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1.
Mass production of fast‐growing, all‐female muskellunge Esox rnasquinongy by gynogenesis requires optimized techniques of preventing second polar body extrusion. Heat, cold, and pressure shocks were evaluated for their efficiency of doubling the maternal genome. Muskellunge eggs (20–40 g) were activated with 1 mL ultraviolet (UV)‐irradiated (1,248 J/ m2) heterologous sperm of yellow perch Perca flavescens. Survival and ploidy (by flow cytometry) were determined during the eyed‐stage. Cold shocks of 1.3 × 1 C were applied at 5 or 20 min after gamete activation with water (time of initiation, TI) for a duration of 150 min and pressure shocks of 48,263 or 55,158 kPa (7,000 or 8,000 psi, respectively) at a TI of 4 rnin for 12 min. These shock treatments resulted in 43.7–95.0% diploid gynogens with corresponding yield of diploid gynogen (percent diploid gynogens × total percent survival) of 2.6–11.I%. Cold shocks applied at TI of 5 or 20 min after activation resulted in statistically similar percent survival, percent diploid gynogens, and yield of diploid gynogens. Heat shocks of 31 × 0.1C applied at a TI of 5 to 15 min for a duration of 5 min resulted in 4.8–21.1% diploid gynogens with yields of 0.1–0.4%. Cold and pressure shocks have better potential than heat shock for preventing the second polar body extrusion. Muskellunge eggs activated with UV‐irradiated yellow perch sperm, but not exposed to shock, resulted in 100% haploids with survival of 2.3–5.8%. No viable embryos were produced from the hybrid cross between muskellunge and yellow perch, thus, all diploids produced after the shock treatments were unambiguous meiotic gynogens. Muskellunge eggs fertilized with fresh muskellunge sperm (controls) showed 60.4–64.0% survival to the eyedstage and 100% diploidy. Considering that the sex‐determining mechanism in muskellunge follows the WZ female, ZZ male system, future efforts should be directed to test the efficiency of cold and pressure shocks for mass‐producing gynogenetic super female (WW) muskellunge.  相似文献   

2.
Gynogenesis was induced using heterologous sperms in large-scale loach, Paramisgurnus dabryanus (Sauvage), in which a ZW/ZZ sex determination was previously proposed. Three microsatellite loci were used to monitor exclusive maternal inheritance of gynogenetic progenies. The results showed that high percentages of meiogynogens were produced at 4 min post-fertilization and mitogynogens were produced at 18 min post-fertilization by heat shocks, while meiotic gynogenesis was induced by cold shocks within a wide period and high heterozygosity was even observed in gynogens produced at 24 min post-fertilization. The sex ratios of the F1 progenies in three gynogenetic families were significantly deviated from 1:1 expectation with a female bias in two families and a male bias in one family (P < 0.05), and the other four gynogenetic families showed approximate 1:1 sex ratios. Moreover, the self-mating between gynogenetic F1 progenies and mating between gynogenetic F1 progenies and normal individuals produced all-female progenies or identical proportions of females and males. The data of sex ratios generally confirmed that the sex determination in large-scale loach was determined by the putative ZW/ZZ system, and the possible reasons causing the biased sex ratios are discussed.  相似文献   

3.
The mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi is a historically important aquaculture species in China and exhibits sexually dimorphic growth. However, sex determination of this fish remains unclear so far. In this study, we induced meiotic gynogenesis in S. chuatsi using irradiated heterologous sperm from spotted mandarin fish (Siniperca scherzeri) to uncover its mechanism of sex determination. Up to 7.52% diploid progeny were obtained among three gynogenetic families in this study. Molecular analysis of female and male donors and sampled young gynogens by seven microsatellite loci further confirmed no genetic contributions from the ‘father’ S. scherzeri. After 8 months of culture, external morphology of adult fish showed that all gynogens were cloned from their mothers. Gonads of the gynogenetic progeny were examined by histological observations and the sexing results showed that they were almost 100% females, strongly supporting an assumption of female homogamety in mandarin fish. By this study, we obtained pure lines of S. chuatsi and elucidated its genetic mechanism of sex determination, providing a basis for possible sex control breeding in this species.  相似文献   

