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1.
以3个春性、半冬性和冬性小麦品种为材料,采用分期播种和春化处理,以热时间为尺度,研究了冬前积温对不同春化发育特性小麦品种幼穗分化进程及主要穗分化期累积GDD(生长度日,growingdegree days)的影响。结果表明,随着冬前积温的减少,不同幼穗分化时期累积GDD减小,冬前积温对小麦幼穗分化的影响主要表现在单棱期和二棱期,护颖分化期后幼穗分化受冬前积温的影响较小,冬性品种幼穗分化累积GDD对冬前积温最敏感,半冬性品种次之,春性品种则对冬前积温不敏感。春性品种幼穗分化前期适宜温度的上限为14℃,当14℃以下累积GDD达到232~243时,幼穗可正常分化进入二棱期,半冬性品种幼穗分化适宜温度的上限为12℃,12℃以下GDD达到261~277后,幼穗分化可正常进入二棱期,高于上限的GDD不能满足小穗原基正常分化的需求。在田间条件下小麦小穗原基的分化对特定温度范围的累积GDD有稳定的需求,这种需求因品种的春化发育特性而异。  相似文献   

2.
为研究40S核糖体蛋白S15a(ribosomal protein S15a,RPS15a)在小麦多子房性状形成过程中的功能作用,以小麦(Triticum aestivum)多子房近等基因系构建的多子房性状SSH-cDNA文库中与RPS15a基因同源的EST序列为信息探针,采用RT-PCR技术从小麦多子房株系幼穗中克隆获得了RPS15a基因的cDNA与DNA序列,分析了该基因在近等基因系间的表达差异及其在多子房株系中不同时期幼穗和同一发育时期不同组织中的表达模式.结果表明,小麦RPS15a基因的cDNA序列(GenBank登录号:HM055513)长为413 bp,编码131个氨基酸;DNA序列(GenBank登录号:HM063421)长为642 bp,含有3个外显子和2个内含子.半定量RT-PCR分析显示,该基因在多子房株系2～4mm幼穗中的表达量高于单子房株系幼穗;在多子房株系不同时期幼穗中的表达量随着幼穗的发育呈现上升趋势,8～9 mm时表达量达到最高;该基因广泛存在于幼根、茎顶端、幼叶和幼穗组织中,在茎顶端表达量高于其他组织.研究推测RPS15a基因的表达上调,可能与小麦多子房性状的发生有关.  相似文献   

3.
各类小麦品种不同春化时间与抗寒性的关系   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
选择强冬性、冬性、半冬性、春性不同类型中五个代表性小麦品种进行不同春化时间、不同低温处理试验,探讨小麦春化反应与抗寒性的关系。结果表明:不同类型品种抗寒性差异较大;低温春化特性与抗寒性是同一外界条件(即低温)诱导的品种所具有的两种遗传特性,要求较长低温春化时间的品种,抗寒性不一定强,但抗寒性强的品种,要求的春化时间一般较长,春化有利于抗寒性的形成;同一品种不同春化时间处理后幼苗的抗寒性不同,随着春化时间的延长,抗寒性增强,春化时间适宜者抗寒性最强;但同时也发现春化时间超过适宜范围后,抗寒性又下降这一现象目前尚未见报道。  相似文献   

4.
JAZ蛋白是茉莉酸(JA)信号调控途径中的重要组分，也是调节JA参与植物生长发育以及逆境应答的关键因子。JAZ9基因是编码TIFY家族JAZs蛋白的基因之一。为研究欧洲葡萄VvJAZ9蛋白参与低温胁迫的功能，本试验以欧洲葡萄霞多丽叶片为研究材料，通过同源克隆获得了VvJAZ9基因序列，其全长807 bp，编码268个氨基酸，定位于第11条染色体，有5个外显子和4个内含子；VvJAZ9蛋白具有JAZs家族蛋白中特有且高度保守的TIFY和CCT＿2结构域，与拟南芥AtJAZ1和AtJAZ2亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分析结果表明，VvJAZ9基因在低温处理1～24 h后表达量呈上升趋势，在24 h表达量最高。亚细胞定位结果证实VvJAZ9定位于细胞核。将VvJAZ9的开放阅读框(ORF)序列克隆至原核表达载体pET28b上，在大肠杆菌(E. coli BL21)中经37℃、1.0 mmol·L-1异丙基-β-d-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导表达获得VvJAZ9-His融合蛋白，再经抗原免疫，血清纯化后制备anti-VvJAZ9兔源多克隆抗体。蛋白...  相似文献   

