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1.
为了优选恩诺沙星淀粉微球的最佳制备工艺,试验将反相乳液聚合法与包埋载药法结合起来,以可溶性淀粉为载体、环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,制备恩诺沙星淀粉微球;以载药量和包封率为指标,通过L9(34)正交试验对制备工艺进行优化,采用扫描电镜观察载药微球的粒径大小及形态。结果表明:最佳工艺条件为淀粉4 g、恩诺沙星0.04 g、交联剂1.0 g、乳化剂0.8 g、反应时间2 h;按照此优化工艺参数制得的载药微球的总载药量为2.53%、包封率为89.72%;恩诺沙星淀粉微球大小较均匀,形态圆整,分散性较好,粒径为60μm左右;在最初2.5小时时释药量约为43.12%,至第8小时时释药量达80.69%,之后逐步释放,到第10小时时累积释药量占总药量的82.51%。说明此制备工艺可行,所制得的恩诺沙星淀粉微球具有一定的缓释效果。 相似文献
2.
为了制备莫能菌素淀粉微球,掩盖莫能菌素原料药的不良嗅味,降低药物毒性,扩大应用范围,试验采用乳化交联法制备微球,以主药的包封率和载药量为双重指标,通过单因素试验初步确定莫能菌素淀粉微球的影响因素,用L9(34)正交试验优化制备工艺,经平行试验验证重复性。用扫描电镜观察莫能菌素淀粉微球的外观、结构。结果表明:影响因素顺序从大到小:莫能菌素与淀粉的投料质量比、反应时间、乳化剂的用量、交联剂的用量;最佳制备工艺:淀粉4 g、莫能菌素0. 2 g、交联剂1. 2 g、乳化剂1 g、反应时间40 min。制得微球载药量为3. 27%,包封率为84. 34%。制得的淀粉微球为白色粉末,微球呈球形或类球形、分散均匀、粘连少、表面粗糙、有孔隙。 相似文献
3.
以明胶为原料,采用乳化冷凝法制备替米考星明胶微球,探讨主药与明胶的投料比、乳化剂用量、乳化时间、交联剂用量四个因素对明胶微球载药量、包封率的影响,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定最佳工艺,并用扫描电子显微镜观察微球表面形态。结果表明:最佳制备工艺为替米考星0.3 g,50%戊二醛2 mL,司班80 0.75 mL,液体石蜡50 mL,25%明胶溶液12 mL;载药量为7.11%,包封率为52.27%;微球形态圆整,表面光滑,大小均匀。说明该工艺可行,扩大了替米考星的应用范围。 相似文献
4.
为解决磷酸替米考星在养殖生产中适口性的问题,本试验以丙烯酸树脂为囊材,采用乳液-溶剂蒸发法制备磷酸替米考星微球,并采用高效液相色谱法对药物含量进行测定。将3批磷酸替米考星微球置于冰箱(4℃)、室温(25℃)与40℃(RH 75%)放置3个月,进行外观形态、粒径及其分布、载药量、体外释药特性的考察。结果表明:在该试验方法下制备的磷酸替米考星微球的形态良好,平均粒径为10.65μm,粒径7～30μm范围内的微球占总数的96.7%,载药量和包封率分别是28.36%、99.25%,分散性好,具有较好的热稳定性。 相似文献
5.
本试验旨在制备黄体酮聚乳酸微球,并考察其体外释药性能。以包封率、载药量为主要评价指标,考察制备黄体酮微球的主要影响因素,筛选出最佳工艺条件。扫描电子显微镜观察微球形态,紫外—可见分光光度法测定微球的包封率、载药量和体外释药特性。最佳工艺所制备的微球光滑、圆整、均匀、分散性好,包封率为(80.60±1.00)%,载药量为(10.63±0.05)%,在7 d内累积释药率达53.41%。制备微球包封率和载药量高,具有明显的缓释效果,能有效地延长药物作用时间。 相似文献
6.
用星点设计-效应面法优化硫氰酸红霉素明胶微球的处方,以期得到分散性好、粒径符合要求的明胶微球。本研究采用乳化-化学交联法制备,以明胶浓度、油水比例、乳化剂浓度为自变量,微球的平均粒径、载药量、包封率、跨距为因变量对自变量的各水平进行多元线性回归和二项式拟合。根据因变量效应面法选取较佳工艺,并在此基础上制备了硫氰酸红霉素微球,且进行了优化处方的验证。结果显示,二项式模型拟合效果较多元线性回归要好,最佳优化处方为明胶浓度0.156g/mL、油水比例12∶2、乳化剂浓度0.03g/mL,根据优化工艺制备的微球分散性好,平均粒径、载药量、跨距、包封率分别为12.51μm、21.28%、1.51和84.39%。体外释药特性研究表明,该微球符合一级方程规律,具有明显的缓释效果。通过星点设计-效应面法成功建立了处方优化模型,且预测性良好。 相似文献
7.
