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1.
棉属不同染色体组种间杂交胚胎学研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文主要报道以棉属［（Ｃｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍ）（ＡＤ）］染色体组四倍体栽培种陆地棉（Ｇ．ｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍ）为母本，Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ、Ｅ、Ｇ染色体组的二倍体野生棉代表种长须棉（Ｇ．ｂａｒｂａｓａａｎｕｍ）、澳洲棉（Ｇ．ａｕｓｔｒａｌｅ）、雷蒙地棉（Ｇ．ｒａｉｍｏｎｄｉｉ）、索马里棉（Ｇ．ｓｏｍａｌｅｎｓｅｅ）和比克氏棉（Ｇ．ｂｉｃｋｉｉ）做父本，配成５个杂交组合，并以陆地棉自交作对照，比较研究棉属不同染色体组种间杂交的胚胎发育过程。二倍体不同染色体组野生棉的花粉在陆地棉柱头上可以顺利萌发，其花粉管在花柱中生长较正常，但花粉管生长速度明显慢于陆地棉自交。野生棉花粉管到达陆地棉胚囊并释放精子完成双受精的频率很低，除陆地棉×Ｄ组雷蒙地棉受精率为３３．３％以外，其它几个杂交组合的受精率均低于１０％。杂种形成的胚乳游离核数量比陆地棉自交的少，而且比自交对照提早３～４天形成胚乳细胞。杂种胚乳组织形成后迅速解体。杂种原胚发育较正常，但杂种胚大多停滞在球形胚和近心形胚期；分化后的杂种胚呈现各种形态的畸形胚。杂交胚珠的珠心组织解体明显迟于自交胚珠，其解体时间和胚乳组织解体基本上一致。珠心组织的迟迟解体和胚乳组织异常发育导致杂种胚的败育。 相似文献
2.
不同激素培养基对小麦×玉米杂种幼胚发育的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本研究结果表明，采用２，４－Ｄ浸穗法结合低浓度激素培养进行小穗培养，可以明显改善小麦和玉米杂交种颖果、幼胚及胚乳的发育状况，得胚率由２．１％提高到１２．０％；同时表明低浓度激素对杂种发育有着明显的调节作用，但２，４－Ｄ和ＧＡ优于ＫＴ。 相似文献
3.
以粘果山羊草Ａｅ．１９（Ａｅ．ｋｏｔｓｃｈｙｉ，１９）为母本，中国春和云南铁壳小麦为桥梁亲本，进行远缘杂交，获得雄性不育株。再用普通麦７８－１等为轮回亲本，与其测交并连续回交，育成了Ｋ－１９－７８－１Ａ等小麦雄性不育系。然后用５００余份普通小麦品种（系）与Ｋ－１９－７８－１Ａ进行测交，获得４６９个组合Ｆ１杂种，其中７３个测交种（占总数的１５．５７％）能完全保持Ｋ－１９型小麦的雄性不育性。其余３９６个测交种（占总数的８４．４３％）对Ｋ－１９型小麦雄性不育系表现不同程度的育性恢复。恢复度幅度为１．０％～９７．５％。３９６份材料中有１４．１４％对Ｋ－１９型不育系表现高度恢复，按国内法计算恢复度达到８０．１％～９７．５％；测交、回交后代产生单倍体频率在０～１７．５％之间，发现一批综合性状好、不产生单倍体的保持系和恢复源。 相似文献
4.
采用ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法和半微量凯氏定氮法，对在形态学特征和穗部产量构成因子已稳定的小麦胚培无性系ＩＥ５代醇溶蛋白，谷蛋白亚基和蛋白质含量进行测定和分析的研究。结果表明，小麦籽粒胚乳醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白电泳谱带发生较大变化，出现三种变异类型；（１）增加新谱带；（２）亲本原有特异性谱带缺失；３）亲本原有特异性变带强度改变，高分子量和低分子量蛋白亚基发生变化，籽粒蛋白质含量出现范围较广（９．７５％ 相似文献
5.
棉花半配合的受精生物学研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
本文从受精生物学角度探讨了棉花半配合特性的发生机制。发现产生半配合的棉花，受精融合过程非常特殊，主要在现在以下几点：（１）受精与胚乳形成基本正常；（２）精、卵两核接触持续４８～７２小时以上，比正常过程长约２～３倍多；（３）精、卵最终不融合，接触７２～９６小时后，两核之间出现新细胞壁，形成大型卵细胞和小型精细胞共存的原胚；（４）授粉７天后形成父母本同在的嵌合单倍体球形胚。这种精卵之间形成分隔式的半配合现象，在已研究过的具半配合植物中是没有的，也正是半配合棉花能有效地自发产生单倍体的原因。 相似文献
6.
