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1.
OBJECTIVE: To determine heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) after IV administration of 3 doses of atropine to clinically normal, large-breed adult dogs. ANIMALS: 6 mixed-breed dogs, weighing between 23 and 50 kg. PROCEDURE: Continuous ECG were recorded prior to and following IV administration of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution and 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06 mg of atropine/kg of body weight. Heart rate and HRV within sympathetic and parasympathetic domains were determined, using customized software, and responses to treatments were compared. Each dog received all treatments with > or = 2 days between treatments. RESULTS: HR increased and HRV within the parasympathetic domain decreased after all atropine treatments, compared with pretreatment values. Heart rate was significantly higher after administration of 0.06 mg of atropine/kg than after 0.02 mg/kg but was not different from HR after administration of 0.04 mg/kg. Five of 6 dogs given the 0.04 or 0.06 mg/kg dose attained HR > 135 beats/min, but only 1 of 6 dogs given the 0.02 mg/kg dose attained a HR > 135 beats/min. Heart rate variability within the parasympathetic domain decreased significantly from pretreatment values after all atropine treatments. Atropine doses of 0.04 and 0.06 mg/kg induced significantly lower HRV than did the 0.02 mg/kg dose, but HRV after the higher doses were not different from each other. HRV within the sympathetic domain after any treatment did not change from pretreatment values. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: IV administration of 0.04 or 0.06 mg of atropine/kg increased HR and induced complete parasympathetic blockade in clinically normal, large-breed adult dogs.  相似文献   

2.
To quantitate acetylpromazine-induced alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade, phenylephrine was infused into dogs. The amount of phenylephrine necessary to increase the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) 50% above base line, with or without the prior administration of acetylpromazine, served to quantify the degree of acetylpromazine-induced alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade. Seven dogs were anesthetized with thiopental, maintained on halothane in oxygen, and mechanically ventilated. All infusions were made through a catheter in the cephalic vein. Continuous recordings were made of MAP and a lead II ECG. After induction of anesthesia, instrumentation, and stabilization of heart rate, MAP, and ventilation, 6 group I dogs were infused with phenylephrine until a 50% increase in MAP was recorded (phenylephrine control). On subsequent research days, each dog was anesthetized, instrumented as described, and given (IV) 1 of 3 dosages of acetylpromazine in the following order--0.05, 0.125, and 0.25 mg/kg. The dose of phenylephrine necessary to increase MAP 50% in the presence of acetylpromazine was recorded. Five group II dogs were studied as in group I, but each dog was given (IM) atropine (0.04 mg/kg) before anesthetization. Two dosages of acetylpromazine were studied in the following order--0.05 and 0.25 mg/kg. Group I dogs, when compared with their phenylephrine controls, were given significantly more phenylephrine to raise MAP 50% at each dose of acetylpromazine studied. The same trend was observed in group II dogs, but at smaller doses of phenylephrine, probably as a result of the positive chronotropic effect of atropine on the heart.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVES: To compare arterial bursting pressure after vessel closure using a vessel-sealing device (LigaSure Atlas Laparoscopic Sealer/Divider Instrument; Valleylab, Boulder, CO), a ligate-and-divide stapling device (LDS), and 2-0 polydioxanone suture. To evaluate the LigaSure Atlas as a method for ligation of the mesenteric vasculature during small intestinal resection in normal horses. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. ANIMALS: Part A: jejunal segments from 19 horses. Part B: 6 horses, aged 1 to 18 years, weighing 330 to 509 kg. METHODS: Part A: Jejunal segments with mesenteric vessels were collected from 19 horses. After closure by 1 of 3 methods (LigaSure Atlas, LDS, 2-0 polydioxanone) arteries were cannulated, and bursting pressure was measured by incrementally increasing intraluminal pressure until failure. Part B: Six horses had jejunal resection and anastomosis using a vessel-sealing device (LigaSure Atlas) to provide hemostasis of the mesenteric vasculature. Horses were monitored clinically for 4 weeks. RESULTS: Part A: Mean +/- SEM bursting pressure after 2-0 polydioxanone ligation (1,014.50 +/- 279.05 mm Hg) was significantly greater than mean bursting pressure after LigaSure (554.25 +/- 228.79 mm Hg), which was significantly greater than the mean bursting pressure after LDS (373.25 +/- 183.69). Part B: No major operative or postoperative hemorrhage occurred after application of the LigaSure Atlas for sealing and transecting mesenteric vasculature during small intestinal resection in normal horses. CONCLUSIONS: The LigaSure Atlas appears to be a safe method for hemostasis of the mesenteric vasculature during small intestinal resection in normal horses. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Benefits of the LigaSure Atlas vessel-sealing device include reduced time required to provide hemostasis, acceptable arterial bursting pressure, no remaining foreign material, and no risk for ligature slippage. In our experience, use of the LigaSure Atlas during small intestinal resection and anastomosis in horses is safe for ligation of vessels less than or equal to 7-mm diameter.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) on intestinal adaptation after resection of 85% of the small intestine and consider its potential application in short bowel syndrome (SBS). STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study using a known model of SBS. ANIMAL POPULATION: Thirty male Sprague Dawley rats. METHODS: Four groups of animals were designated. Two groups underwent 85% resection of the small intestine, while the other two groups were sham-operated, undergoing transection and reanastomosis. Resected and sham-operated groups then received either 3 mg/kg KGF or vehicle subcutaneously daily for 3 days. Gut adaptation was evaluated by measurements of mucosal cellularity and biochemical activity in duodenal, jejunal, and ileal segments. RESULTS: Significant small intestinal growth after bowel resection alone was confirmed in resected versus sham-operated rats. KGF further augmented this growth in the resected animals. Mucosal wet weight of the small intestine increased with resection and was further increased (by 20% or more) with KGF administration. Mucosal thickness, villus length, and crypt depth exhibited similar patterns of response. The KGF-induced increase in mucosal morphology was accompanied by increased mucosal DNA and protein content, followed by a trend toward increased mucosal enzyme activity. Histology demonstrated an increase in goblet cells in KGF-treated animals. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that KGF markedly increased mucosal expression of intestinal trefoil protein (ITF) mRNA. CONCLUSIONS: KGF enhances gut growth, differentiation, and gene regulation during adaptation in rat small intestine after massive resection. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: KGF may be beneficial in the management of veterinary and human patients undergoing massive intestinal resection.  相似文献   