《中国兽医学报》2020,(10)
制备盐酸多西环素(doxycycline hydrochloride,DH)缓释微球,并对其进行评价。通过Design-expert软件进行试验设计,以载药量和包封率为考察标准进行优化,采用乳化交联的方法制备壳聚糖包载DH缓释微球,运用紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-VIS Spectrophotometer)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重分析(TGA)、X射线衍射(XRD)及拉曼光谱(Raman spectra)对微球的结构、性能和形态进行评价。结果显示,在最佳制备条件下,即壳聚糖为20 g/L,体系内DH质量为0.3 g,转速为910 r/min,液体石蜡12 mL时,所制备载药微球的载药量为56.49%,包封率为61.41%。FT-IR表明壳聚糖包载DH主要以物理作用为主;热失重表明微球物理包合后热稳定性较差;XRD结果表明DH被包载后晶体结构未发生变化。结果表明,本试验成功制备表面光滑、粒径整齐、载药量和包封率较高的DH壳聚糖微球。 相似文献
8.
用聚乳酸羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）将鸡堆型艾美耳球虫重组表达质粒pcDNA3.1-3-1E包封,采用水包油包水（W/O/W）双重乳化方法制备pcDNA3-3-1E/PLGA微球。通过正交试验设计优化PLGA微球制备工艺,考察PLGA浓度、聚乙烯醇（PVA）浓度、超声功率、复乳搅拌时间对评价指标（即微球粒径大小、包封率、载药量）的影响,确定制备微球的最佳工艺条件。测定微球的形态、粒径、完整性、质粒DNA包封率、载药量和释放程度;进行体外模拟鸡胃液和肠液试验,观察微球体外释药效果。结果显示,当PLGA浓度为8%、PVA浓度为1.5%、超声功率为60W、复乳搅拌6h为微球制备的最佳工艺参数,在光镜下呈散在圆形,粒径小于12μm。微球的包封率、载药量分别为84.25%和4.46%,裸质粒与微球中质粒超螺旋比例差距不显著,这表明在包被过程中的超螺旋质粒未发生明显的降解。在模拟鸡的胃肠液累积释放试验中,它的累积释放能力依次为pH 3.0〉pH 7.4,载药微球在模拟鸡的胃肠液中24h释放26.8%,模拟肠液中24h释放11.2%,30d时体外累积释放率为81.7%,表明微球具有一定的缓释效果。 相似文献
9.
旨在建立替米考星纳米结构脂质载体(TMS-NLCs)包封率与载药量的测定方法。采用超滤离心法分离TMS-NLCs与游离替米考星,并通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)仪测定包封率与载药量。结果:替米考星在1～20μg/m L范围内,峰面积与浓度呈良好线性关系(R2=0.999 9);日内及日间精密度RSD均小于5%;超滤膜吸附率、加样处理回收率以及超滤加样回收率均介于80%～120%之间。使用该法平行测定3批TMS-NLCs样品,所得平均包封率和载药量分别为(93.46±0.50)%和(9.23±0.08)%。结果表明,UC-HPLC法重复性好、准确度高、操作简便、快速易行,可用于TMS-NLCs包封率与载药量的测定。 相似文献
10.
以天然可生物降解的明胶为载体材料,液体石蜡为油相,Span80为乳化剂,采用正交试验优化空白明胶微球的乳化法制备工艺,并在此基础上制备了恩诺沙星明胶微球。结果显示,含药微球平均粒径为12.35μm,粒径7～30μm的微球占总数的92.3%,符合肺靶向的要求。恩诺沙星明胶微球载药量为20.67%、包封率为43.62%,动态透析法研究体外释放特性,符合Higuchi规律,释药t1/2比原药延长了约6倍,表明有明显的缓释功能。在37℃、相对湿度值（RH）75%考察3月,几乎无变化。兔体内分布试验表明具有明显的肺靶向性,肺中药代动力学行为符合三室开放模型。 相似文献
11.