甘蓝型油菜与埃塞俄比亚芥种间可交配性的胚胎学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在甘蓝型油菜×埃塞俄比亚芥中,杂种胚乳不甚发育并提前形成细胞,杂种胚发育缓慢,消耗早育的胚乳组织后便停滞在心形期或鱼雷形期.反交时胚乳早期发育旺盛,但在发育中期不能形成细胞并逐渐退化解体;杂种胚从原胚阶段即有退化现象发生,并可持续到鱼雷形期,胚退化时常伴有胚柄细胞的解体.甘蓝型油菜母本基因型对杂交的生殖过程有显著影响.对受精的影响表现在其柱头与异种花粉的亲和性不同,以Rucabo作母本时表现与反交相似的高亲和性和高受精率.以84014A作母本时近半的胚珠中发生体质不育现象.而华油8号作母本时产生的杂种胚和胚乳在后期的发育相对正常,可形成少量有生命力的杂种种子.文中提出通过杂交重组创造出种间受精率高,又具结实潜力的“桥梁品系”,以经济有效地克服甘蓝型油菜与埃塞俄比亚芥杂交的不可交配性. 相似文献
7.
普通小麦—顶芒山羊草异源附加系的创建和鉴定：Ⅰ.小麦花药培养对创建… 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过顶芒山羊草（Ａｅｇｉｌｏｐｓｃｏｍｏｓａ２ｎ＝２ｘ＝１４，ＭＭ）与波斯小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍｐｅｒｓｉｃｕｍ２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８，ＡＡＢＢ）杂交，人工合成遗传上相对稳定的双二倍体（２ｎ＝６ｘ＝４２，ＡＡＢＢＭＭ），以此为桥梁，与普通小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）品种“欧柔”进行正反杂（回）交，借助花药培养过程中能产生非整倍单倍体和非整倍双倍体的特点，在改良Ｃ１７固体培养基上上接种花药，诱 相似文献
8.
稻属间杂种花粉植株的细胞遗传学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以栽培稻０２４２８与紧穗野生稻间不育Ｆ１杂种（２ｎ＝２４，ＡＣ）为材料进行花约培养，共接种花约３２６８８个，获得再生绿苗１３株及白化苗两株，愈伤诱导率与分化率分别为０．１４％和３４．７８％。有９朱花粉绿苗长至成熟，均表现长芒、紫柱头、强感光及易落粒等野生亲本的特性。细胞学结果进一步表明，其中４株为二倍体（２ｎ＝２４），形态上琚的Ｆ１杂种相似，花粉母细胞中期Ⅰ亦只能见到少数二价体；另５株则为四倍体（ 相似文献
9.
以不育系为母本、大颖野生稻为父本的远缘野栽杂交简化技术研究初报 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以大颖野生稻（Ｏ．ｇｒａｎｄｉｇｌｕｍｉｓ，ＣＣＤＤ）为父本、若干雄性不育系为母本研究了不经幼胚培养直接获得后代种子的远缘野栽交简化技术。结果显示：１．以不育系为母本的该远缘野栽杂交能获得同结实率和具有一定发芽成苗率的Ｆ０种子，因此推测水稻中可能不存在与小麦中ｋｒ基因作用类似的杂交亲和性基因；２．以不育系为母本的该远缘野栽杂交Ｆ０种子败育胚乳含量和发芽成苗率与不育系剪颖授粉后颖壳的永久性张开度或裂谷比例成正相关；３．该远缘杂交Ｆ１营养体生长优势可划分为３种类型；４．该罢栽交Ｆ１用栽培回交曾得到近饱满和半饱满回交种子的事实暗示，水稻中可能存在与小麦中ｐｈ基因作用类似的杂种亲和性基因；５．复合激素处理能有效促进授粉后子房伸长膨大和防止颖花脱落，但对促进回交结实可能无效。 相似文献
10.
植物激素对棉属种间杂种胚乳细胞超微结构发育的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文报道了陆地棉和亚洲棉杂交时，喷施植物激素（ＧＡ３，ＮＡＡ）后，对杂种胚乳细胞超微结构发育的影响。观察发现，（１）外源激素对原胚期的杂种胚乳细胞发育的影响不显著，但明显地促进了胚乳细胞中管状内质网的发育。（２）外源激素能明显促进杂种胚乳细胞中的内质网、质体和线粒体等细胞器的发育，使杂种胚乳细胞保持有一定的发育能力。（３）外源激素未能促进杂种胚乳细胞中核糖体和多聚核糖体的形成，也未能促进液泡和囊泡的发育，杂种胚乳细胞之间仍缺少胞间连丝，因此，喷施激素后的杂种胚乳细胞总是没有自交胚乳细胞那样旺盛地分裂与发育。 相似文献
11.
