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1.
生长抑素(Somatostatin,简称SS)是结构和功能多样的肽激素家族。它的生理作用是通过结合G蛋白介导偶联的跨膜生长抑素受体(SSTR)来完成的。SS和SSTR在鱼的组织(如肾脏、甲状腺、肾上腺、胃肠道和大脑等)中广泛存在并相互作用来调节许多生理过程。通过研究其生长变化,了解它们在生长调节中的作用。SS对生物体生长的影响在生长激素(GH)-胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)系统的上起作用。旨在叙述鱼类中的生长抑素及其在鱼类生长代谢中的作用,为今后鱼类生长相关实验的提供参考。 相似文献
2.
采用RACE和荧光定量PCR技术克隆牙鲆生长抑素(SS)基因cDNA序列并且分析了其在仔鱼期的表达规律,同时通过免疫细胞化学染色,对牙鲆胃肠道和脑垂体等器官的生长抑素分泌细胞进行定位。最终获取包含完整编码区的牙鲆SS基因cDNA序列,其编码区长为381 bp,推测编码的蛋白质为126个氨基酸,其前23个氨基酸为信号肽,分子量为14.3 ku,理论等电点为8.33。牙鲆仔鱼不同发育时期的SS基因表达量比较结果表明,出膜后仔鱼体内SS基因表达不断增加,到变态发育期变化不大,变态后期又开始显著增加。免疫组织化学染色结果表明,SS细胞存在于胃、胰腺和脑垂体中。在胃中,生长抑素分泌细胞主要分布于胃上皮层;在胰腺中,生长抑素分泌细胞零散地分布,血管周围较多;在脑垂体中细胞密度高,集中在腺垂体的周边区域。 相似文献
3.
生长抑素是一个多基因、多功能的家族。通过其受体的介导参与机体的生长、发育、代谢、生殖以及免疫等生理过程。本文简要概括鱼类生长抑素及其受体的研究进展,重点对生长抑素调控垂体生长激素分泌的信号转导机制进行概括讨论,旨在加深对鱼类生长抑素作用机制的认识和了解。迄今,在鱼类中已经鉴定出六种生长抑素基因和四种生长抑素受体。由于存在多种生长抑素基因以及不同的加工过程,一种鱼可能产生多种形式的生长抑素多肽。鱼类进化过程中存在基因组复制,导致一种受体又有多种亚型。鱼类生长抑素调控垂体生长激素分泌的作用机制主要源自金鱼中的研究,结果表明cAMP通路、钙离子通道以及PKC通路可能参与了金鱼生长抑素抑制垂体生长激素分泌的过程。生长抑素调控垂体生长激素分泌的作用机制是一个复杂的网络结构,多种信号通路参与其中;不同的物种间其作用机制不尽相同。鱼类生长抑素基因、受体及其调控垂体生长激素分泌的作用机制仍有待进一步研究。 相似文献
4.
采用链霉亲合素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物(SABC)免疫细胞化学染色技术,利用兔抗哺乳动物生长抑素血清对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)消化道(包括食道、胃、幽门垂、肠道全长及肛门)、肝胰脏、肾脏、脾脏以及生殖腺等器官的生长抑素(SS)分泌细胞进行定位和鉴别。结果表明,生长抑素分泌细胞仅存在于胃和胰岛中,其他检测部位均未见分布。在胃中,生长抑素分泌细胞主要散在分布于胃黏膜上皮、胃小凹底部上皮和胃腺的颈部周围。在胃的不同部位,生长抑素分泌细胞的分布密度存有差异,以胃体部数量最多,贲门部次之,幽门部最少。参照消化道内分泌细胞与胃肠腔或腺腔有无直接联系,以及基部有无胞质突起的分类方法,将SS分泌细胞分为4种不同的类型,这4种类型的SS分泌细胞在胃中均有出现,且不同部位出现的几率不同。其中,贲门部以第Ⅲ、Ⅰ型居多;胃体部以第Ⅳ、Ⅰ型细胞为主;幽门部仅有第Ⅰ、Ⅱ型细胞。提示,牙鲆的胃是一个复杂的内分泌器官。在胰脏中,生长抑素分泌细胞零散地分布于胰岛细胞之间,数量很少。 相似文献
5.
生长抑素受体及其组织表达的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
生长抑素受体是一类通过介导生长抑素,具有多种生物学效应的家族。生长抑素受体家族成员基因都已被克隆,分别位于不同的染色体上。它们的氨基酸序列、分子量、特征性结构也被确定。生长抑素受体在脑和外周器官广泛表达,且有重叠性。表达的特征是具有种属特异性、组织特异性、亚型特异性。此外,生长抑素受体在单核和淋巴细胞上也有表达。肿瘤细胞表达生长抑素受体时也表现出亚型特异性。对生长抑素受体的结构及其组织表达的深入研究可以更好的将之应用于动物的促生长及肿瘤的治疗上。 相似文献
6.
1 生长抑素的发现
生长抑素的发现是脑肠肽激素领域中的一项重要成就.
1969年,Krulich等在研究大鼠下丘脑生长激素释放因子
(GRF)时发现,下丘脑提取物中含有生长激素释放和抑制两种
成分,并设想生长激素释放抑制因子(SRIF)的存在.1972年,
Brazau等在用半下丘脑精制黄体生成素释放激素(LRF)的过
程中,意外地发现了一种能抑制生长激素(GH)分泌的多肽,经
分离、提纯和鉴定,确定其化学结构为一环状十四肽,并命名
为生长抑素(Somatostatin,SS).
