共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 484 毫秒
1.
爵床提取物的抑菌杀虫活性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
爵床(Justicia procumbens var.procumbens L.)是一种传统中药。为探明爵床提取物的抑菌杀虫活性,采用冷浸和超声波提取相结合的方法,分别获得了爵床甲醇、氯仿、丙酮、乙酸乙酯和正己烷等溶剂提取物;并应用抑菌圈法研究了5种提取物对柑橘炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosprioides)、芦笋茎枯病菌(Phomopsisasparagi)、稻瘟病菌(Pyricularia grisea)、棉花红腐病菌(Fusarium graminearum)和草莓灰霉病菌(Botrytiscinerea)等5种植物病原真菌的抑制效果,测定了甲醇提取物对柑橘炭疽病、芦笋茎枯病、草莓灰霉病和柑橘溃疡病(Xanthomonas campestris)等4种植物病菌及白蚊伊蚊(Aedes albopictus)、家蝇(Musca domestica)和菜青虫(Pieris rapae)等3种害虫的毒力。结果表明,不同极性溶剂提取物8 mg.mL 1对5种植物病原真菌均有一定的抑制作用,其中甲醇提取物对柑橘炭疽病菌、芦笋茎枯病菌、草莓灰霉病菌的抑制率均达50%以上。爵床甲醇提取物具有较强的抑菌杀虫活性,对柑橘炭疽病菌、芦笋茎枯病菌和草莓灰霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制中浓度(EC50)分别为5.94 mg.mL 1、4.61 mg.mL 1和5.27 mg.mL 1,EC90分别为63.69 mg.mL 1、58.01 mg.mL 1和54.57 mg.mL 1;0.25~1.00 mg.mL 1爵床甲醇提取物对柑橘溃疡病病菌显示强抑菌作用,0.125 mg.mL 1显示中度抑菌作用,最小抑制浓度(MIC)为0.062 5 mg.mL 1;爵床甲醇提取物对白蚊伊蚊、家蝇和菜青虫的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为0.195 8 mg.mL 1、0.351 4 mg.mL 1和0.287 7 mg.mL 1,LC95分别为0.988 4 mg.mL 1、3.053 2mg.mL 1和2.584 4 mg.mL 1。因此,爵床提取物作为生物农药,在农业生产中具有较好的应用前景。 相似文献
2.
胨冻样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mucilaginosus)对烟草灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制作用 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
本文首次报道胨冻样芽孢杆菌XDB1和D4B1对烟草灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制作用。实验表明,XDB1和D4B1的发酵原液和无细胞提取物具有相同的抑菌效果,而经121℃处理30分钟后,抑菌活性丧失。D481菌株的抑菌活性高于XDB1,钾长石作为基质时的活性高于土壤矿物。但是,XDB1和D481对立枯丝核病菌(R..solani)、西瓜尖孢镰刀菌(F.oxysporum)、腐霉(Pythium sp)、小麦全蚀病菌(G.graminis)、烟炭疽病菌(C.gloeosporides)、烟草赤星病菌(A.alternata)、烟草黑胫病菌(P.nicotianae、串珠镰刀病菌(F.moniliforme)和水稻稻瘟病菌(P.grisea)无抑制作用。 相似文献
3.
玉米内生芽胞杆菌的抗菌活性物质及其拮抗玉米大斑病菌机理的初步研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了研究生防菌株对玉米大斑病菌的抑菌作用,深化对生防菌抗菌机制的认识,本研究从玉米(Zea mays)植株体内分离拮抗玉米大斑病菌(Setosphaeria turcica)的内生细菌,对其抗菌物质及其抑菌机理进行初步研究。结果表明,所分离的内生菌株YY1经形态学观察、生理生化测定及16SrDNA序列分析,鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。菌株YY1发酵液的硫酸铵沉淀物具有抑菌活性,且在硫酸铵50%饱和度时抑菌活性最强,说明YY1菌株产生的抗菌活性物质可能是蛋白类物质。该菌株及其蛋白粗提液均对禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)、苹果轮纹病菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)、灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、玉米弯孢霉叶斑病菌(Curvularia lunata)等7种植物病原真菌有较强的拮抗作用。用蛋白粗提液处理菌丝、分生孢子、原生质体后经显微观察发现,大斑病菌的基内菌丝由丝状畸变为串珠状,当蛋白粗提液浓度为0.78μg/μL时,可完全抑制分生孢子萌发,并导致原生质体裂解。通过抑制孢子萌发过程中信号途径相关基因的半定量RT-PCR分析和玉米大斑病菌不同信号途径相关基因突变体的抑制率统计,初步判定该抑菌过程主要通过cAMP信号转导途径发挥作用。本研究为寻找玉米大斑病菌新的防治方法和途径提供基础资料。 相似文献
4.