4.
Genetic variation was comparatively analyzed between the artificially induced diploid gynogen population from F10 allotetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp (♀) (Carassius auratus red var., 2n=100)×common carp (♂) (Cyprinus carpio L., 2n=100) and the normal F10 allotetraploid hybrid population used as the control, using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay and microsatellite analysis. The specific 600-bp fragment for diploid gynogen population was detected by S45 and the specific 900-bp fragment for allotetraploid F10 hybrid population was detected by S134. The results from RAPD assay and microsatellite analysis were in agreement with each other, that is to say, the diploid gynogens presented lower level of polymorphism than allotetraploid F10 hybrids. Furthermore, as expected, microsatellite analysis revealed more detailed information on genetic diversity than RAPD assay. The mean percentage of polymorphic loci (12.71%) and Shannon's index of phenotypic diversity (0.25) from RAPD data for diploid gynogen population were significantly lower than those (30.69% and 0.63, respectively) for F10 allotetraploid hybrid population. The mean number of alleles per microsatellite locus (1.73) in diploid gynogen population was considerably lower than that (2.55) in F10 allotetraploid hybrid population. The average observed (0.36) and expected heterozygosity (0.26) in diploid gynogen population were lower than those (0.58 and 0.40, respectively) in F10 allotetraploid hybrid population, indicating that the diploid gynogens presented lower genetic diversity than the allotetraploids. In addition, the mean effective number of alleles at 11 microsatellite loci (1.60) in diploid gynogen population was lower than that (1.88) in F10 allotetraploid hybrid population. The significant differences between two populations in the average observed and expected heterozygosity, mean number of alleles and effective number of alleles, suggested that the effect of gynogenesis resulted in rather higher genetic homogeneity in diploid gynogens. The comparative RAPD analysis of diploid gynogens and their parents was performed with 34 primers. The identical RAPD pattern was detected between diploid gynogens and their female parent, however, some clear specific RAPD bands were detected between diploid gynogens and their male parents, but not detected in their female parent. The result indicated that heterologous genetic material had incorporated into diploid gynogenetic fish (G1).  相似文献   

5.
Freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) culture in the Western Hemisphere is primarily, if not entirely, derived from 36 individual prawns originally introduced to Hawaii from Malaysia in 1965 and 1966. Little information is available regarding genetic variation within and among cultured prawn stocks worldwide. The goal of the current study was to characterize genetic diversity in various prawn populations with emphasis on those cultured in North America. Five microsatellite loci were screened to estimate genetic diversity in two wild (Myanmar and India‐wild) and seven cultured (Hawaii‐1, Hawaii‐2, India‐cultured, Israel, Kentucky, Mississippi and Texas) populations. Average allelic richness ranged from 3.96 (Israel) to 20.45 (Myanmar). Average expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.580 (Israel) to 0.935 (Myanmar). Many of the cultured populations exhibited reduced genetic diversity when compared with the Myanmar and the India‐cultured populations. Significant deficiency in heterozygotes was detected in the India‐cultured, Mississippi and Kentucky populations (overall Fis estimated of 0.053, 0.067 and 0.108 respectively) reflecting moderate levels of inbreeding. Overall estimate of fixation index (Fst = 0.1569) revealed moderately high levels of differentiation among the populations. Outcome of this study provide a baseline assessment of genetic diversity in some available strains that will be useful for the development of breeding programmes.  相似文献   

