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This paper presents a macro–micro analysis of the impact of policy reforms in China on agricultural production, input use and soil quality change for a major rice-producing area, namely Jiangxi province. This is done in three steps. First, a quantitative assessment is made of the impact of market liberalization policies on the economic environment of farm households in Jiangxi province. Econometric analyses based on provincial, national and world market data are used to explain changes in rice and fertilizer prices in Jiangxi province over time. Next, the impact of China’s recent income support policy and latest price trends on farm household choices with respect to activity choice (particularly rice and livestock) and input use (fertilizers, pesticides, manure) is assessed for two villages with different degrees of market access in north-east Jiangxi province. Two village-level general equilibrium models are used to analyse household decision-making and interactions between households within these villages. The parameters are estimated and calibrated from an extensive survey held in these villages in the year 2000. Finally, the impact of land tenure policy on farm management decisions (labour, manure and chemical input use), soil quality (available P and K and total N and C) and rice yields is analysed through an econometric analysis of plot-level data for three villages. Two-stage least squares (2SLS) is used to control for interactions with yields and for feedbacks towards input use. The paper ends with a number of suggestions for policy adjustments that would reduce the problem of natural soil compaction in the research area. 相似文献
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农业机械化水平的提高受到诸多因素的影响和制约。将影响农机化水平的主要因素归纳为农民人均纯收入、政府对农机事业的支持程度、农民平均受教育程度、农民人均耕地及农机总动力等5个方面。采用灰色关联分析方法,分析了这5个因素对农业机械化水平影响的相对强弱程度。结果表明,对农业机械化水平影响强弱的次序为农民平均受教育程度、农民人均耕地、农机总动力、农民人均纯收入及政府对农机事业的支持程度。对上述结果进行了分析和讨论,特别指出的是在发展农业机械化过程中,应该重视通过培训提高农民的农机化专门知识,通过政策实现农业的规模化经营。 相似文献
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赵春江 《智慧农业(中英文)》2019,1(1):1-7
随着现代信息技术在农业领域的广泛应用,以智慧农业为表现形态的农业智能革命已经到来。智慧农业是农业信息化发展从数字化到网络化再到智能化的高级阶段,对农业发展具有里程碑意义,已成为世界现代农业发展的趋势。分析了日本、欧盟、英国、加拿大、美国等国家和地区政府针对智慧农业发展相继出台的政策、措施和发展规划,并分析了中国农业1.0到4.0的发展历程和近年来智慧农业的发展现状。围绕发展过程中存在的各种问题和需求,阐述了突破智慧农业核心技术、实现农业“机器替代人力”、“电脑替代人脑”、“自主技术替代进口”的三大转变,提高农业生产智能化和经营网络化水平,加快信息化服务普及,降低应用成本,为农民提供用得上、用得起、用得好的个性化精准信息服务,大幅度提高农业生产效率、效能、效益,引领现代农业发展的战略目标。最后并提出了8个重点任务建议和推动智慧农业发展的5项政策建议。 相似文献
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中国农业机械化现状与发展模式研究 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
通过农作物耕种收综合化水平、主要农作物全程机械化水平、作业各环节机械化水平及各省农作物耕种收综合机械化水平等方面分析我国农业机械化发展现状,指出制度体系不完善、农业机械保有量总体较低、农业机械技术质量与科研水平落后、土地资源集约化水平偏低及农业劳动人员作业素质偏低等问题是制约我国农业机械化发展的主要因素。研究基于政策、农民、土地、机械相协调的新型发展模式,指出土地适度集约化将是农业发展的趋势,新型职业农民的培育是农业机械化的根本,先进农业机械的研发是关键,而政策的引导将是发展农业机械化的重要推手。详细分析了政策支持、农民职业化、土地适度集约、农业机械技术提高等各要素的具体要求,并提出建设性意见。 相似文献
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Modeling the impact of global change on regional agricultural land use through an activity-based non-linear programming approach 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Martin Henseler Alexander Wirsig Sylvia Herrmann Tatjana Krimly Stephan Dabbert 《Agricultural Systems》2009,100(1-3):31-42
Assessing the impact of climate change on agriculture is a new challenge for quantitative model-based policy analysis. The impact of climate change will vary strongly across regions depending on pre-existing climatic, agronomic, and political conditions. Most of the present modeling approaches, which aim to analyze the impact of global change on agriculture, deliver aggregated results both with regard to content and spatial resolution. To deliver results with a higher spatial resolution and to produce a more detailed picture of agricultural production, the county-based agro-economic model known as ACRE-Danube was developed. The German and Austrian part of the Upper Danube basin, a study area with great diversity in agricultural landscapes and climatic conditions, was chosen for study. For the analysis, two scenarios of climatic and socio-economic change were derived. The first and more economically and globally oriented scenario, termed “Full Liberalization,” included significant temperature increases. The second and more environmentally and regionally oriented “Full Protection” scenario included a moderate temperature increase. Both scenarios produce different results regarding agricultural income and land use. While the developments in the Full Protection scenario are small, the Full Liberalization scenario yields extreme regional changes in agricultural income, an increase in cereal production and extensive grassland farming. 相似文献
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Dang K. Nhan Le T. Phong Marc J.C. Verdegem Le T. Duong Roel H. Bosma David C. Little 《Agricultural Systems》2007