5.
OBJECTIVE: To determine sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of romifidine alone and romifidine in combination with butorphanol and effects of preemptive atropine administration in cats sedated with romifidine-butorphanol. DESIGN: Randomized crossover study. ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult cats. PROCEDURES: Cats were given saline (0.9% NaCl) solution followed by romifidine alone (100 microg/kg [45.4 microg/lb], i.m.), saline solution followed by a combination of romifidine (40 microg/kg [18.1 microg/lb], i.m.) and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg [0.09 mg/lb], i.m.), or atropine (0.04 mg/kg [0.02 mg/lb], s.c.) followed by romifidine (40 microg/kg, i.m.) and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg, i.m.). Treatments were administered in random order, with > or = 1 week between treatments. Physiologic variables were determined before and after drug administration. Time to recumbency, duration of recumbency, time to recover from sedation, and subjective evaluation of sedation, muscle relaxation, and analgesia were assessed. RESULTS: Bradycardia developed in all cats that received saline solution and romifidine-butorphanol or romifidine alone. Preemptive administration of atropine prevented bradycardia for 50 minutes in cats given romifidine-butorphanol. Oxyhemoglobin saturation was significantly decreased 10 minutes after romifidine-butorphanol administration in atropine-treated cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that administration of romifidine alone or romifidine-butorphanol causes a significant decrease in heart rate and that preemptive administration of atropine in cats sedated with romifidine-butorphanol effectively prevents bradycardia for 50 minutes.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the cardiorespiratory effects of preemptive atropine administration in dogs sedated with medetomidine. DESIGN: Randomized crossover trial. ANIMALS: 12 healthy adult dogs. PROCEDURES: Dogs underwent 6 treatments. Each treatment consisted of administration of atropine (0.04 mg/kg [0.018 mg/lb] of body weight, IM) or saline solution (0.9% NaCl, 1 ml, IM) and administration of medetomidine (10, 20, or 40 microg/kg [4.5, 9.1, or 18.2 microg/lb], IM) 10 minutes later. Treatments were administered in random order, with a minimum of 1 week between treatments. Cardiorespiratory effects before and after atropine and medetomidine administration were assessed. Duration of lateral recumbency and quality of sedation and recovery were assessed. RESULTS: Bradycardia (heart rate < 60 beats/min) was seen in all dogs when saline solution was administered followed by medetomidine, and the dose of medetomidine was not associated with severity or frequency of bradycardia or second-degree heart block. However, a medetomidine dose-dependent increase in mean and diastolic blood pressures was observed, regardless of whether dogs received saline solution or atropine. Preemptive atropine administration effectively prevented bradycardia and second-degree heart block but induced pulsus alternans and hypertension. The protective effects of atropine against bradycardia lasted 50 minutes. Blood gas values were within reference limits during all treatments and were not significantly different from baseline values. Higher doses of medetomidine resulted in a longer duration of lateral recumbency. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Preemptive administration of atropine in dogs sedated with medetomidine effectively prevents bradycardia for 50 minutes but induces hypertension and pulsus alternans.  相似文献   