6.
牙鲆连续两代减数分裂雌核发育家系的遗传特征   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2  
对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)减数分裂雌核发育二倍体(Meio-G1)再次诱导减数分裂雌核发育,获得连续两代雌核发育二倍体家系(Meio-G2),以Meio-G1亲本与1尾普通牙鲆雄鱼人工授精获得的家系作为对照组(control)。利用15个微卫星标记对3个家系进行遗传特征分析。结果显示,15个微卫星位点在Meio-G1、Meio-G2和对照组3个家系中,分别扩增到30、28、50个等位基因,平均等位基因数为2.0、1.9、3.3,平均观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.875 3、0.774 2、0.908 3,平均纯合度分别为0.124 7、0.221 5、0.091 7。3个家系个体间的平均遗传相似系数分别为0.891 7、0.923 8、0.520 2,亲代与子代之间的平均相似系数分别为0.916 6、0.930 4、0.560 3。高重组率的Poli9-8tuf、Poli18tuf、Poli107tuf 3个位点在Meio-G1和Meio-G2中观测杂合度均为1.0,低重组率的Poli33tuf、Poli24MHFS两个位点在Meio-G1和Meio-G2中均全部纯合,观测杂合度为0。结果表明,Meio-G2的纯合度、个体间平均相似系数以及亲子之间的平均相似度均略高于Meio-G1,显著高于对照组家系,证明连续两代诱导减数分裂雌核发育,能提高鱼类纯合度和遗传相似度,具有固定母本遗传性状的作用。  相似文献   

7.
The Japanese ornamental (koi) carp is a popular decorative fish all over the world. In koi, clones have not yet been obtained, although production of fish with identical colour patterns could be of commercial interest. Mitotic gynogenetic progenies are essential for subsequent production of clones in fish. However, resulting late‐shocked progenies may be contaminated with meiotic gynogens from spontaneous suppression of the second meiotic division in eggs. In this study, microsatellite DNA markers were used to confirm mitotic gynogenetic origin of obtained late‐shocked progenies. Recombination rate (y) and mapping distance relative to centromere (M‐C) of 10 microsatellite loci were determined based on percentage of heterozygotes in meiotic gynogenetic progenies. The range of y varied from 0.01 to 0.96 and the M‐C map ranged from 0.5 to 48 cM. The mean value of y over the 10 loci was 0.481. Six loci, which had y 0.47 and higher, were used as markers in two late‐shocked gynogenetic progenies. Complete homozygosity was revealed at all six microsatellite loci indicating mitotic gynogenetic origin of analysed progenies.  相似文献   

8.
Gene–centromere mapping using half‐tetrad analysis is a powerful tool for understanding chromosomal behaviour and determining the position of centromeres in relation to genes or markers in fish. In this study, eight gynogenetic diploid families induced by inhibiting of the second meiotic division were genotyped at 66 microsatellite loci for microsatellite–centromere (M‐C) mapping in bighead carp ( Aristichthys nobilis). The absence of paternal alleles verified the success of gynogenetic development in all gynogenetic families. All loci were consistent with Mendelian segregation in control families. The estimated recombination frequency (y) ranged from 0.057 to 0.875 with an average of 0.477 ± 0.222. Seventeen loci (25.76%) showed high M‐C recombination frequencies of over 0.667. M‐C distances ranged from 2.85 to 43.75 cM under the assumption of complete interference. Thus, these loci are distributed from the centromeres to the telomeres of their respective chromosomes, while mainly in the intermediate region. Information on centromere mapping could serve as a starting point to consolidate the genetic linkage groups in bighead carp.  相似文献   

9.
The bagrid catfish, Pseudobagrus ussuriensis, exhibits significant sexual dimorphism in growth rate and body size with males growing faster than females. Therefore, an all‐male culture can dramatically increase the output and profitability of fishery products. According to the monosex breeding route, super‐male individuals’ acquirement by XY male sex reversal and artificial gynogenesis is the key step. An effective protocol to induce meiotic gynogenesis using homologous sperms has been developed in this study. The most effective UV irradiation for sperm genetic inactivation was found to be at a distance of 20 cm with 66 μW/cm2 light intensity for 25 min. Optimal treatment for cold shock was 5 min post‐fertilization at 0‐4°C for 30 min, which gave the best survival rate of 13.65 ± 2.87%. The sex ratio in the meiotic gynogens showed a significant female‐biased deviation (p < .05); thirty meiogynogens and their parents were further analysed using a male‐specific AFLP marker, of which only the male parent produced a male‐specific DNA band of 412 bp. These results indicated the female homogametic XX/XY sex determination system in P. ussuriensis. The optimization of a protocol for the successful induction of meiogynogenesis in the bagrid catfish lays the basis for all‐male production and is useful in ascertaining the genetic sex determination system in this promising aquaculture species.  相似文献   