5.
春化和光周期基因决定了小麦对环境条件的适应能力,对小麦的生长发育具有重要的作用,为了明确黑龙江春小麦春化和光周期等位变异的分布,本研究对124份春小麦品种的春化和光周期基因进行了STS标记,结果表明黑龙江春小麦春化基因显性等位变异Vrn-A1,Vrn-B1和Vrn-D1的分布频率分别为93.55%,52.42%和55.65%,没有检测到显性等位变异Vrn-B3;光周期等位变异Ppd-D1a和PpdD1b的分布频率分别为39.52%和60.48%。为了研究春化和光周期等位变异对农艺性状的影响,将黑龙江省春小麦春化基因组合主要分为4种类型:Vrn-A1a+Vrn-B1+Vrn-D1,Vrn-A1a+Vrn-B1+VrnD1,Vrn-A1a+Vrn-B1+vrn-D1和Vrn-A1a+Vrn-B1+Vrn-D1。4种春化基因组合对小麦的株高和分蘖有显著影响,其中,携带Vrn-A1a+Vrn-B1+Vrn-D1的小麦株高最低(94.98cm),而分蘖最多(6.01)。光周期基因对株高和各个生长发育时期有显著影响。光钝(携带Ppd-D1a)比光敏(携带Ppd-D1b)小麦的株高低8.88cm,三叶期,拔节期和抽穗期等提前1~2d。因此,本研究认为春化和光周期基因对小麦的株高,分蘖及生长发育时期有显著影响,携带Vrn-A1a+Vrn-B1+Vrn-D1+Ppd-D1a小麦的株高低,分蘖多,适应性广,可能是比较理想的春化和光周期基因组合形式。  相似文献   

6.
棉花转录因子基因(GhMYB11)的克隆与表达分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
MYB基因家族在植物应对外界生物和非生物胁迫的过程中有重要的调控作用.本研究利用二倍体雷蒙德氏棉(Gossypium raimondii)基因组数据库,从陆地棉(G.hirsutum)品种鲁棉研32号中克隆到一个新的MYB转录因子GhMYB111(GenBank登录号:HQ234875.1),Cdna全长1 001 bp,开放阅读框828bp.通过与模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)和主要作物小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)、玉米(Zea mays L.)、水稻(Oryza sativa L.) MYB蛋白的氨基酸序列比对发现,GhMYB 11蛋白与拟南芥中脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)合成和信号传导的重要基因AtMYB13/14编码的蛋白高度相似(E值分别为7e-83和1e-90),含两个高度保守的MYB结构域R2R3及一个转录激活结构域.实时定量PCR分析发现,GhMYB 11基因在黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)侵染、干旱、盐和氧化胁迫处理后的棉花幼苗叶片中表达显著上调.GhMYB11基因可能在棉花生物和非生物胁迫反应中起重要调控作用,是陆地棉品种抗逆性遗传改良的重要候选基因.本研究为利用基因工程手段提高棉花抗逆性提供了基础材料  相似文献   

7.
人工合成gna基因在小麦中的表达及其抗蚜虫效果研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
利用经密码子优化的、人工合成雪花莲凝集素(Galanthusnivalisagglutinin),gna基因及RbcS启动子构建了高效特异表达载体pBAC202,通过基因枪轰击小麦幼胚和幼穗,将外源gna基因导入到3个高产小麦(TriticumaestivumL.)品种中,获得42个转基因后代株系。对转基因后代植株进行了DNA点杂交、PCR及PCR-Southern验证,确认外源gna基因已成功地整合到小麦基因组中。进一步的凝集素活性检测表明,小麦叶片中表达的凝集素可使红细胞凝集,并具有正常的生物学活性。转基因植株在人工饲养条件下进行抗蚜虫(Rhopalosiphumpadi)试验,蚜口密度抑制率从19%～73%不等,部分株系抑虫效果较好。利用转基因的方式可将外源抗虫基因gna导入到小麦中,并可有效地增强小麦的抗蚜能力,为选育具抗虫特性的优质小麦提供新的途径。  相似文献   

