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1.
基于SPEI的锡林河流域气象干旱风险分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
《水土保持研究》2020,(2)
为研究气候因子变化下的锡林河流域干旱风险,并为当地水资源与生态管理提供有效依据。通过计算锡林浩特、东乌珠穆沁旗等11个气象站点1982—2018年不同时间尺度(1,3,6,12个月)的标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),分析了锡林河流域年、季、月尺度上的干旱发生的频率和干旱强度,揭示了锡林河流域多年来的干旱时空演变特征。结果表明:近37 a来锡林河流域SPEI整体呈现增长趋势,特、重旱的发生频率在逐年减小,轻、中旱的发生频率有波动起伏的不确定性,且存在发生季节性集中干旱的可能。从空间分析来看,锡林河流域在年、季、月尺度上均有干旱发生,在季节变化方面,干旱出现既有冬季的大范围干旱,也有春季的局部干旱,总体分布特征是西多北少;干旱呈现出夏季最为严重,秋季次之的特点,总体分布从西北到东南表现为弱—严重—弱的特点。 相似文献
2.
锡林河流域径流变化规律及气候波动和人类活动影响的定量分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
多种原因导致内蒙古高原内陆河草原流域草地退化及环境恶化,定量分析其径流变化规律和影响因素对于流域的生态保护具有重要的意义。基于内蒙古锡林河流域1963—2015年水文、气象和社会经济等数据,采用累积距平法、双累积曲线法、改进的M-K趋势检验法和累积量斜率变化率比较法等方法,从年代、水文年及季时间尺度剖析了锡林河流域径流演变的规律,定量计算了气候波动和人类活动对锡林河径流变化的贡献。结果表明:锡林河流域径流量在各时间尺度均为显著(p0.05)减少趋势,而各气候要素的波动变化趋势不明显,但流域内社会经济变化显著;径流量在21世纪初达到最小,相对于20世纪90年代减少了54.9%;流域内降水、径流变化的突变年份均为1998年,1998年前后气候波动对径流减少的贡献率仅为30.34%,而人类活动对径流减少的贡献率达到69.66%,人类活动是引起径流量减少的主要驱动因素。 相似文献
3.
三江平原气象水文干旱演变特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用三江平原6个气象站和4个水文站近50年的数据,采用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)和径流干旱指数(SDI),探究了三江平原近50 a气象干旱和水文干旱时空演变特征,并对气象干旱与水文干旱进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1) 1970—1980年和2000—2010年气象干旱较为频发,从季节上看,三江平原大部分地区春季和冬季有变湿的趋势,而夏和秋两季有变干的趋势,但趋势均不显著。(2) 1960s末、1974—1981年和1999—2010年发生了持续时间长且强度大的水文干旱。挠力河流域菜咀子站水文干旱频发且严重,挠力河下游地区水文干旱程度强于上游地区。(3)水文干旱滞后于气象干旱1～7个月,且时间尺度越长,水文干旱滞后气象干旱的现象越明显。研究结果可以为三江平原地区干旱应对和水资源综合管理提供参考。 相似文献
4.
根据乐安河流域1954—2013年水文、气象资料,采用非参数统计方法 Mann-Kendall和Spearman秩相关检验对其降水、气温、暴雨、干旱和径流变化进行趋势分析。结果表明:乐安河流域降水总体呈弱减少趋势,其中春、秋、冬季降水量呈减少趋势,夏季降水量呈增加趋势;平均气温呈极显著增加趋势;全年干旱时间呈上升趋势,除了20世纪60年代其他时期整体上表现为秋冬旱出现频率高于夏旱;流域径流变化与年降水量总体变化趋势基本吻合。以上结果说明,该流域季节性干旱和洪涝灾害有进一步加剧的风险,需要采取措施应对全球气候变化对区域水资源的影响。 相似文献
5.
6.
寒旱区草原流域地表水资源极为匮乏,融雪径流是寒旱区草原流域重要的水源,冰雪融化对河川径流有着十分显著的影响。利用锡林河流域水文站2000—2013年逐日径流数据、锡林浩特气象站2000—2015年逐日平均气温、降雨、雪深数据及MOD10A2积雪产品数据,分析了锡林河流域积雪面积、雪深年际变化特征,气象因子与积雪面积、雪深之间的相关性,以及径流的影响因素。结果表明:研究区积雪面积、雪深年内变化呈单峰型,冬季积雪面积、雪深均达到最大值,春秋次之,夏季最小。在年际变化上,积雪面积、雪深总体呈现增加趋势,其中冬季的积雪面积呈显著性增加。通过研究区气象因子与积雪的相关性表明,在积雪期,气温、风速和日照时数是影响雪深和积雪面积的主要因素,而在融雪期,气温与降水是影响雪深和积雪面积的主要因素。对径流影响因素的分析可得,气温对径流的影响最大,并且积雪面积、雪深与径流之间也存在很强的相关性,说明积雪的变化也会对径流产生影响。研究积雪动态变化及其对径流的影响对寒旱区草原流域水资源管理、农牧业发展和灾害防御具有重要的现实意义。 相似文献
7.