7.
Nine groups of rats (n = 5 per group) received an intramuscular (IM) injection of one of the following drugs or drug combinations: saline, atropine (0.05 mg/kg), glycopyrrolate (0.5 mg/kg), ketamine:xylazine (85:15 mg/kg), ketamine:detomidine (60:10 mg/kg), atropine:ketamine:xylazine (0.05: 85:15 mg/kg), glycopyrrolate: ketamine:xylazine (0.5:85:15 mg/kg), atropine:ketamine:detomidine (0.05: 60:10 mg/kg) or glycopyrrolate: ketamine:detomidine (0.5:60:10). Similarly six groups of rabbits (n = 5) received an IM injection of either saline, atropine (0.2 mg/kg), atropine (2 mg/kg), glycopyrrolate (0.1 mg/kg), ketamine:xylazine (35:10 mg/kg) or glycopyrrolate:ketamine:xylazine (0.1:35:10 mg/kg). In rats, atropine sulfate (0.05 mg/kg) and glycopyrrolate (0.5 mg/kg) produced an increase in heart rate for 30 and 240 min, respectively. In rabbits atropine sulfate at either 0.2 or 2.0 mg/kg did not induce a significant increase in heart rate, but glycopyrrolate (0.1 mg/kg) elevated the heart rate above saline treated animals for over 50 min. Both atropine and glycopyrrolate provided protection against a decrease in heart rate in rats anesthetized with ketamine: xylazine (85:15 mg/kg) or ketamine: detomidine (60:10 mg/kg); however, glycopyrrolate was significantly more effective in maintaining the heart rate within the normal range. Glycopprrolate also prevented a decrease in heart rate in rabbits anesthetized with ketamine:xylazine (35:5 mg/kg). Neither glycopyrrolate nor atropine influenced respiration rate, core body temperature or systolic blood pressure when used alone or when combined with the injectable anesthetic. Glycopyrrolate is an effective anticholinergic agent in rabbits and rodents and more useful as a preanesthetic agent than atropine sulfate in these animals.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of a combination of tiletamine-zolazepam-romifidine-atropine in ocelots. DESIGN: Prospective experimental trial. ANIMALS: Eight captive adult ocelots (three females and five males). METHODS: Calculated doses of tiletamine-zolazepam (3.75 mg kg(-1)), romifidine (50 microg kg(-1)) and atropine (0.04 mg kg(-1)) were administered intramuscularly. After immobilization, animals were weighed and the real doses determined. Heart rate, respiratory frequency, noninvasive systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure, arterial oxygen hemoglobin saturation, and rectal temperature were measured. Data were analyzed by means of anova for repeated measures, followed by the Tukey test to compare values over time. RESULTS: Doses administered were 3.4 +/- 0.6 mg kg(-1) of tiletamine-zolazepam, 0.04 +/- 7.0 mg kg(-1) of romifidine, and 0.03 +/- 0.007 mg kg(-1) of atropine. The mean time to recumbency and duration of immobilization were 7.0 +/- 4.5 and 109.2 +/- 27.9 minutes, respectively. The median times to standing and walking were 52.3 [0-90] and 2.3 [0-69.3] minutes, respectively. A decrease in heart rate was observed 45 minutes following drug administration. Arterial blood pressure was maintained during the study. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This protocol produced good immobilization in ocelots with minimal changes over time in cardiovascular parameters.  相似文献   

