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1.
作物根际土壤有机酸含量动态变化研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用高效液相色谱法,测定了不同培养天数下,小麦、玉米根际土壤和非根际土壤中草酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸4种有机酸含量。结果表明:4种有机酸在小麦和玉米根际土壤中的含量均大于其非根际土壤。在小麦根际土壤与非根际土壤中,草酸含量最高,柠檬酸含量最低,根际土壤与非根际土壤中草酸平均含量分别达到6.78mg/kg、4.09mg/kg;柠檬酸平均含量仅为1.80mg/kg、1.33mg/kg,4种有机酸在小麦根际与非根际土壤中含量高低顺序依次是:草酸>乙酸>苹果酸>柠檬酸。而在玉米根际与非根际土壤中,苹果酸含量最高,乙酸次之,草酸含量最低,草酸最低含量仅为0.01mg/kg。4种有机酸在玉米根际与非根际土壤中含量高低顺序依次是:苹果酸>乙酸>柠檬酸>草酸。此外,随着培养天数的增加,小麦和玉米根际与非根际土壤中,4种有机酸的含量动态变化趋势也不尽相同。 相似文献
2.
降解菌2N3对被氯嘧磺隆污染土壤的生物修复 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在实验室条件下,研究了高效降解菌2N3(克雷伯氏菌属,Klebsiella sp.)对被氯嘧磺隆污染土壤的修复作用及其影响因素。当土壤中氯嘧磺隆的添加浓度为20 mg/kg,每 1克土壤中2N3的接菌量为1×106个菌体时,第30 d时土壤中氯嘧磺隆的降解率为84.6%,对照仅为13.4%;相同2N3接菌浓度下,当土壤中氯嘧磺隆浓度为100 mg/kg时,其降解率为31.1%。以小麦、玉米、黄瓜为供试作物,在土壤中施加 20 mg/kg的氯嘧磺隆, 当每 1克土壤中2N3的接菌量为1×106个 菌体时,小麦、玉米、黄瓜的出苗率分别为85%,82%和79%,且处理组株高高于对照,表明降解菌2N3具有明显减轻氯嘧磺隆药害的作用。研究表明,人工接种降解菌2N3可提高土壤中氯嘧磺隆的降解率,有效降低其在土壤中的残留。 相似文献
3.
以22年定位试验为基础,研究了长期施用氮磷化肥(NP)下不同种植体系土壤交换性钙在剖面上分布与累积状况。结果表明:研究区为石灰性土壤,交换性钙含量较高;不同种植体系交换性钙在土壤剖面上发生淋溶累积现象,在140~180 cm土层产生累积峰,累积峰值:玉米-小麦(2a)+糜子轮作为13 180mg/kg、豌豆-小麦(2a)+糜子轮作为12597mg/kg、红豆草-小麦(2a)轮作为11 960mg/kg、豌豆-小麦(2a)+玉米轮为11 778mg/kg、小麦连作为11 590mg/kg、小麦(2a)+糜子-玉米轮作为11 290mg/kg;不同种植体系0~200cm土壤交换性钙的总累积量以玉米-小麦(2a)+糜子轮作最高,为269.67 t/hm2,小麦连作最低,为218.78 t/hm2。不同种植体系交换性钙在土壤剖面上分布不同主要是由作物和种植方式不同引起,不同种植体系0~200 cm土壤交换性钙的总累积量差异不显著。 相似文献
4.
以脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶4种土壤酶活性及土壤理化性状为指标,研究了冬油菜后茬作物油菜、胡麻、玉米和小麦的根际与非根际土壤肥力状况。结果表明,4种作物的根际与非根际土壤肥力差异较大。根际土壤的酶活性与理化性状均显著高于休闲对照,而非根际土壤只有脲酶、有机质含量和速效氮等优于休闲对照。相关性分析表明土壤酶与理化性状之间相关性较大,它们都是评价土壤肥力的重要指标。利用隶属函数法将各土壤肥力分为3级,各处理肥力状况依次为:小麦根际(珔F=0.72)胡麻根际(珔F=0.61)油菜根际(珔F=0.56)玉米非根际(珔F=0.44)胡麻非根际(珔F=0.39)小麦非根际(珔F=0.38)玉米根际(珔F=0.37)油菜非根际(珔F=0.29)休闲CK(珔F=0.15)。分析结果表明各项指标采用隶属函数法综合评价冬油菜不同后茬作物根际与非根际土壤肥力是可行的。 相似文献
5.