10.
为了解黄姑鱼（Nibea albiflora）异质雌核发育子代的基因纯合情况,利用微卫星标记（SSR）和扩增片段长度多态性标记（AFLP）对黄姑鱼异质雌核发育家系进行遗传鉴定和分析。结果显示：（1）雌核发育家系在4个SSR位点和5对AFLP引物组合扩增出的位点均未发现父本特异性等位条带,表明雌核发育体比率为100%。（2）用于遗传分析的7个SSR位点在雌核发育家系和正常交配家系中均未见完全纯合的情况,雌核发育家系7个SSR位点的平均纯合度为0.382,是正常交配家系（0.161）的2.37倍。雌核发育家系各个体的纯合位点数为0~6个,纯合位点所占比例为0~85.7%。（3）5对AFLP引物共扩增出182条清晰的扩增条带,其中有21条父本特异性条带和16条母本特异性条带。16条母本特异性条带中有7个条带在雌核发育家系中显著偏分离（P<0.05）。雌核发育家系和正常交配家系多态性条带比例分别为14.7%和20.3%。（4）雌核发育家系与母本的遗传相似度高于与正常交配家系的遗传相似度,正常交配家系同父本和母本的遗传距离大致相同。研究结果表明,黄姑鱼异质雌核发育二倍体家系的遗传纯合度显著高于正常交配家系,人工诱导雌核发育是促进基因纯合的一个有效途径,它不仅可以加速有利基因的纯合固定,还可以加速有害基因的淘汰,从而有效提高育种效率。  相似文献   

11.
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12.
采用微卫星标记技术分析不同世代三疣梭子蟹选育家系的遗传结构。利用16个多态性微卫星位点分析了三疣梭子蟹家系F1到F4 4个选育家系的遗传结构与遗传多样性变化情况。结果显示,随着选育的进行,4个世代家系遗传多样性指标值逐渐下降,F1到F4 16个微卫星位点的平均多态信息含量从0.675 3下降到0.406 1,平均等位基因数从3.500 0下降到2.133 3,平均观测杂合度从0.643 5下降到0.4774,平均等位基因纯合率从0.566 9下降到0.402 4。对各个位点进行H-W检验,每个世代出现不同程度的平衡偏离。对各家系进行F-检验,结果表明,各家系存在不同程度的遗传分化,19.07%的遗传分化来自群体间,80.93%的遗传分化来自群体内。另外,对FIS值的计算显示,4个家系在整体上均表现为一定程度的杂合子缺失,其中F4有12个位点、F3有6个位点、F2有3个位点、F1有8个位点处于杂合子缺失状态。遗传距离逐渐增加,相邻世代间的遗传相似性逐步升高。经过连续4代的选育,选育群体的遗传基础逐步得到纯化,基因型逐渐趋向纯合、稳定,经进一步的选育可望获得较稳定的品系。  相似文献   