9.
Background: Elsamitrucin, the most potent topoisomerase II inhibitor available, is unique in that it does not cause neutropenia or cardiotoxicosis. It has antitumor activity in human patients with relapsed or refractory non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. Objectives: To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, and toxicity of elsamitrucin when administered to tumor‐bearing dogs and to evaluate the incidence and severity of adverse events. Animals: Twenty client‐owned dogs with spontaneous malignant solid tumors or lymphoma that were refractory to, or for which the owner declined, conventional therapy were enrolled. Methods: Prospective, open‐label, single‐agent study. Escalating doses of elsamitrucin were administered once weekly IV for up to 16 weeks in a modified 3 + 3 Phase I design. The starting dose was 0.06 mg/kg with escalation to 0.08 and 0.09 mg/kg. Dogs that remained on the study were monitored for evidence of toxicoses for at least 4 weeks and for survival every 2 months. Results: Serious adverse events (SAEs) possibly attributable to elsamitrucin include: 1 dog developed heart failure and another developed hepatotoxicosis manifested by increased alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin (0.06 mg/kg dose); 1 dog developed severe anorexia and diarrhea, another developed severe diarrhea alone, and a 3rd dog went into cardiac arrest (0.09 mg/kg dose). A dose of 0.08 mg/kg was well tolerated with no SAEs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The MTD and recommended dose for Phase II trials of elsamitrucin is 0.08 mg/kg IV weekly. Elsamitrucin might be considered for combination protocols with myelosuppressive chemotherapy agents.  相似文献   

10.
We aimed to determine whether dexmedetomidine administration with or without atropine increases cardiac troponin I (cTnI) level in healthy dogs. We hypothesized that 10 µg/kg dexmedetomidine + atropine increases the cTnI level, whereas 5 µg/kg dexmedetomidine + atropine does not. Eighteen healthy, pet dogs that underwent an orthopedic surgery or ovariohysterectomy were included in this study. The dogs were randomly assigned to atropine (0.02 mg/kg)–dexmedetomidine (10 µg/kg), saline–dexmedetomidine (10 µg/kg), and atropine (0.02 mg/kg)–dexmedetomidine (5 µg/kg) groups. Each dog was premedicated with atropine or saline intramuscularly (IM). After 10 min, they were IM injected with dexmedetomidine (10 or 5 µg/kg)–morphine (0.5 mg/kg)–midazolam (0.2 mg/kg). Following this, anesthesia was induced after 10 min with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. The median plasma cTnI level at 6, 12 and 24 hr after premedication was significantly higher than that at baseline. The cTnI level in the atropine–dexmedetomidine (10 µg/kg) group was significantly higher than that in the saline–dexmedetomidine (10 µg/kg) and atropine–dexmedetomidine (5 µg/kg) groups at 6 and 12 hr after premedication. The cTnI level returned to normal within 72 hr after premedication in all groups. The administration of atropine in combination with 10 µg/kg dexmedetomidine increased the cTnI level, indicating subclinical myocardial damage.  相似文献   