本试验按单剂量口服的方法对健康蛋鸡进行替米考星可溶性粉和替米考星溶液中主要组分替米考星的生物利用度和药代动力学研究。利用HPLC方法分析不同时间点试验鸡血浆中的药物浓度。药物的药动学参数结果显示,替米考星可溶性粉和替米考星溶液的平均血药浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC0-48)分别为(16.947±0.624)μg/mL.h和(16.020±0.631)μg/mL.h,没有显著差异;二者AUC0-48比值为1.058,Cmax分别为(0.759±0.012)μg/mL和(0.764±0.012)μg/mL,比值为0.993;替米考星可溶性粉和替米考星溶液的t1/2β、C l(s)、t1/2 Ka和V/F(c)均没有显著差异;二者的tmax分别为(1.211±0.036)h和(1.030±0.063)h虽然有显著差异,但并不能以此说明二者生物学的非等效性。试验结果说明,单剂量口服替米考星可溶性粉和替米考星溶液后,替米考星被迅速吸收,消退缓慢,依据生物等效性的重要评判指标,得出替米考星可溶性粉和替米考星溶液在治疗中可以相互替代。 相似文献
12.
M Atef K Abo el-Sooud E Nahed M Tawfik 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1999,106(7):291-294
Tilmicosin was injected subcutaneously to lactating ewes once at a dose of 10 mg kg-1 b.wt. to determine its plasma, milk, urine and ruminal juice concentrations. Tilmicosin could be detected in all those fluids 30 minutes after injection. Milk and urine concentrations were higher than those of plasma and ruminal juice. The drug was detectable in milk, urine and plasma for 9, 4 and 3 days after injection, respectively. No amount of tilmicosin could be detected in ruminal juice 12 hours following administration. The mean peak concentration of tilmicosin in plasma and milk (Cmax) were 1.29 and 9.5 micrograms ml-1 and were obtained at (Tmax) 5.235 and 15.093 hours, respectively. The drug was slowly eliminated from plasma and milk as indicated by its long half-life (t1/2el) of 15.4 and 26.2 hours, respectively. The mean binding of tilmicosin to plasma and milk proteins in vitro was 16.8% and 26.8%, respectively. The drug was not bound to ruminal juice at any extent. The rate of tilmicosin renal clearance revealed that it was correspondingly increased with higher blood concentrations. While creatinine clearance showed no significant change after tilmicosin administration. The ratio (fractional clearance) between tilmicosin renal clearance to creatinine clearance was less than one indicating that the glomerular filtration is the main pathway of elimination through kidneys. The rate of ruminal gas fermentation in ewes was inhibited after subcutaneous injection of tilmicosin at a dose of 10 mg kg-1 b.wt. The tested samples taken at different time intervals from the rumen of ewes showed a subsequent reduction in the rate of fermentation as compared to control samples. The reduction was correspondingly increased with the increase of tilmicosin concentration in ruminal juice and returned to normal thereafter. 相似文献
13.
为改善替米考星的水溶性，提高其生物利用度，试验选用聚乙二醇6000和泊洛沙姆188作为载体，采用熔融法制备替米考星固体分散体。以体外累积溶出度为评价指标，通过正交试验筛选最佳制备工艺，选用X-射线衍射法、傅里叶红外光谱法、扫描电镜法进行物相鉴定。结果显示，替米考星固体分散体最佳制备工艺为联合载体PEG6000：P188=20:1、药载比1:3、搅拌时间1 h、固化时间12 h；物相鉴定表明，替米考星为非晶态，固体分散体为晶体结构，替米考星以无定形态分散于载体中；替米考星固体分散体在2 min时溶出度达到71.8%，15 min时完全溶解，显著提高了替米考星的溶出速率。该制备工艺简单，选用联合载体制备替米考星固体分散体，能够有效避免单一载体制备替米考星固体分散体出现的缺陷，有效提高溶出度，方便临床饮水用药。 相似文献
14.
Tilmicosin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic, currently approved for veterinary use in cattle and swine respiratory disease. As the concentrations of tilmicosin are generally low in swine lung tissue, the interaction of tilmicosin with three types of swine phagocytes (monocyte-macrophages, alveolar macrophages, and neutrophils) was evaluated to provide an understanding of clinical efficacy. After incubation with radiolabelled tilmicosin, uptake was determined and expressed as the ratio of the intracellular (Ci) to the extracellular (Ce) drug concentration (Ci/Ce). Tilmicosin was avidly accumulated by the swine phagocytes (Ci/Ce 48–69 at 4 h incubation) with 51 to 85% localized in the lysosomes. Uptake was dependent on cell viability, temperature and pH, but was not influenced by the metabolic inhibitors, sodium cyanide or potassium fluoride. However, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure increased tilmicosin uptake by the swine phagocytes. In neutrophils, upon removal of extracellular tilmicosin, 60% of the intracellular tilmicosin was effluxed within the first 30 min, but after 4 h of incubation in drug-free medium, 25% remained cell-associated. In contrast, after 4 h of incubation in drug-free medium, 60% and 45% of tilmicosin remained cell-associated, within alveolar macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages, respectively. Tilmicosin uptake was observed to increase lysosomal enzyme (acid phosphatase, lysozyme and β-glucuronidase) production. Finally, neutrophils were shown to transport and efflux bioactive tilmicosin in a test system measuring both neutrophil chemotaxis under agarose and a bioassay measuring inhibition of bacterial growth in the presence of antibiotic in agar. These in vitro interactions of tilmicosin with swine phagocytes suggest an integral role in effecting clinical efficacy. 相似文献
15.