东北地区保护地土壤拮抗放线菌的筛选 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
利用稀释分离法从东北蔬菜保护地37份土壤样品中共分离到各种放线菌菌株543株,采用活体对峙培养法共获得对植物病原菌具有拮抗作用的放线菌菌株19株,将其中抑菌圈直径超过15mm的菌株进行液体发酵试验,以叶霉病菌作为指示菌,采用杯碟法测定各菌株发酵液的抑菌活性,其中发酵液抑菌圈直径超过15mm的菌株有5株。对编号为MY02、MY04的菌株,进行了进一步的验证试验,测得其对叶霉病菌的抑菌圈直径分别为24 mm、23 mm。同时进行了这两个菌株的抑菌谱试验,结果表明无论其活体还是其发酵液对番茄叶霉病菌、番茄灰霉病菌等多种植物病原真菌均表现强烈的抑菌效果。菌株MY02除茄子黄萎病菌外,对试验的其他10种病原真菌抑制率均接近或超过90%。同时菌株MY02、MY04对植物病原细菌也具有很好的抑菌活性,试验结果表明,对番茄溃疡病菌、水稻白叶枯病菌、大白菜软腐病菌、果树根癌病菌、烟草野火病菌的抑菌圈直径分别可达20mm、16mm以上。 相似文献
5.
6.
试验研究结果表明,蜡质芽孢杆菌“BC98-Ⅰ”发酵液与抑菌粗提物对黄瓜枯萎病菌具有良好抑制作用,可降低孢子萌发率,使菌丝生长形态异常,且抑菌特性稳定,对外界环境有很强的适应力和耐受性。 相似文献
7.
为探究化感水稻内生真菌对植物病原真菌的抑制作用及其对水稻生理特性的影响,本研究采用来自化感水稻6173中分离得到的12株内生真菌菌株,以水稻纹枯病、稻瘟病、恶苗病菌为指示菌株,通过平板对峙法研究了内生真菌菌株的抑菌活性,再采用牛津杯扩散法对初筛获得的抗性菌株进行抑菌活性复筛,并对筛选到的抑菌菌株抗菌物质的热稳定性及其对非化感水稻93067相关保护性酶活性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,菌株REF-04抑菌活性强,其对纹枯病菌抑制率达到50.63%,发酵液乙酸乙酯提取物抑制效果显著,抑菌圈直径达到18.6 mm;菌株REF-04发酵液乙酸乙酯提取物中抗菌成分具有较强的热稳定性,其发酵液能显著提高水稻苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性。本研究筛选获得的水稻内生真菌REF-04具有较好的抗菌活性,同时还能促进水稻幼苗保护性酶活性的提高,其作为生物农药具有一定的应用价值和开发前景。 相似文献
8.
红树内生细菌AiL3菌株鉴定及其胞外抗菌活性物质特性 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
红树（Acanthus ilicifolius）内生细菌AiL3菌株通过形态学观察、生理生化特征测定及16S rDNA序列分析鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）。菌株培养滤液经有机溶剂萃取和硫酸铵沉淀分析发现,硫酸铵沉淀物具有抑菌活性,说明AiL3菌株产生的抗菌活性物质可能是蛋白类物质。该蛋白粗提液对芒果炭疽病菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）、黄瓜枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum）等8种植物病原菌均有较强的拮抗作用;对芒果炭疽病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的EC50分别为9.32和5.81μg/mL,当提取物浓度为20.33μg/mL时,可导致芒果炭疽病菌分子孢子的消解。 相似文献
9.
牛场沼液对几种蔬菜病原菌抑制作用的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
实验室条件下,用不同贮存时间的牛场沼液原液和滤液对7种蔬菜病原菌（番茄叶霉病菌、番茄灰霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌、辣椒疫病病菌、辣椒绵腐病菌、黄瓜炭疽病菌、茄子灰霉病菌）的抑菌效果进行试验研究,为沼液应用于蔬菜病害农田防治的进一步研究提供基础数据。结果表明,新鲜沼液原液对番茄灰霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌、辣椒疫病病菌、辣椒绵腐病菌、黄瓜炭疽病菌和茄子灰霉病菌均有较强的抑制作用;随着贮存时间的增加,沼液原液对番茄灰霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌、黄瓜炭疽病菌和茄子灰霉病菌的抑菌率没有显著变化,对辣椒疫病病菌和辣椒绵腐病菌的抑菌率显著下降;新鲜沼液滤液对番茄灰霉病菌和茄子灰霉病菌有较好的抑制作用,但对其他5种病原菌的抑制效果不明显;随着贮存时间的增加,滤液对番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌率没有显著变化,对茄子灰霉病的抑制率表现出先显著下降而后升高的趋势。 相似文献
10.
为探究链霉菌JD211所产活性物质农抗211抑制水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)的作用机制,采用不同浓度(0.46、0.63、1.26、2.53、4.00、5.06 μg·mL-1)农抗211作用纹枯病菌,检测纹枯病菌菌丝细胞膜透性和抗氧化系统的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,处理组荧光染料碘化丙啶(PI)染色呈现明显荧光,胞外电导率增加,菌丝总脂质含量降低,表明活性物质处理增加了纹枯病菌细胞膜通透性,导致细胞膜结构遭受破坏。低浓度(0.63 μg·mL-1)农抗211处理,病菌的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性增强,显示为了减少氧化损伤,病原菌抗氧化系统开始作用。随着农抗211浓度增加,菌体SOD、CAT、POD、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性受到抑制,脂氧合酶(LOX)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,说明菌丝体内抗氧化系统被破坏,膜脂质过氧化损伤严重,菌体生长受到影响。本研究可为链霉菌JD211的生物防治应用提供理论指导。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
18.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
19.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献