11.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine and xylazine and their reversal with atipamezole in calves. ANIMALS: 25 calves. PROCEDURES: A 2-phase (7-day interval) study was performed. Sedative characteristics (phase I) and cardiopulmonary effects (phase II) of medetomidine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride administration followed by atipamezole hydrochloride administration were evaluated. In both phases, calves were randomly allocated to receive 1 of 4 treatments IV: medetomidine (0.03 mg/kg) followed by atipamezole (0.1 mg/kg; n = 6), xylazine (0.3 mg/kg) followed by atipamezole (0.04 mg/kg; 7), medetomidine (0.03 mg/kg) followed by saline (0.9% NaCl; 6) solution (10 mL), and xylazine (0.3 mg/kg) followed by saline solution (10 mL; 6). Atipamezole or saline solution was administered 20 minutes after the first injection. Cardiopulmonary variables were recorded at intervals for 35 minutes after medetomidine or xylazine administration. RESULTS: At the doses evaluated, xylazine and medetomidine induced a similar degree of sedation in calves; however, the duration of medetomidine-associated sedation was longer. Compared with pretreatment values, heart rate, cardiac index, and PaO(2) decreased, whereas central venous pressure, PaCO(2), and pulmonary artery pressures increased with medetomidine or xylazine. Systemic arterial blood pressures and vascular resistance increased with medetomidine and decreased with xylazine. Atipamezole reversed the sedative and most of the cardiopulmonary effects of both drugs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: At these doses, xylazine and medetomidine induced similar degrees of sedation and cardiopulmonary depression in calves, although medetomidine administration resulted in increases in systemic arterial blood pressures. Atipamezole effectively reversed medetomidine- and xylazine-associated sedative and cardiopulmonary effects in calves.  相似文献   

12.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of flunixin meglumine and etodolac treatment on recovery of ischemic-injured equine jejunal mucosa after 18 hours of reperfusion. ANIMALS: 24 horses. PROCEDURE: Jejunum was exposed to 2 hours of ischemia during anesthesia. Horses received saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (12 mL, i.v., q 12 h), flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg, i.v., q 12 h), or etodolac (23 mg/kg, i.v., q 12 h). Tissue specimens were obtained from ischemic-injured and nonischemic jejunum immediately after ischemia and 18 hours after recovery from ischemia. Transepithelial electric resistance (TER) and transepithelial flux of tritium-labeled mannitol measured mucosal permeability. Denuded villous surface area and mean epithelial neutrophil count per mm2 were calculated. Western blot analysis for cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 was performed. Pharmacokinetics of flunixin and etodolac and eicosanoid concentrations were determined. RESULTS: Ischemic-injured tissue from horses treated with flunixin and etodolac had significantly lower TER and increased permeability to mannitol, compared with that from horses treated with saline solution. Epithelial denudation after ischemia and 18 hours after recovery was not significantly different among treatments. Both COX-1 and -2 were expressed in ischemic-injured and nonischemic tissues. Ischemia caused significant upregulation of both COX isoforms. Eicosanoid concentrations were significantly lower in tissues from flunixin and etodolac-treated horses, compared with that from horses treated with saline solution. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Flunixin and etodolac treatment retarded recovery of intestinal barrier function in jejunal mucosa after 18 hours of reperfusion, whereas tissues from horses treated with saline solution recovered baseline values of TER and permeability to mannitol.  相似文献   

13.
为了探索速眠新Ⅱ与舒泰复合麻醉剂对比格犬的麻醉效果,选用健康比格犬20只,用速眠新Ⅱ(0.6mg/kg)与舒泰(0.75mg/kg)混合肌注诱导麻醉,30min后给予该混合制剂静脉维持麻醉(每小时速眠新Ⅱ0.2mg/kg,舒泰0.3mg/kg),随麻醉时间延长逐渐减量。结果显示,速眠新Ⅱ与舒泰复合麻醉剂,诱导麻醉迅速,维持麻醉效果安全、稳定,镇痛及肌松等效果良好,麻醉期间能保证动物的正常心肺功能。试验表明该复合麻醉剂是一种理想的麻醉剂,能满足各种外科手术操作需求。  相似文献   

14.
Observations  A left sided Horner's syndrome (ptosis, prolapse of the nictitating membrane and miosis) was observed in a 4-year-old female, neutered Beagle dog after epidural injection of 0.22 mL kg−1 ropivacaine (0.75%) in 0.01 mL kg−1 of saline during isoflurane anaesthesia. Clinical signs disappeared gradually and resolved completely 4 hours and 10 minutes after injection.
Conclusions  The epidural injection of 0.22 mL kg−1 ropivacaine (0.75%) in 0.01 mL kg−1 of saline during isoflurane anaesthesia caused unilateral (left) Horner's syndrome in a 4-year-old female, neutered Beagle dog.  相似文献   