2 生长抑素对垂体激素的作用
Leona等用大鼠垂体细胞体外培养的试验结果表明,生
长抑素对生长激素的基础分泌以及GRF、cAMP诱发的分泌
均有抑制作用.以狗为实验动物,静脉注射生长抑素抗血清,
免疫中和生长抑素后,血浆生长激素水平迅速升高.Kraicer
等的体外实验表明,随着生长抑素浓度降低,生长激素释放出
现峰值,而其峰值的大小,则与GRF的浓度有正相关.Pascal
等对猪进行主动免疫生长抑素,然后静脉注射GRF,结果表
明,血浆生长激素受生长抑素和GRF的双重控制.生长抑素
和GRF控制着生长激素生长调节素轴,构成动物神经内分泌
调节动物生长的中心环节. 相似文献
7.
肾上腺髓质素是近年来研究较多的一种生物活性肽,具有舒张血管、利钠、利尿等多种生物活性。肾上腺髓质素广泛分布于心血管、肾脏、内分泌、呼吸等系统,以自分泌、旁分泌或内分泌形式参与这些系统的生理调节和多种疾病的病理生理过程,在高血压的发生发展中起着重要的作用。 相似文献
8.
采用免疫细胞化学ABC方法,选择5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)、生长抑素(somatostatin,SS)、胰多肽(pancreatic polypeptide,PP)、胃泌素(gastrin,GAS)和P物质(substance P,SP)6种特异性哺乳类胃肠激素抗血清,对不同年龄段(1龄、2龄和3龄)细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)的消化道内分泌细胞进行了免疫细胞化学定位研究.结果表明,仅在食管、胃贲门、胃体和胃幽门检出有5-HT、SS和PP阳性细胞的分布(除1龄鱼食道),且这3种内分泌细胞均大量定位于胃部;在前肠、中肠、后肠和直肠中均未检测到这3种内分泌细胞的阳性反应.在3个年龄段的细鳞鲑胃肠各部位均未检测到GAS、GLU和SP阳性细胞.细鳞鲑的5-HT、SS和PP与其他有胃鱼类的内分泌细胞一样,可分为2种类型,即开放型和闭合型,这类细胞主要通过腔分泌和旁分泌两种方式释放激素.5-HT、SS和PP这3种细胞在1龄幼鱼消化道内就已经发育成熟,其对胃肠道活动的调节作用已经与成鱼没有差别,细胞的分布密度随着细鳞鲑的年龄增长不断增加.本研究揭示了不同生长阶段细鳞鲑消化道中这6种胃肠激素内分泌细胞的发育特征,并阐明了这些胃肠激素细胞在细鳞鲑幼鱼消化道的分布、形态以及生理作用. 相似文献
9.
生长抑素具有抑制脑垂体GH释放的作用，是调控鱼类生长的主要激素之一。本研究采用RT和RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA ends)法，分离和测定了团头鲂脑中生长抑素PSSI cDNA的全长核苷酸序列，并对该基因进行了结构和系统进化分析。3’RACE扩增得到700bp左右的片段，5’RACE分离得到500bp左右的片段，把3’片段与5’片段拼接得到全长cDNA。cDNA全长735bp[不含poly(A)]，5’端非翻译区有100nt。3’端290bp[不包含poly(A)]，阅读框(open reading frame，ORF)345bp。该序列与金鱼PSSI cDNA序列同源性为90％，主要差异在5’端非翻译区。团头鲂生长抑素mRNA阅读框编码114个氨基酸，包括一些酶切位点，产生26个氨基酸的大分子态生长抑素，进一步加工成与人等结构相似的14个氨基酸的生长抑素；团头鲂生长抑素前体氨基酸序列与金鱼、虹鳟、鲶鱼、鲅鱇、蛙、牛、鼠、鸡、猴、人等的比较发现，它与金鱼的同源性最高达95％，与鮟鱇最低50％，与人68％。这说明生长抑素基因在长期的进化中相当保守，同时，也因为鱼类生活环境多样导致基因变异较大。 相似文献
10.
采用组织学和电镜的方法,对皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai Ino)的眼部组织进行了光镜和电镜观察,以期为进一步从分子生物学角度解析鲍对光照的生理响应机制提供组织学与细胞学基础。结果发现,眼部组织由外至内依次为视网膜色素上皮细胞层、外核层、光感受器内节、内核层、黑色素颗粒沉积层、视觉纤维层。组织表面布满乳头状突起,每一乳状突起的顶端均具有一簇或两簇纤毛环。疏松结缔组织和平滑肌纤维等是组织内的主要成分,结缔组织间分布的胶原纤维等对保持细胞的弹性和韧性具有重要的作用。研究结果显示了鲍的眼部组织在感受和辨识外界光环境因子中的重要作用,也为鲍养殖生产中的光环境因子优化和调控、深入探讨鲍对光照的生理应答机制提供了形态学依据。 相似文献
11.
Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean 
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下载免费PDF全文 The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna. 相似文献
12.
Liping Li Rui Wang Wanwen Liang Xi Gan Ting Huang Yan Huang Jian Li Yunliang Shi Honglin Luo Ming Chen 《广西水产科技》2014,(1)
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China. 相似文献
13.
14.
In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg. 相似文献
15.
Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Florence Le Gac Odile Blaise Alex Fostier Pierre-Yves Le Bail Maurice Loir Brigitte Mourot Claudine Weil 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1993,11(1-6):219-232
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations. 相似文献
16.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation. 相似文献
17.
Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 G Sharon M Pimenta‐Leibowitz M C L Vilchis N Isakov D Zilberg 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(1):67-74
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality). 相似文献
18.
The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg–1 fish·h–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g–1·ml–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min–1·g–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min–1·g–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated. 相似文献
19.
Sandra García‐Garrido Ismael Hachero‐Cruzado Carlos Rosas Pedro Domingues 《Aquaculture Research》2013,44(11):1741-1751
Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting. 相似文献
20.
There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future. 相似文献