Summary Flowers of Pisum sativum plants grown in the field and greenhouse were self-pollinated and pollinated with Vicia faba. Germination of pollen and pollen tube growth were slower in the Pisum x Vicia cross. About 2% fertile ovules in the field and 8% in the greenhouse were obtained from the Pisum x Vicia cross, compared to 26% and 48% for Pisum x Pisum. Development of the Pisum x Vicia embryo was normal in form, though much slower than the Pisum x Pisum embryo, and about the sixth day it began to collapse. The greatest difference between the two types of crosses was observed in the endosperm. While the Pisum x Pisum endosperm nuclei divided normally and endosperm developed throughout the ovule cavity and around the embryo, the Pisum x Vicia endosperm nuclei formed only scattered masses of densely stained nuclei which were not always in close proximity to the hybrid embryo. It was concluded that faillure of some ovules to develop following Pisum sativum x Vicia faba cross pollination was the result of slow germination of pollen and slow growth of the Vicia pollen tubes, with subsequent lack of fertilization. Collapse of fertilized ovules was associated with abnormal and limited development of the hybrid endosperm, possibly leading to lack of nourishment and eventual collapse of the hybrid embryo. 相似文献
12.
Kesara Anamthawat-Jónsson Sigrídur K. Bödvarsdóttir Birkir Th. Bragason Jón Gudmundsson P.K. Martin R.M.D. Koebner 《Euphytica》1997,93(3):293-300
A total of 240 F1 hybrids was made beween wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell. (2n = 6x = 42) and T. carthlicum Nevski (2n = 4x = 28)) and
perennial lymegrass (North European Leymus arenarius (L.) Hochst. (2n = 8x = 56) and North American L. mollis (Trin.) Pilger
(2n = 4x = 28)). The wide crosses yielded embryos in 20% of caryopses and 96% of the embryos developed into normal hybrid
plants. The hybrids were vegetatively vigorous, with evidence of the Leymus rhizomatous habit. Those deriving from L. arenarius
survived overwintering in Iceland, but the hybrids L. mollis did not, whereas in a milder environment, both showed perenniality.
Cytogenetic analysis of root tip cells before the plants were treated with colchicine showed that 21 out of 28 hybrids investigated
had chromosome mosaics, with a population of both amphihaploid and amphidiploid cells. This spontaneous doubling of somatic
chromosomes occurred in all cross combinations, with the highest average frequency of diploid cells (28%) in T. carthlicum
× L. arenarius crosses. A few selfed seeds have been obtained from a T. aestivum × L. arenarius hybrid. All the hybrids were
treated twice with colchicine, but the treatment appeared to have little or no effect on the frequency of chromosome doubling
in the hybrids deriving from T. aestivum. The frequency of diploid cells, however, increased significantly (e.g. to 80%) in
the hybrids deriving from the T. carthlicum parent. Genomic in situ hybridization confirmed the hybridity of the plants and
showed that the hybrids were amphiploids containing genomes of both wheat and lymegrass. In situ hybridization using ribosomal
DNA probe differentiated chromosomes of L. mollis, L. arenarius from those of wheat. The hybrids are being backcrossed with
lymegrass pollen, aiming to domesticate the wild, perennial species.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
Summary
In vitro hybridization between Gossypium hirsutum, and G. arboreum was carried out. Hybrid seedlings were obtained after successive use of the following five kinds of media: 1) pollen grain germination medium, 2) double-fertilization medium, 3) embryo development medium, 4) seedlings formation medium, 5) green seedlings growth medium. The factors affecting in vitro interspecific fertilization, embryogenesis and seedling formation were studied. The key factors were temperature and relative humidity (RH). The optimum RH for in vitro interspecific fertilization was 65%, and a suitable temperature range was 26–30°C. Pollen grain germination ratio decreased rapidly at a RH of 80%. When the temperature and the RH were higher than 32°C and 80%, respectively, the fertilization rate decreased to zero.Effects of petals and calyces of the maternal flowers on in vitro interspecific fertilization and ovule growth were identified. Even though the petals or calyces were excised, hybrid plantlets were also obtained after media were improved and a shake culture was used. In addition, the process of double-fertilization and embryo development were studied cytologically. The developmental characteristics of the hybrid embryos derived from in vitro interspecific fertilization were a later occurrence of the double-fertilization process and a much lesser division of endosperm cells. But the embryo development was not affected by these characteristics, and young hybrid embryos can develop to their cotyledon stage finally on artificial media. 相似文献
14.
15.