15.
Administration of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in the dog may cause gastric mucosal damage. Enteric-coated tablets protect the canine stomach during oral ASA medication. A therapeutic plasma salicylate concentration can be attained using enteric-coated ASA tablets at a dose rate of 25 mg/kg body wt, administered every 8 h. Six beagle dogs were given enteric-coated ASA tablets (500 mg) orally, in a 5-day cross-over experiment on two different feeding regimens: i.e. feeding once daily (Group I) or 8 hourly (Group II). Results demonstrate that feeding regimen strongly influences the plasma salicylate concentration pattern. Subtherapeutic mean plasma salicylate concentrations were found in both groups. In Group II the standard deviation (SD) of the mean plasma salicylate concentration was larger than that of Group I. The minimal plasma salicylate concentration never reached detectable levels in Group II. In both groups large numbers of tablets were vomited. Gastric evacuation of the ASA tablets is comparable to indigestible solid particles; their removal was dependent on the interdigestive gastric motility. It is concluded that large enteric-coated ASA tablets are not suitable for therapeutic use in small dogs.  相似文献   

16.
OBJECTIVE: To determine if epidural ketamine provides analgesia in dogs with a chemically induced synovitis. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective randomized experimental trial. ANIMALS: Thirty-two healthy, adult mongrel dogs (13-30 kg). METHODS: (Part I) Synovitis was induced in the right stifle of 16 dogs and allowed to develop for 12 hours. Epidural injection at the lumbosacral space of either ketamine (2 mg kg(-1); n = 8) or placebo (n = 8) was performed. Limb use and pain were measured using a force platform and numerical rating scale (NRS). Assessments were performed before and at 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 24 hours after the induction of synovitis. (Part II) Epidural injection of either ketamine (n = 8) or placebo (n = 8) was performed immediately before the induction of synovitis. Analgesia was assessed as in Part I. Assessments occurred before and at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours after the induction of synovitis. RESULTS: (Part I) Vertical ground reaction forces (VGRF) significantly decreased and NRS scores of total pain significantly increased after the induction of synovitis in all dogs (p < 0.05). No significant differences in VGRF or NRS scores were measured between treatment groups at any assessment period. (Part II) Dogs that received ketamine had significantly lower NRS scores 2 hours after treatment (p < 0.05). NRS scores did not differ between groups at any other evaluation. VGRF did not differ significantly between treatment groups at any assessment period. CONCLUSION: Epidural ketamine at a dose of 2 mg kg(-1) administered after the development of synovitis does not provide significant levels of analgesia. Administration of ketamine before the induction of synovitis significantly decreased the NRS score 2 hours post-induction. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of epidural ketamine before tissue injury may provide analgesia of short duration in dogs.  相似文献   

17.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the tiletamine/zolazepam (TZ) combination (Zoletil 100; Virbac, Carros, France) with and without atropine on blood gas values and acid-base status in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized cross-over experimental study. ANIMALS: Six healthy adult cross-bred dogs, weighing 11.0-18.5 kg. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Each dog received four different drug treatments at intervals of at least 15 days: (i) 5 mg kg(-1) intravenous (IV) TZ (TZ.IV); (ii) 10 mg kg(-1) intramuscular (IM) TZ (TZ.IM); (iii) atropine, 20 microg kg(-1) IV, followed 5 minutes later by 5 mg kg(-1) TZ IV (A.TZ.IV); and (IV) atropine (same dose) given 5 minutes before 10 mg kg(-1) TZ IM (A.TZ.IM). Arterial blood samples were collected from each dog before drug administration (baseline) at induction of anaesthesia (time 0) and 2, 5, 10 and 30 minutes thereafter. RESULTS: Transient hypoxaemia and respiratory acidosis were observed just after induction. PaO(2) and SaO(2) dropped, while H(+) concentration and PaCO(2) rose significantly above baseline values. In groups TZ.IV and A.TZ.IV, PaO(2) values as low as 6.0-6.4 kPa (45-48 mm Hg) were recorded. However, there was no significant difference in blood gas variables among the groups encountered during the evaluation period. The overall change in [HCO(3) (-)] and base excess (BE) was not significant among groups. Atropine did not affect the above variables. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Tiletamine/zolazepam injection may induce transient hypoxaemia and respiratory acidosis, but acid-base status changes are clinically unimportant. Particularly, close observation of dogs is recommended during the first 5-10 minutes after induction with TZ, especially in animals with cardiopulmonary disease. TZ should perhaps not be used in animals intolerant of tachycardia.  相似文献   