不同时间尺度下气象干旱向水文干旱传播过程 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用黔中地区1970—2016年逐月降水以及径流计算标准化降水指数（SPI）和标准化径流指数（SSI）,分别表征气象、水文干旱,采用游程理论等方法分析了该地区不同时间尺度的气象水文干旱动态变化特征,并以交叉关联函数以及干旱传播阈值等方法探求不同时间尺度上气象干旱向水文干旱传播时间。结果表明：（1）黔中地区气象水文干旱化态势以上升趋势为主,重度和极端干旱发生的频数增加,长时间尺度上,气象与水文干旱特征具有一定的同步性。（2）不同季节上干旱传播时间（PT）不同,春季PTs在1~5个月,夏季PTs在1~3个月,秋季PTs在1~4个月,冬季PTs为1~3个月。（3）在地形地貌影响下,不同时间尺度的PTs不同。3个月时间尺度下,阳长、高车和麦翁的PTs为1.36,2.00,1.58个月;6个月时间尺度下,PTs为2.75,2.55,3.00个月;12个月时间尺度下,PTs为3.33,2.56,7.17个月。 相似文献
8.
1970-2016年气候变化对渭河源头清源河流域降水和地表径流的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]探究1970—2016年渭河源头清源河气温、降水、径流变化特征及相互关系,为明确该区域气候变化对降水和径流的影响及模拟研究径流演变过程提供依据。[方法]在分析气候要素变化和径流等年际变化规律和相互关系的基础上,采用3种气温修正气候水文模型与流域基本水文模型相比较的方法研究气候变化对径流的影响。[结果]1994—1995年是清源河流域主要气象水文要素变化的分界线,1970—1994年,流域年平均气温、年降水量、径流量变化不大;1995年之后,气温持续升高,而降水、径流则出现了整体降低趋势,2010—2016年平均温度比1970—1974年升高0.9℃,升幅15.79%;年降水量、径流量分别减少13.48%,31.82%。3个气候水文模型MQPT1-1,MQPT2-1和MQPT3-1对年降水—径流过程模拟精度均比一般水文模型高,尤其是气温扰动法修正模型MQPT2-1平均模拟误差仅为3.03%,比不考虑气候变化的流域水文模型精度提高11.62%。[结论]渭河源头清源河小流域近50 a气温变化对径流影响非常明显,尤其是1995年之后;在径流模拟分析中必须考虑气温等主要气象因子的影响。 相似文献
9.
以我国北方寒旱区草原中典型流域——锡林河流域为研究对象,结合我国北方寒旱区草原型河流流域的气候特点、下垫面条件及水文过程的特殊性,通过分析锡林河流域近30 a的降水—径流变化特征,利用锡林河水文站的年径流频率曲线,采用一定保证率条件下的年径流量作为划分流域丰平枯水年的标准,对锡林河流域历史水文年进行划分。基于此基础,以ARCSWAT2012为操作平台,应用地理统计分析方法,对模型建立过程中所需的各数据库进行基础数据整备与参数化,分析影响模型径流模拟精度的主要参数,进行模型的参数率定与结果精度评价,分别对锡林河流域各丰、平、枯水年进行径流模拟,并对其结果进行了检验。结果表明:SWAT模型对细化流域降水—径流分配的径流模拟具有不同的精度,即平水年 > 偏丰水年 > 丰水年 > 偏枯水年 > 枯水年,体现出SWAT模型在中国北方寒旱区丰水年和平水年具有较好的可操作性。 相似文献
10.
降水量与气温是引起干旱的主要气象因子,利用1981—2016年的降水量与气温的逐月数据,绘制最值曲线并对其相关性进行了分析,利用数据计算得到综合气象干旱指数（CI）且用其对锡林河流域干旱状况进行了分析。结果表明:研究区内在1981—2016年中,逐月平均气温最值曲线的变化趋势比较微弱,最高温度与最低温度分别为24.94,-23.53℃。最大降水量的变化趋势呈现出减小的状态,而最小降水量基本无变化,降水量的最大值与最小值分别为178.1,0 mm。36年中,CI指数只有在春季、夏季和秋季3个季节中不为0,在月尺度上只发生轻旱事件共121次,其中春季发生的干旱事件最为频繁;秋季次之;夏季发生干旱事件的频次最少。干旱发生频次呈现出微弱的降低趋势。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
14.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
17.
Yoav Bashan Bernardo Salazar Ma. Esther Puente Macario Bacilio Robert Linderman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):585-594
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse
trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus
were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB;
the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons
reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened
later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons
growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants,
no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi,
enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant.
In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after
30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination
only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity
to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as
compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it. 相似文献
18.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
19.
Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value. 相似文献
20.
Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. 相似文献