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1.
为解决黄河水中粒径小于0.10 mm细小泥沙颗粒引发的滴灌灌水器堵塞问题。通过文献调研,回顾了高含沙水滴灌条件下灌水器物理堵塞机制相关研究进展,并提出了进一步研究方向。细小泥沙颗粒含量较高的浑水滴灌时,滴头堵塞主要是含沙量、泥沙粒径与颗粒级配耦合作用的结果。滴灌系统工作条件如工作压力的动态变化有助于移除流道内黏、粉等细颗粒堵塞物质,促进较大泥沙颗粒排出流道;灌溉水温越高,滴头抗物理堵塞性能越强;对浑水加气和磁化处理可改变毛管内水流水力特性及悬浮泥沙运动规律,增强水流拖拽力,减小管道内泥沙淤积量。此外,施肥增强了水体中泥沙颗粒间的絮凝作用,对浑水水肥一体化滴灌滴头堵塞具有明显加速作用。浑水含沙量、粒径和颗粒级配是引发滴头物理堵塞的重要因素,确定易引发滴头堵塞的敏感含沙量、颗粒粒径段,选用适宜肥料种类和施肥浓度阈值,优化滴灌系统工作条件参数是改变毛管内泥沙颗粒运移和沉积规律、延缓滴头堵塞进程、提高水肥一体化滴灌水肥利用效率的有力措施;采用统一的灌水试验方法,充分利用现代测试手段,结合生产实际有针对性地改进工程技术处理措施是解决滴头堵塞问题的必要途径。 相似文献
2.
浑水特性与水温对滴头抗堵塞性能的影响 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
为探明迷宫流道滴头发生物理堵塞的成因及过程,采用分段粒径浑水周期间歇滴灌的试验方法,分别对含沙量、泥沙颗粒粒径和水温对滴头堵塞发生过程的影响进行研究。结果表明:对于泥沙颗粒粒径小于0.1 mm的浑水滴灌而言,粒径越小越易造成滴头堵塞,且其堵塞程度随浑水含沙量的升高而急剧升高;存在造成滴头堵塞的敏感粒径范围,在夏季灌溉时小于0.031 mm的粒径为易堵塞粒径;水温是影响滴头堵塞的重要因素,水温越高滴头的抗物理堵塞性能越好。 相似文献
3.
为探明加气滴灌下滴头堵塞规律及影响因素,选用4种不同特征参数(流量Q、最小断面尺寸min(W,D)和入水栅格面积M)的内镶贴片式滴头E1,E2,E3和E4,分别在加气(AI)和未加气(CK)条件下进行了滴头堵塞测试,并通过泥沙絮凝沉降试验对其结果进行了验证.结果表明:加气和滴头结构对滴头堵塞性能具有显著影响(P<0.05).加气加剧水中泥沙颗粒的絮凝沉降、加速絮凝颗粒在毛管内和流道入口的黏附、增大滴头入口发生突然堵塞风险是造成加气加剧滴头堵塞的主要原因;当选择入口尺寸较大的E4滴头时,其流道入口堵塞风险降低、流道内泥沙絮凝沉降速率减缓而表现出加气减缓滴头堵塞,而选择入口尺寸较小的E1—E3滴头时,其毛管内泥沙絮凝沉降速率增大、滴头入口堵塞风险增高而表现出加气加剧滴头堵塞. 相似文献
4.
为明确加气对滴头堵塞的影响,研究了4种不同流道结构参数的内镶贴片式滴头的流量变化和堵塞规律,分析了影响滴头堵塞的主要参数.结果表明:加气灌溉下,滴头E1～E4的毛管淤积物比未加气处理增加36％～74.65％,滴头E1～E3的流道淤积物比未加气增加10.94％～88.71％,E4则减少162.2％,加气显著影响滴头的堵塞过程(P<0.05);加气情况下,额定流量、入口栅栏面积、流道长和流道结构类型显著影响滴头堵塞,入口栅栏面积对滴头堵塞的影响最大,入口栅栏面积最大的E4滴头堵塞程度最低,入口栅栏面积较小的E1、E2和E3滴头堵塞程度相对较高;与未加气处理相比,灌溉结束时滴头E1～E3的相对流量降低20.83％～26.11％,滴头E4提高30.91％;加气滴灌滴头堵塞受入口栅栏面积的影响程度更高.加气灌溉时,应选入口栅栏面积较大的滴头,滴头宜布置在毛管顶部,避免毛管内淤积堵塞. 相似文献
5.
浑水泥沙粒径与含沙量对迷宫流道堵塞的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为客观评价浑水中泥沙特性对滴头流道堵塞的影响以及合理选择滴灌水质处理方法,采用L9（34）的正交试验设计方法,进行了浑水间歇灌水测试,并提出了以滴头平均相对流量和灌水均匀度系数作为基本参数的滴头堵塞程度综合评价方法,比较分析了压力、含沙量以及泥沙粒径等变化对滴头堵塞比例和堵塞程度的影响规律.研究结果表明：对于粒径小于0.1 mm的泥沙颗粒,工作压力对流道堵塞的影响非常显著,其次为泥沙粒径;滴头堵塞程度的大小是由粒径、含沙量、工作压力三者相互耦合作用引起的,且相互之间不存在单调相关关系.在实际灌水过程中,当灌溉水中含有较多小于0.1 mm的泥沙颗粒时,应尽量滤除粒径小于0.048 mm的颗粒,并可加入分散剂,阻止细小黏粒的团聚絮凝作用,以提高滴头抗堵塞能力. 相似文献
6.
