infection, including dam parity and BVDV titer, were examined by use of logistic regression analysis. Effect of congenital infection on morbidity and mortality rates was examined by use of survival analysis methods. RESULTS: Fetal infection was identified in 10.1% of calves, of which 0.5% had persistent infection and 9.6% had congenital infection. Although dependent on herd, congenital infection was associated with high BVDV type 2 titers in dams at calving and with multiparous dams. Calves with congenital infection had 2-fold higher risk of a severe illness, compared with calves without congenital infection. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The unexpectedly high proportion of apparently healthy calves found to be congenitally infected provided an estimate of the amount of fetal infection via exposure of dams and thus virus transmission in the herds. Findings indicate that congenital infection with BVDV may have a negative impact on calf health, with subsequent impact on herd health. 相似文献
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Torque teno viruses (TTVs), of the genus Anellovirus, are single-stranded circular DNA viruses that infect many vertebrate species. Although viruses of this type have quite a stable genome, they exhibit low nucleotide homology. Torque teno virus infection has not been consistently linked to specific diseases, although there is epidemiological evidence of an association with disease in humans. The recent recognition of naturally occurring TTV infection in swine and its epidemiological resemblance to human TTV raises the possibility of using the pig as a model to study human TTV infection. Such an approach will require the development of novel investigative tools to study the epidemiology, transmission, immune responses and potential pathogenesis of TTV infection. The present review summarises research on animal TTV infection, focussing in particular on TTV infection in the pig, and considers how a porcine experimental infection model might assist in the study of human TTV infection. 相似文献
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The effect of a primary infection with the haemoparasite Plasmodium gallinaceum on the establishment of a challenge infection with the nematode Ascaridia galli in chickens was studied. Four groups were infected as follows. Group 1: inoculated intravenously with 10(6) P. gallinaceum-infected erythrocytes on day 0; group 2: orally infected with 500 embryonated A. galli eggs on day 10; group 3: infected with P. gallinaceum on day 0 and A. galli on day 10; and group 3: non-infected control birds. The results of this investigation demonstrates that a primary infection with P. gallinaceum in chickens alters the course of a subsequent infection with A. galli. Thus, an antagonistic effect was seen in which the malaria infection caused a significant reduction on the establishment of the nematode in concurrently infected animals. 相似文献
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In two experiments, calves were primary infected with 1 of 12 (Experiment 1) or 6 (Experiment 2) different dose levels of Dictyocaulus viviparus infective larvae (L3), ranging from 5 to 2000 L3. To study the level of protection induced by the primary infection a challenge infection with 2000 L3 was given on day 10 (Experiment 1) or day 35 (Experiment 2). In both experiments, challenge control calves were included. Eleven days later, the challenge calves were necropsied for worm counts. Results were compared with predictions from a simulation model. Establishment of the primary infection was dose independent, lying on average in the range of 20-30%. The ratio female:male worms in the counts from the primary or from the challenge infection was consistently close to 1:1 irrespective of primary infection dose level or protection having developed in some of the calves. Level of early protection (10 days after a primary infection-Experiment 1) against establishment of the challenge infection depended significantly on primary infection dose level (P<0.01). At 10 days, after a primary infection, low dose levels did not result in protection against a challenge infection. In contrast, similarly low dose levels did result in partial protection, 35 days after the primary infection. Results confirmed that our provisional simulation model satisfactorily predicts primary infection outcomes, but that it does not accurately predict levels of protection and immunity against re-infections. 相似文献
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Stear MJ Bairden K Duncan JL Eckersall PD Fishwick G Graham PA Holmes PH McKellar QA Mitchell S Murray M Parkins JJ Wallace DS 《Veterinary parasitology》2000,94(1-2):45-54
The consequences for lambs of infection over the winter with Teladorsagia circumcincta were quantified by deliberate, trickle infection of selected animals at 7 months of age. Infected and control uninfected animals were each allocated into four groups, relatively resistant animals on a normal diet, relatively resistant animals on an isocaloric diet supplemented with urea, and relatively susceptible animals on the same two diets. Resistance and susceptibility was assessed by faecal egg counts following natural infection during the summer preceding the deliberate infection. During the deliberate infection egg counts remained low and most parasites recovered at necropsy were inhibited larvae. Nonetheless, infection reduced weight gain, decreased albumin and fructosamine concentrations and provoked a noticeable pepsinogen and eosinophil response. As most larvae were inhibited these responses may have been largely a consequence of immuno-inflammatory responses in the host rather than the direct action of parasites themselves. Relatively resistant animals on the supplemented diet allowed fewer larvae to establish and had higher fructosamine concentrations, higher albumin concentrations and decreased pepsinogen responses. Therefore, a combination of relatively resistant sheep and nutritional supplementation appears most efficient at controlling infection. 相似文献
16.