土壤中烟嘧磺隆残留可对后茬作物产生不同程度药害。为解决玉米地烟嘧磺隆残留对后茬作物高粱药害问题,使用前期筛选出的烟嘧磺隆高效降解菌株绿木霉Trichoderma virens DT-4,通过高效液相色谱-质谱法检测其降解率,利用室内盆栽生测结合田间小区试验方法,确定降解菌株对土壤中烟嘧磺隆降解效果,降低烟嘧磺隆残留对高粱的药害。结果显示,烟嘧磺隆残留浓度在0.0025～0.1 ug/mL范围内,标准曲线线性良好,符合农残分析要求;PDB液体培养基中烟嘧磺隆在DT-4降解菌处理100 h的降解率高达93.00%;菌株最佳降解条件为培养温度35 ℃、pH 5、最适接种量5%、烟嘧磺隆初始质量浓度200 mg/L。盆栽试验土壤中烟嘧磺隆残留浓度为0.075 mg/kg时,加入降解菌DT-4后能够明显缓解高粱的株高、根长、鲜重、叶绿素含量、根系活力和净光合速率等生长发育指标,对高粱生长有明显的促进作用。田间小区试验中,不同剂型降解菌剂处理,高粱抽穗期效果最为显著,降解菌能够将低于60 g a.i./hm2烟嘧磺隆污染土壤的高粱修复至无明显药害水平,且降解菌剂应用效果为粉剂＞菌液。本研究表明高效降解菌株绿木霉DT-4可有效缓解烟嘧磺隆残留对后茬作物高粱的毒害作用,为玉米高粱轮作体系下烟嘧磺隆残留污染土壤的微生物修复提供科学参考。 相似文献
6.
《中国植保导刊》2015,(10)
采用超高效液相色谱—串联质谱测定了吡虫啉微囊悬浮种衣剂在土壤和小麦植株组织内的剂量动态及对拔节期、灌浆期小麦蚜虫的防治效果。试验结果表明,微囊化剂型可以显著延缓吡虫啉在小麦根际土壤中的降解。种子包衣处理相同有效成分用量4 g/kg,小麦播种后175 d,微囊悬浮种衣剂处理区小麦根际土壤与小麦组织内的吡虫啉含量分别为0.80 mg/kg和0.099 mg/kg,均分别显著高于吡虫啉常规剂型处理区(0.21 mg/kg、0.035 mg/kg)。吡虫啉微囊悬浮种衣剂有效成分用量2、4 g/kg种子处理,对小麦拔节期蚜虫(药后175 d)的防效分别为92.46%、95.32%,对小麦灌浆期蚜虫(药后205 d)的防效分别为84.00%、85.07%;相同有效成分用量下,吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂处理区对小麦拔节期蚜虫的防效分别为78.01%、85.01%,对小麦灌浆期蚜虫防效分别为60.10%、65.47%;相同用量下比常规种衣剂对小麦拔节期和灌浆期蚜虫防效分别提高10%和20%。 相似文献
7.
多功能菌B1514在小麦根际的定殖及对纹枯病的防治作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确多功能菌B1514对小麦纹枯病的防治效果,采用紫外诱变和逐步提高诱导浓度法筛选获得抗性菌株,分析其在小麦根际和根内的定殖动态,通过盆栽和微区试验测定其对纹枯病的防治作用。结果表明,用发酵液浸种后B1514在小麦根际和根内定殖时间分别达49 d和28 d以上;添加玉米秸秆可延长其在根际和根内的定殖时间。B1514发酵液浸种对小麦纹枯病的盆栽防效低于对照药剂60 g/L戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂;土壤中添加秸秆能提高发酵液浸种处理的防效,可达85.3%,且与戊唑醇无显著差异。田间试验结果显示B1514浸种同时添加发酵物处理的持效期较长,在小麦成熟期防效优于戊唑醇,为55.2%;秸秆降解率也高于对照,为45.5%。表明B1514有加速玉米秸秆降解和防治小麦纹枯病的作用。 相似文献
8.