泥沙粒径及压力对滴头抗堵塞性能的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
根据滴灌实际运行情况,采用分段粒径浑水持续灌溉的试验方法,分析了泥沙颗粒粒径及进口压力对迷宫式流道滴头的流量、均匀度及堵塞的影响。结果表明:在粒径小于0.125mm的泥沙颗粒中,较小颗粒的制紊效应要大于较大颗粒的制紊效应,泥沙颗粒粒径及进口压力均是影响灌溉均匀度的因素;含沙量较低时(0.5g/L),粒径是影响滴头堵塞的主要因素,在0.030 8~0.125mm粒径范围内,粒径较小时更容易引起堵塞,进口压力不同时容易引起堵塞的敏感粒径范围不同,压力为0.15及0.105MPa时,敏感粒径为0.045~0.075mm,进口压力降至0.075MPa后,敏感粒径为0.0308~0.045mm;连续灌溉条件下压力不是影响滴头堵塞的主要因素。 相似文献
7.
滴灌毛管泥沙分布与灌水器堵塞试验研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为探明滴灌毛管泥沙分布及灌水器堵塞规律,通过对8种粒径的泥沙进行短周期浑水试验和堵塞试验,研究了泥沙在不同毛管分布和灌水器堵塞规律。结果表明:泥沙在不同毛管中淤积量的不均匀程度可以通过毛管淤积分布系数来衡量;泥沙在支管中的运动状态对进入毛管中的泥沙量影响很大,通过计算支管泥沙悬浮指数,可确定泥沙在不同毛管中的淤积状况,悬浮指数越大,泥沙在各毛管淤积量越不均匀,突变发生在悬浮指数等于0.325处;大颗粒泥沙在毛管底部以推移质形式运动,是造成灌水器突然堵塞的直接原因,且主要出现在第1、2条毛管中,而细小颗粒的絮凝作用是造成灌水器逐渐堵塞的主要原因。 相似文献
8.
为探明泥沙浓度与进口压力对内镶片式迷宫流道滴头堵塞的原因及规律,采用全组合试验方法。分选出粒径小于0.10 mm的泥沙,配制成3种泥沙浓度的浑水,分别在0.025和0.075 MPa压力下,采用周期性间歇灌水试验观测流量变化,通过激光粒度仪分析堵塞泥沙粒径,结合克里斯琴森均匀系数和滴头相对流量分析滴头堵塞规律。试验结果表明:0.025 MPa,堵塞部位分布较集中,且堵塞部位较靠管末;0.075 MPa,堵塞部位分布较分散,且均匀地分布在滴灌管上。相同泥沙浓度下,0.075 MPa压力较0.025 MPa易引起滴头堵塞;滴头堵塞程度并不完全随泥沙浓度增大而加快,部分浓度较小的浑水堵塞发展较快于浓度较大的浑水,在一定的压力下,存在易造成滴头堵塞的敏感浓度范围。 相似文献
9.
冲洗压力及周期对滴灌灌水器堵塞性能的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《农业装备与车辆工程》2021,(5)
为了探究不同冲洗压力及周期对灌水器堵塞性能的影响,以提高滴灌系统对含砂率较高的地表水源的适应性,采用室内短周期间歇性浑水滴灌试验,配置浑水的含砂率为3.0g/L,研究了3种冲洗压力(0.003,0.006,0.012MPa)和3种冲洗周期(1,4,7d及无冲洗组)对滴头堵塞性能、管道内泥沙分布及滴头内滞留泥沙的影响,结果表明:冲洗压力及冲洗周期对滴头使用寿命均有显著影响。在9种冲洗组合措施中,毛管最佳冲洗处理组比未冲洗组对照滴头使用时间提高52.41%。为保持良好的灌水器抗堵塞性能和降低滴灌系统的运行成本,推荐使用的冲洗压力为0.12MPa,冲洗周期为4d。冲洗能够降低大颗粒泥沙进入迷宫流道,并减少小颗粒泥沙絮凝胶结在管道内壁,从而提高滴头抗堵塞性能,延长滴头使用时间。 相似文献
10.
为缓解浑水灌溉中滴头堵塞的问题,评估了3种水压模式(恒定水压、台阶波形水压、三角函数波形水压)对滴头堵塞的控制效果,并对不同水压模式下滴头内堵塞物质、滴头排出物质的级配和粒径进行分析。结果表明：动态水压处理滴头使用寿命延长了79.06%,滴头抗堵塞性能优于恒定水压处理;波形对滴头抗堵塞性能影响较小,两种不同波形动态水压处理滴头的使用寿命仅相差2.77%。动态水压处理流道内水流紊动剧烈,能更好地移除沉积、附着在迷宫流道内的堵塞物质,与恒压处理相比,滴头内黏粒、粉粒堵塞物质分别减少了22.19%～36.75%和13.22%～25.06%。动态水压处理下滴头排出泥沙的粒径增大,最大粒径比恒定水压处理增大了44.34%,动态水压处理迷宫流道内水流流线时刻发生变化,水流的挟沙能力增强,大颗粒泥沙更容易从滴头排出。 相似文献
11.
Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
E. Playn O. Prez-Coveta A. Martínez-Cob J. Herrero P. García-Navarro B. Latorre P. Brufau J. Garcs 《Agricultural Water Management》2008,95(6):645-658
Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m−1) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day−1. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day−1), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day−1 was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration. 相似文献
12.
瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。 相似文献
13.
对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。 相似文献
14.
对《种子法》存在问题的探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
李鹏 《农业机械化与电气化》2011,(6):129-130
《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。 相似文献
15.
About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered. 相似文献
16.
在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。 相似文献
17.
Gunter Wriedt Marijn van der Velde Alberto Aloe Fayçal Bouraoui 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(5):771-789
We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications. 相似文献
18.
在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。 相似文献
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20.
车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。 相似文献