Mukaratirwa S Magwedere K Matenga E Foggin CM 《The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research》2001,68(1):21-25
Forty-four Balb C mice, aged 18 weeks were infected with crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus)-derived Trichinella species. Of the infected mice, 32 were randomly divided into two groups each containing equal numbers of males and females; levamisole treated group and fenbendazole treated group. Each group was randomly subdivided into two subgroups as follows: levamisole group (subgroup 1: treated with levamisole on day 35 post infection, and subgroup 2: treated with levamisole on days 35 and 42 post infection) and fenbendazole group (subgroup 1: treated with fenbendazole on day 35 post infection and subgroup 2: treated with fenbendazole on days 35 and 42 post infection). The first subgroups treated on day 35 post infection were slaughtered on day 42 post infection and the second subgroups were treated on day 35 and day 42 post infection and slaughtered on day 49 post infection. Two female mice were infected a day after mating and were slaughtered together with the offspring on day 64 post-infection. Ten infected control mice were given 1 ml distilled water orally as placebo, and five of these were slaughtered on day 42 post infection. The results showed that the mean reproductive capacity index of this strain (RCI) in Balb C mice was 110. There was a significant reduction (P < 0.01) in larval counts in the single treatment groups (day 35) and in the double treatment groups (days 35 and 42) for both anthelmintics when compared the number of parasites in the control groups. After a single treatment, levamisole reduced the infection by 79.9% and fenbendazole by 76.7%. Following double treatments, levamisole reduced the infection by 95.5% and fenbendazole by 99.1%.There was evidence that the infected pregnant mice transmitted the parasite to their offspring. It is not certain whether the parasite was transmitted congenitally or transmammary Alternative ways of controlling the parasite in crocodile farms in Zimbabwe are discussed. 相似文献
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An elisa with a diagnostic sensitivity of 98 per cent and specificity of 96 per cent was evaluated as a means of assessing the intensity of Fasciola hepatica infection in cattle. A total of 294 blood samples were collected from infected cattle at a local abattoir, and the level of infection in each animal was assessed on the basis of the extent of liver pathology and the presence of flukes; 120 blood samples were also collected from uninfected cattle kept on a farm known to be free of F hepatica. The results indicated that there was a significant correlation (P<0.001) between the elisa values and the intensity of infection. Values between 15 and 28 per cent of a positive control sample indicated a low intensity of infection, values between 28 and 50 per cent indicated a medium intensity of infection and values above 50 per cent indicated a high intensity of infection. 相似文献
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Udder infections in dairy cows are observed at udder quarter level. Therefore, the best strategy to study infection dynamics of particular bacteria causing mastitis is to follow up and model individual udder quarter infection times. Udder quarter infection times, however, are not independent as they are clustered within a cow and herds. Another challenge in modelling infection times is that the exact infection time is unknown; it is only known that the infection has taken place in the interval between the last negative and the first positive sample. We applied a technique based on the gamma frailty model which handles the clustering and interval censoring simultaneously. Parameter estimates can be obtained analytically and their variance is obtained by the inverse of the hessian matrix. The proposed technique was applied to udder quarter infection times for Corynebacterium bovis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis. Multiparous cows were more likely to get infected earlier in lactation with C. bovis or S. uberis than primiparous cows. The times to infection of all three bacteria were highly clustered at cow level and the results of a stratified model on a subset of herds suggested a high clustering on herd level for C. bovis and S. uberis. 相似文献
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The murine models of Leishmania infection are well-studied and suitable models for studying this disease, which, despite its incidence of nearly 2 million new cases worldwide per year and its prevalence of 12 million cases, has been a somewhat neglected disease. Data obtained using such models are important for a better understanding of the disease in humans due to similarities in physiology and the advantage provided by the uniform infection profile within each mouse strain. In this review, we focus on studies of experimental murine infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, a species that has been associated with infections exhibiting various clinical features in humans. Mainly, we point out and discuss reports on: the effects of variations of the inoculum (such as strain, site, and size) in the establishment and development of the infection; characteristics of the infection in distinct mouse strains; and, the effects and subversions of the infection on components of the host innate and adaptive immune responses. The results obtained in these studies show that L. (L.) amazonensis infection in mice presents some unique features and immunoregulatory mechanisms, making it an interesting model for obtaining further knowledge of potential drugs targets and immunotherapy in Leishmania infection. 相似文献
20.
Delahay RJ De Leeuw AN Barlow AM Clifton-hadley RS Cheeseman CL 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2002,164(2):90-105
Bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis is a zoonotic infection with a wide range of mammalian hosts. In parts of the UK M. bovis infection in cattle is a persistent problem. The European badger (Meles meles) is implicated in the transmission of M. bovis to cattle, and is widely believed to constitute the most important reservoir of infection in UK wildlife. However, few studies have been carried out on the status of M. bovis infection in other UK mammals. In this review we present information on the incidence and pathology of M. bovis infection in UK wild mammals from both published and previously unpublished sources. Although the evidence does not support the existence of a significant self-maintaining reservoir of infection in any wild mammal other than the badger, there is a clear lack of sufficient data to rule out the involvement of other species. In the light of this and the dynamic nature of epidemiological patterns, further surveillance for M. bovis infection in UK wild mammals, using modern methods of diagnosis, is essential. 相似文献