The hybridization barriers of interspecific lupin crosses were determined by histological investigations. The cross Lupinus hartwegii×L. mutabilis (both of American origin) revealed embryos in the cotyledonary stage as well as cellular endosperm. In the reciprocal combination, L. mutabilis×L. harwegii, embryo development stopped at the end of the globular stage, and simultaneously the coenocytic endosperm did no differentiate into the cellular state. In the combination L. luteus (European origin) ×L. hartwegii, embryo as well as endosperm development were initiated. Embryo development ended at any early globular stage. Twelve days after pollination the coenocytic endosperm had almost degenerated. With L. hartwegii as the female, no pollen germination could be observed. 相似文献
16.
Summary Fertilization and early seed development was studied in the variety Chinese Spring of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) after pollination with rye (Secale cereale L.) and selfing, and in the common wheat variety Hope after selfing. In all three combinations the first pollen tube reached the micropyle in about 40 min after pollination. When pollinated with rye the migration of the sperm nuclei to the egg cell and the polar nuclei was delayed by about an hour. In the subsequent development until 72 hours after pollination the average cellular and nuclear doubling times of embryo and endosperm were about 16 and 8 hours for the interspecific combination. 18 and 9 hours for Chinese Spring selfed and 20 and 12 hours for Hope selfed. 相似文献
17.
中国石蒜花粉活力测定研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了解中国石蒜的花粉活力及其最佳体外萌发条件,分别采用TTC染色法和离体萌发法对中国石蒜的新鲜花粉的活力进行了测定。pH 7.0,5%TTC在35℃条件下染色结果显示99%的中国石蒜花粉具有活力。对影响中国石蒜花粉萌发和花粉管伸长的3个因素（蔗糖、硼酸和氯化钙）进行单因素实验,发现三者的最适浓度分别为蔗糖150 g/L、硼酸60 mg/L、氯化钙50 mg/L。3种浓度的培养液中,中国石蒜的花粉萌发率分别为36.7%、77.6%和44.2%。在中国石蒜花粉萌发最适蔗糖浓度(150 g/L)的基础上,正交设计硼酸和氯化钙浓度,实验结果表明,其最适浓度与单因素实验相同,但花粉萌发率达87%,花粉管伸长量达897 μm,远远高于单因素实验的结果,表明三者协同作用,促进中国石蒜花粉的萌发和花粉管的伸长。上述实验证实中国石蒜花粉具有较高的活力。为中国石蒜与其他石蒜属植物的种间杂交可行性提供了实验依据。 相似文献
18.
用物种专化DNA重复序列作分子标记检测导入小麦的大赖草染色质 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
ｐＬｒ ＮＡＵ３４４，ｐＬｒ ＮＡＵ４２６和ｐＬｒＮＡＵ６４７是我们新近从大赖草中克隆到的３个特种专化ＤＮＡ重复序列。它们都大量存在于赖草属，而小麦中却很少。Ｓｕｏｔｈｅｒｎ杂交证明，ｐＬｒＮＡＵ４２６和ｐＬｒＮＡＵ６４７对导入小麦的８条不同的大草染色体（其中３条携带有小平麦赤霉病抗性基因）和两条染色体臂部都有检测效果，据此可用其作为赖草属染色质的分子标记进一步研究和利用。 相似文献
19.
小麦BNS雄性不育系及其转换系花药差异蛋白鉴定与分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
BNS是一个新发现的温敏核型小麦雄性不育系, 它有良好的不育性和转换性, 被认为在小麦杂种优势利用上有重要价值。为探讨BNS的不育机制, 以不育系及其转换系的单核早期、单核晚期到二核期花药为材料, 用2-DE和MALDI-TOF-MS方法分离鉴定2个系的差异蛋白。结果发现, 在转换系中, ATP合酶α和β亚基、胞质苹果酸脱氢酶、线粒体醛脱氢酶亚基、Rubisco亚基等呼吸、光合能量代谢蛋白表达丰富, 但在不育系中这些蛋白缺失或下调。在不育系中还分离出山梨醇脱氢酶、组蛋白H2B.2、Harpin诱导子1、延伸因子TU等非小麦正常代谢蛋白。根据这些差异蛋白的功能, 推测ATP合酶α、β亚基蛋白最可能是BNS不育的源头蛋白, 它的表达可能受其上游的温度感应子调控。BNS的温度感应子隐性突变后转录启动温度阈值上调, 在较低温下, α、β亚基基因不表达或表达量小, 导致ATP合酶数量减少, 继而影响ATP合成。ATP数量减少, 使小孢子ATP供应短缺, 进一步影响到小孢子的发育, 使代谢异常, 花粉败育。 相似文献