替米考星在绵羊体内的药代动力学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
5只健康小尾寒羊，采用静脉和皮下注射2种途径以替米考星10mg/kg体重剂量给药，进行体内药代动力学研究。动物给药后在96h内分点采血，血浆样品处理采用甲醇沉淀，离心去蛋白，调节pH值并用氯仿提取替米考星；样品测定采用苯基柱，以反向HPLC测定绵羊血清中的替米考星浓度。结果表明，绵羊静注和皮下注射替米考星的药时数据均符合二室开放模型，替米考星皮下注射和静脉给药在羊体内具有吸收和分布较迅速，消除缓慢，体内分布容积大，生物利用度较高的特点。结果对了解替米考星在绵羊体内的药动学特征以及指导临床正确用药具有重要意义。 相似文献
16.
Shen J Li C Jiang H Zhang S Guo P Ding S Li X 《American journal of veterinary research》2005,66(6):1071-1074
OBJECTIVE: To determine the pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin after oral administration of a single dose of tilmicosin base in swine. ANIMALS: 10 healthy swine. PROCEDURE: Tilmicosin base was administered via stomach tube at a single dose of 20 mg/kg (n = 5) or 40 mg/kg (5). Blood samples were obtained from a jugular vein immediately before and at 10, 20, and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after administration of tilmicosin. Tilmicosin concentrations in serum were quantified by use of a high-performance liquid chromatography procedure with UV light. Data for tilmicosin concentrations versus time were analyzed by use of compartmental and noncompartmental methods. RESULTS: Tilmicosin concentrations in serum decreased in a biexponential manner after oral administration. Mean +/- SD values for absorption half-lives were 1.49 +/- 0.23 hours and 1.64 +/- 0.40 hours, distribution half-lives were 2.96 +/- 0.58 hours and 3.20 +/- 0.76 hours, elimination half-lives were 25.26 +/- 8.25 and 20.69 +/- 5.07 hours, peak concentrations were 1.19 +/- 0.30 microg/mL and 2.03 +/- 0.28 microg/mL, and time to peak concentrations was 3.12 +/- 0.50 hours and 3.48 +/- 0.77 hours after oral administration of tilmicosin base at a single dose of 20 or 40 mg/kg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In swine, tilmicosin was rapidly absorbed and slowly eliminated after oral administration of a single dose of tilmicosin base powder. 相似文献
17.
Clark C Dowling PM Ross S Woodbury M Boison JO 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2008,31(1):66-70
The macrolide antibiotic tilmicosin has potential for treating bacterial respiratory tract infections in horses. A pharmacokinetic study evaluated the disposition of tilmicosin in the horse after oral (4 mg/kg) or subcutaneous (s.c.) (10 mg/kg) administration. Tilmicosin was not detected in equine plasma or tissues after oral administration at this dose. With s.c. injection, tilmicosin concentrations reached a maximum concentration of approximately 200 ng/mL in the plasma of the horses. Tilmicosin concentrations in plasma persisted with a mean residence time (MRT) of 19 h. Maximum tissue residue concentrations (C(max)) of tilmicosin measured in equine lung, kidney, liver and muscle tissues after s.c. administration were 2784, 4877, 1398, and 881 ng/g, respectively. The MRT of tilmicosin in these tissues was approximately 27 h. Subcutaneous administration of tilmicosin resulted in severe reactions at the injection sites. 相似文献
18.
Yazar E Altunok V Elmas M Traş B Baş AL Ozdemir V 《Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health》2002,49(4):209-210
In this study, the effect of tilmicosin on cardiac superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities was investigated. Forty male BALB/c mice were used as material. Ten mice served as a control group, and 30 mice were injected with tilmicosin (25 mg/kg body weight, subcutaneously, with a single injection). After drug administration, they were monitored for 3 days. Tilmicosin caused decreases in cardiac superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities. 相似文献
19.