8.
为解析小麦叶片出生与小穗原基分化的同步关系,为营养器官生长和幼穗分化的协调发展、苗情诊断和培育壮苗提供理论依据,以16个小麦品种为试验材料,采用室内春化处理和田间分期播种的方法,研究春化处理和播期对不同春化发育特性小麦品种叶片出生与壮苗冬前安全穗发育期(二棱期)和护颖分化期对应关系的影响。结果表明,小穗原基分化的叶龄和叶龄余数受播期和春化处理的影响较大,不同播期和春化处理的叶龄指数则较为稳定,不同春化发育特性小麦品种间的叶龄指标差异大于播期和春化处理之间的差异。表明主茎叶龄与小穗原基分化的对应关系受生态因子及栽培条件的影响较大,不宜将叶龄作为冬前壮苗的形态指标,而叶龄指数和小穗原基分化之间存在确定的量化关系,且主要由品种特性决定,可将春性品种以二棱期、半冬性品种以单棱末期或二棱始期进入越冬期的叶龄指数作为壮苗的叶龄指标。  相似文献   

9.
冬前积温对河南省小麦冬前生长发育的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
为了给播期调整和提高自然资源利用率提供科学依据,在大田试验条件下,以3个半冬性和3个弱春性小麦品种为供试材料,对冬前积温为350~900℃.d范围内的小麦冬前生长发育进行了分析。结果得出:①播种-出苗的天数和所需积温随着冬前积温的降低而增加,冬前积温每降低100℃.d,播种-出苗天数约增加0.7d,所需积温约增加3.7℃.d(半冬性)或2.5℃.d(弱春性);②冬前积温与冬前主茎叶龄和冬前每叶积温均呈显著正相关(P0.01),冬前积温每降低100℃.d,冬前主茎叶龄约减少0.9片(半冬性)或1.0片(弱春性),每叶积温减少5.0℃.d左右;③随冬前积温的降低,幼穗分化进入单棱期和二棱期的时间推迟,单棱期持续天数增加而二棱期持续天数减少,冬前积温每降低100℃.d,单棱期平均增加10.0d(半冬性)或12.9d(弱春性),二棱期平均减少15.5d(半冬性)或17.4d(弱春性)。结论为,符合冬前壮苗叶龄指标的适宜冬前积温为550~750℃.d(半冬性)和450~600℃.d(弱春性),保证小麦以二棱期安全越冬的适宜冬前积温为650~800℃.d(半冬性)和550~700℃.d(弱春性),从叶龄指标和安全越冬两方面考虑,河南省小麦适宜冬前积温范围为650~750℃.d(半冬性)和550~600℃.d(弱春性)。  相似文献   

10.
植物花器官的发育和开花是植物生殖发育中最重要的过程,植物在长期的进化过程中产生了春化（低温）途径、自主途径、光周期途径以及不依赖于光温环境条件的赤霉素信号途径来适应多变的环境和调控植物开花过程。本文综述了模式植物拟南芥中由LEAFY（LFY）、CONSTANS（CO）、FLOWERING LOCUSC（FLC）、FLOW ERING LOCUS T（FT）和SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1（SOC1）等基因构成的双子叶植物响应光温条件变化的开花调控网络;以及大麦、小麦中由VERNALIZATION1（VRN1）、VRN2、ODD-SOC2（OS2）和拟南芥CO、FT同源基因构成的禾本科植物开花调控网络。其中最重要的是转录调控因子MADS-box基因FLC、SOC1、VRN1和OS2,并发现组蛋白的乙酰化/脱乙酰化,赖氨酸的甲基化/脱甲基化在调控FLC、VRN1染色质活性状态及基因表达,从而产生开花控制的机理。这些研究发现将有助于对具有重要经济价值的单双子叶植物,通过生物技术手段改良其品种特性以应对非生物逆境,特别是低温胁迫的指导。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

15.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

16.
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

18.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

19.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

20.
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.  相似文献   

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