大丰市地处苏北沿海．耕地面积8万hm^2左右，作物栽培种类：夏熟为麦子、油菜；秋熟为棉花、水稻、玉米以及小杂粮等。棉花是大丰市农民经济收入的主要支撑产业，常年栽培面积4万hm^2左右。随着生产水平的不断提高，氮肥的过量投入（棉田纯氮375kg左右），忽视了土壤中中微量元素的施用，加之本地属潮盐土，土壤pH平均8．0以上。据2004年全市土壤概查，许多作物需要的中微量元素都在作物生长的临界值以下，如硼．土壤检测0．2—0．95mg／kg，平均为0．52mg／kg，一些缺硼地区已明显影响到作物产量的提高。2006年7月笔者在全市14个乡镇棉田考察．几乎没有一块棉田不缺硼，有的严重田块棉花植株l根叶柄有6-7个环节，笔者通过对棉田大面积根外叶面喷硼补救．收到了显著效果。 相似文献
9.
碱化灰漠土中小麦根际氮,磷元素动态变化初探 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
本文研究了碱化灰漠土中小麦根际土壤中氮、磷元素及其在不同生长期根际和非根际土壤中的动态变化。结果表明，与根际外土壤相比小麦根际微环境是一个变化活跃的区域。 相似文献
10.
玉米线辣椒套作对线辣椒根际、非根际土壤微生物、酶活性和土壤养分的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
实验旨在研究不同种植模式、作物种间不同的根部隔离处理对线辣椒根际与非根际土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性及土壤养分有效含量的影响.结果表明:套作栽培的线辣椒根际、非根际土壤微生物数量、酶活性均高于单作栽培.与膜隔处理相比,网隔与无隔处理的根际、非根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性均有提高,其中以网隔处理最高.各处理根际土壤有机质、有效磷、有效钾含量均低于非根际土壤,但碱解氮含量表现为根际土壤高于非根际土壤.网隔处理中尼龙网减缓了玉米根系对线辣椒根系营养的直接竞争,同时玉米根系根际效应使其根际、非根际土壤养分含量在所有处理中最高.土壤微生物主要类群数量是影响土壤酶活性主要因子,与土壤酶活性显著相关.有机质、碱解氮含量与土壤酶活性、微生物数量呈极显著相关,有效磷含量与土壤酶活性、微生物数量呈正相关.土壤真菌数量、脲酶活性与有效钾含量呈负相关. 相似文献
11.
Hugh M. Brown 《Pest management science》1990,29(3):263-281
The sulfonylurea herbicides are characterized by broad-spectrum weed control at very low use rates (c. 2–75 g ha?1), good crop selectivity, and very low acute and chronic animal toxicity. This class of herbicides acts through inhibition of acetolactate synthase (EC 4.1.3.18; also known as acetohydroxyacid synthase), thereby blocking the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine. This inhibition leads to the rapid cessation of plant cell division and growth. Crop-selective sulfonylurea herbicides have been commercialized for use in wheat, barley, rice, corn, soybeans and oilseed rape, with additional crop-selective compounds in cotton, potatoes, and sugarbeet having been noted. Crop selectivity results from rapid metabolic inactivation of the herbicide in the tolerant crop. Under growth-room conditions, metabolic half-lives in tolerant crop plants range from 1–5 h, while sensitive plant species metabolize these herbicides much more slowly, with half-lives > 20 h. Pathways by which sulfonylurea herbicides are inactivated among these plants include aryl and aliphatic hydroxylation followed by glucose conjugation, sulfonylurea bridge hydrolysis and sulfonamide bond cleavage, oxidative O-demethylation and direct conjugation with (homo)glutathione. Sulfonylurea herbicides degrade in soil through a combination of bridge hydrolysis and microbial degradation. Hydrolysis is significantly faster under acidic (pH 5) than alkaline (pH 8) conditions, allowing the use of soil pH as a predictor of soil residual activity. Chemical and microbial processes combine to give typical field dissipation half-lives of 1–6 weeks, depending on the soil type, location and compound. Very short residual sulfonylurea herbicides with enhanced susceptibility to hydrolysis (DPX-L5300) and microbial degradation (thifensulfuron-methyl) have been developed. 相似文献
12.