18.
Modification of gastroduodenal motility has been proposed to aid endoscopic examination of the duodenum in dogs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the following pharmacologic agents for facilitation of endoscopic intubation of the duodenum in 6 clinically normal dogs: metoclopramide HCl (0.2 mg/kg of body weight), atropine sulfate (0.045 mg/kg), glucagon (0.06 mg/kg), and isotonic saline solution. In a randomized, blinded, crossover design, the ease of endoscopic duodenal intubation was qualitatively scored by 3 endoscopists (in random order), using the following scale: 1 - immediate entry; 2 - rapid entry--moderate manipulation; 3 - difficult entry--multiple attempts; and 4 - no entry after 2 minutes [corrected]. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained with halothane. The 4 agents were diluted to a fixed volume and randomly administered. Duodenal intubation was attempted 2 minutes after IV injection of 1 of the agents. Four endoscopic procedures (1 for each agent) were performed on each dog with a minimum of 5 days between each procedure. In this study, no agent facilitated endoscopic duodenal intubation at the dose used. Instead, atropine and metoclopramide made duodenal intubation significantly more difficult, compared with use of saline solution. Difference between intubation after administration of glucagon and saline solution was not seen. On the basis of our findings, the use of these agents for facilitating endoscopic duodenal intubation is not recommended. In addition, in this study, we found that experience in endoscopic intubation is an important factor in determining the ease of duodenal intubation.  相似文献   

19.
Tear production (as determined by the Schirmer I tear test) in five dogs given atropine (0.02 mg/kg) subcutaneously and in five dogs given 0.9% saline solution subcutaneously was compared before and during halothane anesthesia. Fifteen minutes after the atropine injections, mean tear production was 15.0 +/- 2.9 mm/minute, as compared with 23.8 +/- 2.9 mm/minute before treatment rate. There was no change in tearing 15 minutes after injection of the saline solution. Tear production declined in both groups during anesthesia. Ten minutes after anesthetic induction, mean tear formation was 20% of pretreatment value in the atropinized dogs and 54% of the pretreatment value in the dogs given saline solution. At the end of 1 hour of anesthesia, tearing was essentially zero in both groups.  相似文献   

20.
A randomized, blinded, crossover study was designed to evaluate the respiratory, cardiovascular, and behavioral effects of butorphanol given postoperatively to oxymorphone-premedicated and surgically stimulated dogs. Nine healthy adult dogs were premedicated intramuscularly with atropine (0.04 mg/kg), acepromazine (0.10 mg/kg), and oxymorphone (0.2 mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced with thiamylal (12 mg/kg) and maintained with halothane in oxygen. According to the protocol of a concurrent study, all dogs had percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding tubes placed during the first anesthetic episode and removed during the second anesthetic episode. All dogs received postoperatively either butorphanol tartrate (0.2 mg/kg) or an isovol-umetric dose of saline placebo, both given intravenously. Respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (TV), minute ventilation (MV), end-tidal CO2 concentration (ETCO2). heart rate (HR), and indirect diastolic (DP), systolic (SP) and mean arterial (MAP) blood pressures were measured at times 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 120 minutes after injection. The time from injection of the test drug until extubation was recorded. RR, MV, HR, and DP were significantly ( P < .05) increased, while ETco2 was significantly decreased, for a minimum of 30 minutes in butorphanol-treated dogs compared with saline controls. TV, SP, and MAP were transiently (≤15 minutes) increased in butorphanol-treated dogs compared with saline controls. There was no significant difference between the times to extubation in the butorphanol-treated dogs versus the saline control dogs.  相似文献   

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