Promotion of integrated aquaculture with agriculture, including crops and livestock (IAA-farming), requires consideration of both bio-physical and socio-economic contexts. The major factors influencing the adoption of IAA-farming by households at three sites in the Mekong delta were identified. Special attention was given to the multiple roles ponds play in IAA-farming systems. Information was collected through semi-structured interviews and discussions with focus groups and key individuals. Data were analyzed using multivariate factor analysis, analysis of variance or participatory ranking methods. Three major IAA-systems were identified: (1) low-input fish farming integrated with intensive fruit production (system 1), (2) medium-input fish farming integrated with less intensive fruit production (system 2), and (3) high-input fish farming integrated with less intensive fruit production (system 3). System 1 was commonly practised in a rural fruit-dominated area with fertile soils, while systems 2 and 3 were more evident in peri-urban rice-dominated areas with less fertile soils. In the study area, only 6% of poor farmers adopted IAA-farming, while this was 42% for intermediate and 60% for rich households. Richer farmers tended to intensify fish farming and seek a more commercial orientation. The major factors why farmers did not start aquaculture were the inappropriateness of technology, insufficient land holding or poor access to extension services, limited farm management, and through a fear of conflicts associated with pesticide use on crops. The main motivations for practising IAA-farming included increased income and food for home consumption from the available farm resources while reducing environmental impacts. Further improvements to IAA-systems can be realized by strengthening nutrient recycling between different IAA-system components while enhancing farming output and safeguarding the environment. 相似文献
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《Agricultural Systems》1999,59(2):193-214
Past explanations of why rural people respond as they do to external development interventions have emphasized the role of key limiting factors or critical characteristics (wealth, education, land tenure, etc.) which are thought to influence peoples' behavior in predictable ways. Efforts to promote tree planting and soil conservation in eight neighboring villages in the Philippines revealed that variation in participation did not reflect clear patterns based on existing household or village characteristics. Instead, specific responses to interventions reflected a complex, but interpretable interaction between existing socio-economic factors and historic trends or events. Characteristics like the degree of local knowledge, security of land tenure and community cohesion affected peoples' participation, in general, but their specific influence was neither predictable nor consistent between, and even within, individual villages. An appreciation of the specific historic context was often sufficient to explain these variations. The following historic trends and events were found to have important consequences for peoples' participation: migration and settlement history; family and group lineages; history of socio-political organization and conflict; history of physical isolation; labor history; economic–ecological history; environmental history; and past exposure to development agents. The paper concludes with a preliminary checklist of questions intended to assist researchers and development agents to discover relevant and interesting historical information about rural villages. 相似文献
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Pathways to breaking the poverty trap in Ethiopia: Investments in agricultural water, education, and markets 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Munir A. Hanjra Tadele Ferede Debel Gemechu Gutta 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(11):1596-1604
Investments in agricultural water management should complement or strengthen the livelihood and coping systems of the rural poor, and should thus be instrumental for breaking the poverty trap in Ethiopia. Underdeveloped water resources constrain progress towards poverty reduction. We examine linkages and complementarities between agricultural water, education, markets and rural poverty through an empirical study using household level data from selected villages in southern Ethiopia. We show that investments in irrigation can contribute to poverty reduction, but the poverty reducing impacts of irrigation water are greater when human capital and rural markets are well developed. The size of landholding, access to irrigation water, on-farm land and water conservation practices, literacy of the household head, and years of education of adults are all significant determinants of household welfare, and thus potential pathways for reducing poverty. Expansion of cultivated land, particularly irrigated land, universal literacy, and an extra school year for adults all reduce poverty, but reductions in poverty are greater when irrigation is combined with universal literacy. These findings call for simultaneous investments in agricultural water, education, markets and related policy support measures for reducing poverty in smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia. 相似文献