13.
邢德  李琪  张景晓 《水产学报》2017,41(12):1838-1846
为了探讨壳白长牡蛎人工选育对群体遗传变异的影响,实验利用4个多重PCR组合共10个微卫星标记分析了连续3代壳白长牡蛎人工选育群体和野生群体及基础群体的遗传多样性。结果发现,6个群体的平均等位基因数量为7.2~12.6,等位基因丰度为6.8~11.0,期望和观测杂合度分别为0.672~0.769和0.486~0.542;与野生群体相比,3代选育群体的平均等位基因数显著降低,但平均期望杂合度并无显著差异。哈迪—温伯格平衡检验结果显示,在60个群体—位点组合中有39个群体—位点组合显著偏离哈迪—温伯格平衡,近交系数F_(is)范围为0.215~0.342。群体间遗传分化指数F_(st)范围为0.005~0.076,处于中—低等的遗传分化水平。研究表明,虽然连续选育对群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化造成了一定程度的影响,但人工选育群体依然表现为较高的遗传多样性,仍可以一定的选择压力对选育群体进行人工选育。  相似文献   

14.
Molecular markers have significant potential for use in precise breeding programmes in aquaculture. This paper reviews the use of DNA markers to estimate inbreeding depression and heterosis in the guppy Poecilia reticulata. Full‐sib matings revealed that inbreeding causes declines in survival and salinity tolerance, but not in undwarfism, growth and high water temperature tolerance, indicating the effects of inbreeding differ among fitness‐related traits. Salinity tolerance was used to quantify the level of inbreeding depression and heterosis because the trait is strongly sensitive to inbreeding and shows a linear decrease with an increase in inbreeding coefficient. A positive correlation was observed between heterozygosity at microsatellite loci and salinity tolerance among 17 guppy populations. This indicates that heterozygosity estimated from microsatellites is a useful indicator for the estimation of inbreeding depression, suggesting that overall heterozygosity is important for fitness‐related traits that show inbreeding depression. Use of DNA markers to estimate the amount of heterosis in various strain combinations was examined using diallele and reciprocal crosses among four domestic strains. The amount of heterosis differed among the strain combinations and correlated with Nei's genetic distance measured by microsatellites and also by dissimilarity using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. This indicates that microsatellite and RAPD markers are useful for estimating the amount of heterosis in various strain combinations, further suggesting that the amount of heterosis depends on the genetic differences between the strains. The present study showed that DNA markers are useful tools for estimating inbreeding depression and heterosis in guppy breeding.  相似文献   

15.
To develop an effective system for parentage analysis in gynogenetic and clonal progeny of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., polymorphic microsatellite loci and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were investigated in several gynogenetic families and clonal lines. Six microsatellite loci were screened in two meiotic gynogenetic families to look for loci with high gene–centromere recombination rates, which can be used to discriminate meiotic from mitotic gynogenetics. Microsatellite loci UNH189 and UNH211 showed 96.7% and 92.0% heterozygosity, respectively, in these families, while other loci showed lower recombination frequencies. Scoring both UNH189 and UNH211 would give a very low probability of an individual meiotic gynogenetic being homozygous for both loci. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction of microsatellite loci was used to verify parentage in four families of mitotic gynogenetics and five fully inbred clonal lines. The genotype of each clonal line should serve as a unique identifier. Twelve AFLP primers were also investigated and 26 diagnostic AFLP bands were identified to follow inheritance in mitotic gynogenetic individuals. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms were found to be effective for this purpose but microsatellites were more appropriate since they are co‐dominant, while AFLPs are dominant markers. A multiplex of the microsatellite loci used in this study would be useful for general parental assignment as well as for the analysis of the products of chromosome set manipulations.  相似文献   

16.
The Japanese population of the cyprinid minnow Aphyocypris chinensis is nearing extinction in the wild. The genetic diversity of three microsatellite loci in five captive populations was investigated, and an effective breeding strategy to reduce inbreeding from pairwise relatedness (R xy ) between each captive line is discussed. The average number of alleles ranged 2.33–4.67 and the average heterozygosity ranged 0.283–0.602. The pairwise relatedness observed in most combinations showed a significant decrease between the populations. It is suggested that exchange of individuals between different breeding lines should effectively stop inbreeding. Studies show that the effective population size (N e ) estimated from the number of parental individuals was 8.54 in one captive population, which is insufficient to maintain genetic diversity. It is recommended that more parental individuals should be used, and to exchange fish in a rotating mating mode between institutions participating in captive breeding of A. chinensis.  相似文献   