ABSTRACT The associations of Pythium oligandrum with the root cortex, rhizoplane, and rhizosphere were measured with 11 crop species. This work was expedited by the use of a semiselective technique for isolation of P. oligandrum from soil and plant material. Cortical colonization of roots by P. oligandrum was not detected, and the rhizoplanes of the roots of most crops were free of the fungus. However, P. oligandrum was detected in large quantities with every crop tested when roots with adhering soil (rhizosphere soil) were assayed. Different crop species and cultivars of cantaloupe, cauliflower, and tomato varied in rhizosphere densities of P. oligandrum, but rhizosphere population densities of the fungus were consistently higher than in nonrhizosphere soils with plants grown in P. oligandrum-infested sterilized potting mix or an unsterilized mineral soil. After transplanting tomatoes into potting mix infested with P. oligandrum, increases in CFU occurred over time in the rhizosphere but not in the nonrhizosphere soil. In trials on delivery methods of inoculum of P. oligandrum, the rhizosphere populations of tomato plants grown in potting mix were about sixfold higher compared to seed-coat treatments when ground, alginate pelleted oospores were applied to seedlings growing in plug containers prior to transplanting or to pots containing potting mix before direct seeding. 相似文献
13.
Piutti S Marchand AL Lagacherie B Martin-Laurent F Soulas G 《Pest management science》2002,58(3):303-312
A greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the ability of four crops (wheat, corn, oilseed rape and soybean) to influence the degradation of bentazone, diclofop-methyl, diuron, isoproturon and pendimethalin in soil. The present study showed that microbial biomass-carbon was significantly higher in planted soils than in bulk soil, especially with wheat and corn, after several cropping cycles. The biomass in corn and soybean planted soils was adversely affected by bentazone but recovered after three cropping cycles. In wheat-planted soils, diclofop-methyl application resulted in persistent increase of the amount of microbial biomass. Bentazone did not show accelerated degradation even after five successive treatments, differing from diclofop-methyl, for which two applications were sufficient to enhance significantly its rate of degradation. Enhanced degradation of diclofop-methyl was even more pronounced in wheat-planted soil. The rates of mineralisation of diuron, isoproturon and pendimethalin were not affected after the first cropping cycle, but were significantly increased in planted soils after five cropping cycles. The results confirm that plants may promote pesticide degradation in soil by stimulating biodegradation processes. In the case of diclofop-methyl, stimulation of accelerated degradation was observed. 相似文献
14.
The herbicide benzoylprop-ethyl [SUFFIX,a ethyl (±)-2-(N-benzoyl-N-3,4-di-chloroanilino) propionate] has been applied in a radiolabelled form to spring wheat and winter wheat growing both indoors and outdoors. During the application the compound also fell onto the soil. The plants and corresponding soils were examined at harvest at 71-98 days from treatment. Conversion of the herbicide occurred in plants and soil predominantly by a hydrolytic reaction to form benzoylpropb followed in plants by its conjugation with sugars. Small amounts of N-benzoyl-3,4-dichloroaniline and benzoic acid were also detected in plants. There was no evidence for the presence of 3,4-dichloroaniline in the crops or soils nor was there evidence for 3,4,3′,4′-tetra-chloroazobenzene which has been implicated as a degradation product of some 3,4-dichloroaniline herbicides in soils. Residues on plants were greatest in the straw and consisted mainly of benzoylprop-ethyl and benzoylprop in free and conjugated forms. There was no evidence for appreciable movement of the compound within the plant from the treated foliage. Residues were particularly low in the grain and were not detected in the crop grown outdoors (limit of detectability 0.01 mg/kg). Residues in the soils were mainly in the 0-7.5 cm layer and there was no evidence for leaching below 15 cm. 相似文献
15.