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在社会主义新农村建设的过程中,集约用地正成为重要的主题.为此,结合湖北省长阳土家族自治县农用地实际情况,从产出投入角度详细分析了湖北省长阳土家族自治县农用地集约利用的情况,最后依据所建立的灰色模型对其以后的发展做出了预测. 相似文献
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我国农业机械化的发展呈现出区域发展不平衡的态势,丘陵山区的农业机械化程度远远低于全国平均水平,已成为我国农业机械化发展亟需解决的问题和重点突破的瓶颈。为此,以丘陵山区地形典型的重庆为主要分析对象,阐述了重庆创新性地积极探索丘陵山区农业机械化的发展的方法。近年来,重庆坚持农机推广、农机工业发展、特色主导农产品与特殊农机结合和分区域因地制宜发展等方式,采取因地制宜、分类发展、重点突破的手段,为丘陵山区农业机械化的发展积累并提供了可供借鉴的经验。 相似文献
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从自然环境、农业生产条件、社会经济发展和工作基础等方面对浙江省丘陵山区农业机械化发展水平不高的主要原因进行了分析,在此基础上,提出了加快浙江省丘陵山区农业机械化发展的措施与建议。 相似文献
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The Office de la Haute Vallée du Fleuve Niger (OHVN) zone in southern Mali is a small but important agricultural production region. Against a background of environmental degradation including decades of declining rainfall, soil erosion, and human pressure on forest resources, numerous farming communities stand out through the use of improved soil and water management practices that have improved agricultural and environmental conditions. Field surveys conducted in 1998–2001 indicated that environmental and agricultural conditions have improved in the past decade. In an effort to better quantify environmental trends, we conducted a study using medium- and high-resolution remotely sensed images from 1965 to 2001 in order to analyze land use and land cover trends in 21 village territories. The trends show clear indications of agricultural intensification and diversification among villages that have received assistance from the OHVN agricultural development agency. Some communities have improved environmental conditions by protecting their forest resources through community management actions. Four decades of remotely sensed images played a practical role in tracking and quantifying environmental and agricultural conditions over time. 相似文献
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规划引导下利津县村庄分类与整治策略 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
科学开展村庄分类及其整治策略研究是分区分类推进乡村振兴的基础和关键。以山东省利津县为研究区,基于规划约束和村庄自身资源禀赋提出了一套先分区、后分类的顺序递进式村庄类型划分方法体系。首先,依据规划引导和特色资源禀赋将村庄划分为城镇化区、特色历史文化区和一般农村地区;然后,构建村庄空间布局适宜性评价体系,利用Ward系统聚类法对一般农村地区的村庄开展具体类型划分;最后,结合村庄演化方向和资源禀赋、区位特点、社会经济状况,针对城镇化区、特色历史文化区和一般农村地区内的村庄分类结果提出不同的演化分类和整治策略。结果表明:先分区、后分类的顺序递进式划定思路有效落实了城镇开发边界和历史文化保护专项规划对不同演化方向的村庄的空间管控要求;利用Ward系统聚类法进行类型划分,能最大程度体现类型区的区内相似性和区间差异性,分类结果更加科学合理;利津县村庄可划分为城乡融合型(107个)、特色保护型(6个)、集聚发展型(21个)、存续提升型(180个)和搬迁撤并型(198个) 5类,根据村庄类型特征分别提出了不同演化方向下村庄的整治策略和发展建议。本研究成果可为区域乡村振兴战略实施、美丽乡村建设和农村人居环境改善提供理论和方法指导。 相似文献
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Louis F. Kortenhorst Pieter N. G. van Steekelenburg Leendert H. Sprey 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1989,3(1):13-45
Although many different definitions of irrigation are being used, the need for this way of agricultural intensification is rapidly increasing as the population dependent on agriculture has in many countries largely surpassed the carrying capacity of rainfed systems. However, unfortunately many donor-sponsored irrigation projects in Africa disappoint because they are generally conceived with a too short time perspective and they suffer from a series of negative characteristics. Generally there is insufficient farmer involvement in all phases of the projects, which are formulated in isolation from existing farming systems, are capital-intensive and require high-input levels (from elsewhere), focus on the hardware, neglect agricultural production and institutional weaknesses, and cannot put up the money needed to be run. Therefore, sustainability should be the main point of orientation. Important steps towards it consist in choosing activities and forms of irrigation that fit well in the farming systems, are attractive to farmers, and can be run to a very large extent by themselves without external assistance. Marketing and production support services should be included in analysis and programmes of assistance, together with institutional strengthening and adequate land tenure arrangements. Governments' involvement in operation and management can often be reduced, and the same goes for the role of the irrigation organisations. Donor involvement should be more flexible, have a longer time-perspective, be less guided by expected economic rates of return and concentrate more on how to ensure increased sustainability of irrigation projects for both the country and the farmers. 相似文献
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习水县是典型的山区农业大县,发展山地农业机械化对全县经济发展和社会稳定具有重要支撑作用。由于地形复杂、土地破碎,山地占全县耕地面积的85%,非常适合发展山地农机。因山地、经济条件、机耕道缺乏等条件的制约,我县农业机械化的发展依然较慢,农业装备水平差,跟不上时代发展的步伐。 相似文献