17.
Normal egg fertilization was carried out in stellate sturgeon Acipenser stellatus sperm by 60‐, 90‐ and 120‐s ultraviolet irradiation, and a cold shock was carried out afterwards. The treatments included haploids, diploid gynogens, triploid and control groups. Fertilization, hatching and survival rate at the 60‐s irradiation time were significantly greater than those in the 90‐s and 120‐s irradiation and control groups. Two pairs of microsatellite markers were used to find gynogenesis in comparison with the parental and offspring genome in one locus. The results showed all maternal genomes among gynogen offspring with no paternal genome. The markers also showed the maximum gynogenesis induction in the Gy60 treatment.  相似文献   

18.
Two control (C1 or first control generation, and C4 or fourth control generation) and three selected (S1 or first selected generation, S2 or second selected generation, S4 or fourth selected generation) stocks of Chitralada Nile tilapia were analysed for microsatellite variation to determine the effect of size‐specific mass selection on genetic variability. Genetic variation based on five microsatellite loci (UNH123, UNH147, UNH172, UNH222 and UNH216) showed a slightly higher allelic diversity in the selected stocks (7.4–10 alleles) than in the control stocks (6.8–8.8 alleles). Apparent reductions in the mean number of alleles and He values were noted in successive generations of both control and selected lines. Significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium because of an excess of homozygotes indicated inbreeding in all control and selected stocks. Although estimated inbreeding levels were not significantly different among selected and control lines based on Welch's t‐tests, the increase in the degree of inbreeding within the selected line was higher (107.9%) than the control line (64.2%) after four generations. The implications of these results on the management and conservation of genetic diversity in improved breeds are discussed, while the importance of monitoring and minimizing inbreeding are likewise emphasized.  相似文献   

19.
利用8个微卫星标记对福建牡蛎(Crassostrea angulata)基础群体、‘金蛎1号’选育系F6和野生群体进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,每个位点在各群体的等位基因数为7~24个,各群体在所有位点的平均等位基因数为10.3~17.6个,平均等位基因丰度为9.8~16.8。平均观测杂合度和平均期望杂合度分别为0.655~0.662和0.788~0.872。经邦弗朗尼校正,哈迪–温伯格平衡检验结果显示,在24个群体–位点组合中18个群体–位点组合显著偏离平衡(P0.01)。群体内近交系数F_(is)值介于0.0095~0.2874,平均值为0.1992,遗传分化系数F_(st)介于0.0224~0.1627,平均值为0.0767,暗示选育群体中存在较低水平的非随机交配现象,属于中度偏低分化。研究表明,连续的选育对群体的遗传分化产生了一定的影响,但是,选育群体仍然具有较高水平的遗传多样性。  相似文献   

20.
Macrobrachium rosenbergii, known as the giant freshwater prawn or Malaysian prawn, is the sixth largest aquaculture species in Asia. Knowledge of genetic diversity of M. rosenbergii is important to support management and conservation programmes, which will subsequently help in sustainable production of this economically important species. This study aimed to analyse the genetic diversity and population structure of five M. rosenbergii populations using 11 microsatellite loci. In analysing 240 samples, the number of alleles, observed heterozygosity (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) ranged from 3 to 20, from 0.250 to 0.978 and from 0.556 to 0.944 respectively. The five stocks of M. rosenbergii displayed high level of genetic diversity. Both the FST and amova analyses showed that there was significant genetic differentiation among all populations. The UPGMA dendrogram based on Nei's genetic distance matrix revealed that the Narmada and Mahi populations were in one cluster and Mahanadi and Subarnarekha populations in another single major branch, whereas the Kerala population clearly showed a separate cluster. This information on genetic variation will be useful for genetic improvement and conservation of Indian populations of giant freshwater prawn M. rosenbergii.  相似文献   

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