ABSTRACT Strains of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. that produce the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphoroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) are among the most effective rhizobacteria controlling diseases caused by soilborne pathogens. The genotypic diversity that exists among 2,4-DAPG producers can be exploited to improve rhizosphere competence and biocontrol activity. Knowing that D-genotype 2,4-DAPG-producing strains are enriched in some take-all decline soils and that P. fluorescens Q8r1-96, a representative D-genotype strain, as defined by whole-cell repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) with the BOXA1R primer, is a superior colonizer of wheat roots, we analyzed whether the exceptional rhizosphere competence of strain Q8r1-96 on wheat is characteristic of other D-genotype isolates. The rhizosphere population densities of four D-genotype strains and a K-genotype strain introduced individually into the soil were significantly greater than the densities of four strains belonging to other genotypes (A, B, and L) and remained above log 6.8 CFU/g of root over a 30-week cycling experiment in which wheat was grown for 10 successive cycles of 3 weeks each. We also explored the competitive interactions between strains of different genotypes inhabiting the same soil or rhizosphere when coinoculated into the soil. Strain Q8r1-96 became dominant in the rhizosphere and in nonrhizosphere soil during a 15-week cycling experiment when mixed in a 1:1 ratio with either strain Pf-5 (A genotype), Q2-87 (B genotype), or 1M1-96 (L genotype). Furthermore, the use of the de Wit replacement series demonstrated a competitive disadvantage for strain Q2-87 or strong antagonism by strain Q8r1-96 against Q2-87 in the wheat rhizosphere. Amplified rDNA restriction analysis and sequence analysis of 16S rDNA showed that species of Arthrobacter, Chryseobacterium, Flavobacterium, Massilia, Microbacterium, and Ralstonia also were enriched in culturable populations from the rhizosphere of wheat at the end of a 30-week cycling experiment in the presence of 2,4-DAPG producers. Identifying the interactions among 2,4-DAPG producers and with other indigenous bacteria in the wheat rhizosphere will help to elucidate the variability in biocontrol efficacy of introduced 2,4-DAPG producers and fluctuations in the robustness of take-all suppressive soils. 相似文献
16.
Sha ZHOU Jiaxing LI Xuewen HUA Yonghong LI Bin LIU Anliang CHEN Jie CHEN Zhengming LI 《农药学学报》2021,23(3):537-544
磺酰脲类除草剂代表性产品氯磺隆曾为超高效的麦田选择性除草剂，后因降解速率慢、残留期长导致对后茬作物产生药害而被禁用。经过对氯磺隆苯环5位基团的构效关系研究发现，5-二甲氨基取代氯磺隆 ( Ia ) 和5-二乙氨基取代氯磺隆 ( Ib ) 不仅能够保持超高效除草活性，而且其在酸性土壤和碱性土壤中的降解速度显著提高。为了进一步研究其应用价值，以油菜为指示作物研究了化合物 Ia 和 Ib 在温室土壤 (河北沧州，pH 8.46) 中的降解动态，并就其对后茬作物小麦和玉米的安全性进行了测试。结果表明:随着时间的推移，分别经有效剂量60 g/hm2的 Ia 和 Ib 处理的土壤对油菜的生长抑制呈逐渐缓解趋势，而经氯磺隆处理的土壤70 d后对油菜的抑制率仍大于70%。作物安全性测试结果表明:化合物 Ia 和 Ib 在有效剂量 15~60 g/hm2下，对茎叶处理的小麦生长无显著抑制作用；此外，化合物 Ia 在有效剂量30~120 g/hm2下对茎叶处理的玉米还展现出一定的生长促进作用。研究结果表明，化合物 Ia 和 Ib 具有较好的开发价值和应用前景，值得进一步研究。 相似文献
17.
Rotenberg D Joshi R Benitez MS Chapin LG Camp A Zumpetta C Osborne A Dick WA Gardener BB 《Phytopathology》2007,97(6):756-766
ABSTRACT Analyses of multiple field experiments indicated that the incidence and relative abundance of root-colonizing phlD+ Pseudomonas spp. were influenced by crop rotation, tillage, organic amendments, and chemical seed treatments in subtle but reproducible ways. In no-till corn plots, 2-year rotations with soybean resulted in plants with approximately twofold fewer phlD+ pseudomonads per gram of root, but 3-year rotations with oat and hay led to population increases of the same magnitude. Interestingly, tillage inverted these observed effects of cropping sequence in two consecutive growing seasons, indicating a complex but reproducible interaction between rotation and tillage on the rhizosphere abundance of 2,4-diacetlyphloroglucinol (DAPG) producers. Amending conventionally managed sweet corn plots with dairy manure compost improved plant health and also increased the incidence of root colonization when compared with nonamended plots. Soil pH was negatively correlated to rhizosphere abundance of phlD+ pseudomonads in no-till and nonamended soils, with the exception of the continuous corn treatments. Chemical seed treatments intended to control fungal pathogens and insect pests on corn also led to more abundant populations of phlD in different tilled soils. However, increased root disease severity generally was associated with elevated levels of root colonization by phlD+ pseudomonads in no-till plots. Interestingly, within a cropping sequence treatment, correlations between the relative abundance of phlD and crop stand or yield were generally positive on corn, and the strength of those correlations was greater in plots experiencing more root disease pressure. In contrast, such correlations were generally negative in soybean, a difference that may be partially explained by difference in application of N fertilizers and soil pH. Our findings indicate that farming practices can alter the relative abundance and incidence of phlD+ pseudomonads in the rhizosphere and that practices that reduce root disease severity (i.e., rotation, tillage, and chemical seed treatment) are not universally linked to increased root colonization by DAPG-producers. 相似文献
18.
AbstractA study was carried out in sandy clay loam textured soil of Mymensingh, Bangladesh to evaluate weed control efficiency of pre-emergence herbicide pyrazosulfuron-ethyl either alone or in sequential application with post-emergence herbicide in transplanted rainy season rice under non-puddled strip-tilled (NPST) field condition and also to examine the residual effect of those herbicides on germination and growth of the subsequently grown wheat crop. Five treatment combinations of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl were tested against one weedy check and one weed-free check. The study revealed that NPST rice field was mostly infested by grass and sedge weeds and herbicide treatments offered a wide range of control (above 50% to 95%) on all types of weeds. Application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by (fb) orthosulfamuron fb butachlor plus propanil provided the most effective and economic weed control over two years of the study. Moreover, micro-plot bioassay study claimed germination and growth of subsequently grown wheat were not adversely affected by herbicides that were applied in rice. Therefore, application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by post-emergence herbicide could be effective and economic to control weeds in NPST rice under rice-wheat system, but proper rate and time of application should strictly be followed. 相似文献
19.
20.
Tahereh RAIESI 《干旱区科学》2015,7(5):644-652
The biological and chemical conditions of the rhizosphere are known to considerably differ from those of the bulk soil, as a consequence of a range of processes that are induced either directly by the activity of plant roots or indirectly by the stimulation of microbial population and activity in the rhizosphere. Information about phosphorus(P) fractionation in the rhizosphere soils amended with municipal sewage sludge(MSS) is limited. were We carried out greenhouse experiments using a rhizobox in order to evaluate the effects of bean rhizosphere on the various inorganic P(Pi) fractions, organic P(Po), P in particulate fraction(PF-P), Olsen-P, dissolved organic C(DOC), microbial biomass P(MBP) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) enzyme in 10 calcareous soils amended with MSS(10 g MSS was added to 1 kg soil). Non-occluded P, occluded P, calcium phosphate and residual P were also quantitated. The results showed that DOC, MBP and ALP activity strongly increased and PF-P and Olsen-P decreased in the rhizosphere soils compared with in the bulk soils(P<0.05). The contents of non-occluded P, occluded P and residual-P fractions in the rhizosphere soils were lower than in the bulk soils, while the contents of calcium phosphate and organic P in the rhizosphere soils were higher than in the bulk soils. Simple correlation coefficients showed that P uptake had positive relationship with non-occluded P, occluded P, calcium phosphate fractions and PF-P in the rhizosphere soils. The results suggest that the short-term application of MSS to the calcareous soils may increase Po and calcium phosphate fractions in the rhizosphere soils, and calcium phosphate fraction is potentially available to crops. 相似文献